OPERATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR
NIGHT MARKETS UNDER THE INFORMAL ECONOMY IMPACTS:
INSIGHTS FROM THE CASE STUDY OF SELANGOR, MALAYSIA
Jiajun Xu
• Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
•ORCID: 0009-000-9130-1025
Wanying Liao
• Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
•ORCID: 0009-0002-3259-9663
Noor Hashimah Hashim Lim
• Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
•ORCID: 0000-0001-8407-4864
Chng Saun Fong*
•Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
•E-mail: fongcs92@um.edu.my
•ORCID: 0000-0002-7068-2284
Hongtao Wang
•College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University,
430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
•ORCID: 0009-0008-6454-0598
Yuan Xu
•Education Culture and Law Institute, 13381 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
•ORCID: 0009-0002-4250-9975
Reception: 22 January 2024 | Acceptance: 20 February 2024 | Publication: 19 March 2024
Suggested citation:
Xu, J., Liao, W., Lim, N. H. H., Fong, C. S., Wang, H. and Xu, Y. (2024).
Operational and Environmental Assessment for Night Markets under the
Informal Economy Impacts: Insights from the Case Study of Selangor,
Malaysia. 3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC, 13(1), 189-219.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.189-219
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ABSTRACT
As an expression of the informal economy, the night market is not only a place that
could attract locals to buy goods but also a place where tourists can experience the
local characteristics. While the night market brought economic vitality to the city's
economy, it also brought some issues. A comprehensive literature review of night
markets revealed that existing studies paid less attention to outdoor night markets'
spatial operations and waste management. Grounded in the connection between
sustainability and night markets, the present study reflected on existing research
findings by adopting different periods of fieldwork to conduct a case study of the night
market in Jalan 17/1A, Selangor, Malaysia. The study focused on three aspects of
night markets: spatial operations, waste, and waste recycling. It found that night
market operations brought localized regional economic benefits while causing more
severe pollution issues, significantly affecting the region's environmental health and
sustainable development. The findings revealed that local government regulation of
night market businesses in Malaysia is weak (the issuance of business licenses is
informed of the operational guidelines), and there is also no relevant monitoring and
penalties by the local government to intervene in the misbehavior of night market
consumers. Based on the results of the field survey and combined with the concept of
sustainable development, the present study recommended suggestions for the future
spatial operation and waste management of night markets. Innovative and novel
perspectives of the study combined qualitative observations and data analysis to
comprehensively examine how spatial considerations and waste management
strategies intersect in the unique context of night markets—aiming to fill the gaps in
the sustainability of night market operations and to protect the ecology of the
surrounding territorial environment, contributing to the discourse on sustainable
development.
KEYWORDS
Night Markets; Informal Economy; Case Assessment; Field Survey; Spatial Operation;
Environmental Impact; Sustainability
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INDEX
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................2
KEYWORDS .............................................................................................................................2
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................4
2. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................6
2.1. Description of the Study Area ......................................................................................6
2.2. Data Collection ............................................................................................................8
2.3. Design of the study ......................................................................................................9
3. RESULTS AND FINDINGS ................................................................................................9
3.1. Background of the night market in Jalan 17/1A ...........................................................9
3.1.1. Surroundings of the night market in Jalan 17/1A ..................................................9
3.1.2. Composition of businesses at night markets in Jalan 17/1A ..............................10
3.1.3. Composition of consumers at night markets in Jalan 17/1A ...............................12
3.2. Operation issues and impacts of the night market in Jalan 17/1A .............................12
3.2.1. During the operation of the night market in Jalan 17/1A (from 5:30-8:30 pm) ....12
3.2.2. After the operation of the night market in Jalan 17/1A (from 9:30-11:30 pm) .....18
3.2.3. After the operation of the night market in Jalan 17/1A (the next day from
1:30-3:30 pm & 9:30-11:30 pm) ...................................................................................20
4. DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................................................22
4.1. Optimization strategies of the night market in Jalan 17/1A .......................................22
4.1.1. Effective waste management, segregation, and recycling .................................22
4.1.2. Promotion of environmental awareness and use of sustainable resources .......22
4.1.3. Rational spatial planning and security management ..........................................23
4.1.4. Monitoring of waste management efficacy .........................................................23
4.1.5. Developing regulations and strengthening supervision ......................................24
4.2. Night markets and waste management practices and experience from Malaysia ....25
5. CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................................26
6. DATA AVAILABILITY .......................................................................................................27
7. CONFLICT OF INTEREST ..............................................................................................28
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................28
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1. INTRODUCTION
The world was in an essential period of development and revolution, with
development as a critical theme. How to drive economic, scientific, technological,
social, and industrial innovation was a vital issue for the progress and development of
human society. The United Nations proposed seventeen Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) to promote the realization of socially, economically, and environmentally
sustainable and inclusive development. Sustainable development integrates the
organic unity of national and regional, overall and local, economic and social aspects,
intending to ultimately realize win-win coordination, fairness and justice, efficient
cooperation, and multidimensional development [1]. Among the three main elements
of sustainable development, environmental sustainability was often tricky to intertwine
harmoniously with economic and social sustainability [2]. Protecting environmental
ecosystems while enhancing and improving the quality and standard of human life
was one of the critical issues on which academics focused their discussions. As one
of the essential components of the regional economy, the informal economy plays a
crucial role in encouraging consumption, alleviating the pressure of unemployment,
safeguarding people's livelihoods, and maintaining social stability [1]. While the
informal economy permitted by the government gives some people employment
opportunities in the towns and eases the employment of the unemployed, jobless, or
poor, most people employed in the informal economy have fewer educational
opportunities to learn about ecosystems and have a poor understanding of
sustainable development management and waste recycling. Furthermore, the
stereotype that night markets were run by the unemployed, the jobless, or the poor in
China was gradually broken, and students and young people (many of them
undergraduates or postgraduates) were actively joining the night markets because the
night market which as a low-cost entrepreneurial way of starting up a business,
greatly lays the practical groundwork for surviving periods of unemployment and
disorientation, or for later entering the formal market [3]. Studies revealed that
informal policies developed in modern urban development as a flexible strategy
favored and benefited urban development [4]. As a manifestation of the informal
economy, night markets were not only convenient places to attract locals to buy goods
but were also places where tourists traveled to experience local characteristics,
especially in Asian cities [5]. Traditional night markets were outdoor street markets
that generally operated from evening to midnight, and their informal manifestation led
to their operation usually being neglected by stakeholder management [5, 6, 7]. In
addition, solid waste management is a serious issue not only for developed countries
but also for developing countries due to the increasing population [8]. Night markets,
as one of the dynamic economic expressions, were scattered like fireworks worldwide
[9]. However, night markets operating outdoors were characterized by severe
environmental impacts due to their direct contact with the environment [5], such as
plastic packaging hazards [10], vendors' and visitors' views and behavior [11, 12],
garbage pollution and hygiene problems [13], and environmental degradation [14].
According to news reports, Malaysia disposed of about 3,000 tons of preventable
food waste daily [15]. As the largest contributor to solid waste and the largest source
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of hazardous greenhouse gases in Malaysia, households produce enormous amounts
of food waste, followed by other sources such as night markets and wet markets [15].
Evidence revealed that an average of about 38,000 tons of solid waste was sent to
more than 100 landfills per day in Malaysia, with approximately 2,500 tons of solid
waste collected daily from the capital city of Kuala Lumpur alone [16]. In particular, the
widespread use of plastics in solid waste poses a huge disposal and environmental
challenge [17]. The informality of night markets led to some neglect by stakeholders,
which in turn led to issues of ecological pollution. Studies have found that
concentrations of air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂
),
particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), formaldehyde (HCHO),
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the operating period of the night
market were higher than during the non-operating period due to cooking activities,
with barbecue activities cause the most severe air pollution [18]. In addition, the
dumping of organic wastes into the environment might contribute to global warming,
and policy actions were needed to target air pollution problems at different levels of
management to create synergistic effects and reduce the impact of climate change
[19, 20]. Existing studies involving the night market area included solid waste
recycling from garbage bins [21], wastewater pollution generated [5], hazards of
exhaust gases generated [18, 22, 23], sources of electricity for operations [6],
tableware materials [24], dangers of plastic packaging for hot food [25], perceptions of
using plastic packaging [26], willingness of merchants to have environmentally friendly
packaging [10], and biodegradation potential of recycled wastes [27]. Sustainable
development is one of the critical environmental challenges to be addressed by all
parties, including governments, consumers, and producers, who need to take
responsibility for the environment [28]. Establishing a sustainable pattern facilitated
changes in consumer behavior, government policies, and business practices [29].
A comprehensive literature review of night markets found that there was less
academic research on night markets in general, and the existing research was
skewed in the direction of environmental science and monitoring, which focuses on
monitoring certain types of substances involved in night markets. The results indicated
that fewer existing studies consider the direction of town planning and night market
governance. Some scholars' research perspectives focused on solid waste and
garbage bins in night markets and lacked considerations incorporating spatial
operations. Sustainable management of night markets was beneficial in helping to
address several waste challenges and develop targeted and innovative solutions for
organizations and society [30]. In addition, proactive management facilitated cost
reductions, provided long-term value, and played a role in reducing environmental
waste and improving social outcomes [31, 32]. The concept of night market operations
had gained social acceptance and had been recognized by local governments as an
informal form of economy, as a temporary open market operating in a public space
with physical characteristics similar to those of other markets, such as issues of
accessibility, transportation, infrastructure, parking, safety and security, hygiene, and
cleanliness [33, 34]. Traditional tolerance of the informal economy in some Asian
countries has its purpose, partly due to the local authorities' desire to gain political
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support from more street vendors through a more relaxed political administration [4].
However, there were fewer academic concerns in the direction of spatial operations
and waste management in outdoor night markets, probably because the operating
attributes of the informal economy have led some scholars to ignore the marginal
economy. Some scholars observed that night market facilities have improved
significantly due to the proactive approach of the local authorities in dealing with traffic
flow and parking issues, the implementation of regulations against bad behavior and
excessive noise, and the rigorous cleaning of the night market premises [33, 34].
Therefore, this paper initiated an empirical study on the spatial operation and waste
management of night markets in Malaysia by conducting a field survey and obtaining
primary data on the actual situation of night markets at different operation times in
2023. The study focused on night markets' spatial operation and waste management
aspects and recommended sustainable optimization of future night market
development. The study results had research value in grasping the operational logic
and mechanism of specific night market spaces in Malaysia, and the proposed
optimized management measures were essential for the future sustainable
development of the city and society.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia, and its capital is Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala
Lumpur (W.P. Kuala Lumpur). The country is composed of thirteen states and three
federal territories. The national territory consists of the southern part of the Malay
Peninsula (West Malaysia) and the northern part of the island of Kalimantan (East
Malaysia) (Figure 1). As a developing country, Malaysia has achieved extensive
economic progress. The resulting economic development influenced the rapid growth
of population, industry, and towns. The increase in population was accompanied by an
increase in the amount of merchandise consumed and waste disposed of in each
region.
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Figure 1. Geo-location and scope of Malaysia
Note: National geographical administrative data for Malaysia were obtained from publicly
available data in the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDE) (https://data.humdata.org/).
Night markets in Malaysia are defined as temporary weekly events that usually take
place in available open spaces, temporarily closed roads or parking lots, the use of
which had significant implications for the local authorities since it had to plan and
control the area, especially the timing and movement of traders in and out of the area
[33, 34]. There are many famous night markets in Selangor and W.P. Kuala Lumpur of
Malaysia, such as Pasar Malam SS2, Pasar Malam Sri Petaling, Pasar Malam Taman
Connaught, Plaza Mont Kiara Fiesta Nite Market, Pasar Malam Seksyen 3 Kota
Damansara, Pasar Malam Setia Alam, Pasar Malam Taman Megah, etc [35]. These
night markets were usually located in the capital city of Malaysia and other core areas,
famous tourist attractions, and tourist check-in spots. As Malaysia's more famous
night markets, these night markets were usually reported by the news media and
recommended by mainstream travel apps. Some of them have gradually matured and
improved access control, operational measures, and management systems in the
feedback and evaluation of many consumers. Therefore, to maximize the generality of
the study and the typicality of the results, a less well-known night market area, one
located in Jalan 17/1A, was chosen to reflect the general situation of the night market
in Malaysia (Figure 2). It was located in the eastern part of Petaling County within
Selangor State, near the southwestern part of W.P. Kuala Lumpur (Figure 3).
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Figure 2. Actual view of the night market in Jalan 17/1A (Photographed on December 5,
2023, at 5:30 and 8:30 pm)
Figure 3. Location of the night market in the study area (Coordinate of Google Maps:
3.11915N, 101.63700E)
Note: Study area surroundings information from Open Street Map (OSM) (
https://
www.openstreetmap.org/
).
2.2. DATA COLLECTION
The night market's surroundings were informed by the Open Street Map (OSM) and
the functional attributes of its neighboring buildings through Google Maps. The
geological information provided data about roads, buildings, and other characteristics.
The authenticity of its data sources could be verified, and its accuracy updated by
other users and contributors through remotely sensed imagery, GPS devices, and
field measurements. The night market's basic information and operational data were
derived from precise on-site field exploration and measurement, and the actual data
was recorded, counted, and analyzed in depth through modern electronic equipment
(cell phones, cameras, and tablets). These technical tools ensured access to
trustworthy, accurate, and comprehensive primary data, providing a reliable basis for
the in-depth understanding of the night market's basic information and operational
mechanisms. The methodology based on integrating technologies and the field
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provided more depth and reasonableness to the study and gave strong data support
for the night market research.
2.3. DESIGN OF THE STUDY
After selecting the night market in Jalan 17/1A of Petaling, Selangor, Malaysia, the
present study investigated the background situation related to the night market by
exploring the scope information, location information, and the surrounding
environment and collected the background information through the secondary open
data platforms, such as Open Street Maps (OSM) and Google Maps. To further
understand the night market's spatial operation and waste management, the present
study used fieldwork to collect primary data on the spatial operation, waste issues,
and waste recycling aspects. Specifically, knowing that the night market operated from
Tuesday afternoon to midnight, the present study adopted a time-phased fieldwork
method to analyze the environment of the night market and its surrounding area,
which mainly included three time periods during the operation of the night market
(5:30-8:30 pm on December 5, 2023), after the night market (9:30-11:30 pm on
December 5, 2023) and the next day after the night market (1:30-3:30 pm and
9:30-11:30 pm on December 6, 2023).
The field survey was conducted using a four-step process: visual recording,
photographic recording, statistical surveys, and inductive analysis. The specific design
of the research process was implemented in three steps. The first step of the fieldwork
was conducted through visual records and filming records to collect basic information
about the night market and the spatial management, waste information, and waste
recycling under consideration. The second step was to analyze and summarize the
issues and impacts of the night market in three periods through survey statistics:
during the night market operation, after the night market operation, and the next day
after the night market operation. The third step aimed to investigate the night market
operation issues and propose sustainable optimization strategies for future night
market operations.
3. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
3.1. BACKGROUND OF THE NIGHT MARKET IN JALAN 17/1A
3.1.1. SURROUNDINGS OF THE NIGHT MARKET IN JALAN 17/1A
Selangor is one of the thirteen states under Malaysia, located in the central west
coast region of West Malaysia. The night market was on Jalan 17/1A, Petaling Jaya,
Petaling County, Selangor. The surrounding environment included residential areas,
shopping malls, universities, hospitals, and other building infrastructure (Figure 4).
The night market in Jalan 17/1A was located in the northern part of Jaya One, and the
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night market in the area was open every Tuesday afternoon until midnight. The south
region of the night market was a park (Section 17 Flats Park) for people to relax and
enjoy. For residents in the neighborhood, the temporary night market greatly facilitated
their daily needs, with some of the night market's items offering very cost-effective
prices.
Figure 4. Information on the surroundings of the night markets
Note: Surroundings information from Open Street Map (OSM) (
https://
www.openstreetmap.org/
).
3.1.2. COMPOSITION OF BUSINESSES AT NIGHT MARKETS IN
JALAN 17/1A
Malaysia's night markets were based on the concept of open-air shopping, with
street vendors or small traders occupying designated areas of the street to set up
stalls, and could be seen as small incubators for aspiring entrepreneurs, as they
required very little investment to set up a business and had little risk of failure while
having the opportunity to earn a good income [33, 34]. All of the businesses at the
night market site were mobile and temporary, with operations primarily relying on
minor traffic space normally used for vehicle traffic, which would leave and vacate the
traffic space at the end of the night market. The visual analysis of fieldwork was used
to analyze the composition of the night market businesses, and it was found that the
businesses were mainly Malays and included a few Chinese. Regarding scholars'
various categorization standards for outdoor goods, this study combined the
observations from the field survey to re-divide the varieties of goods operated by
multiple types of businesses in the night market and the categories of goods operated
by businesses in the night market involved such as fast food, apparel, fruit, vegetable,
fresh meat, beverage, and other daily items, totaling seven types [36, 37]. Based on
the survey statistics and analysis of night market businesses on Tuesday, December
5, 2023, it was found that the number of night market businesses totaled 129, where
the dominant categories of the night market were fast food and apparel (Table 1).
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Table 1. Composition information of the night market businesses in Jalan 17/1A
Note: Night Market business information was based on fieldwork conducted on Tuesday,
December 5, 2023, from 6-8 pm under sunny weather.
Further analysis of night market businesses revealed that the type of fast food had
the highest number, with 36 of the night market businesses accounting for 28% of the
total. The type of apparel had the second highest number of businesses, with 29 of
the night market businesses accounting for 22% of the total, and these two items
accounted for nearly half of all businesses in the night market (Figure 5). Fresh meat
and beverages were less numerous, with 10 and 9 businesses representing 8% and
7% of the total night market businesses, respectively.
Type of
Businesses Items Number of
Businesses (n)
Fast food
Pancakes, economy rice, hot dogs, fried chicken,
burgers, skewers, grilled lamb, purple rice pancakes,
spicy hot pot, grilled chicken thighs, grilled corn, etc.
36
Apparel Dresses, short sleeves, pants, socks, shoes,
underwear, bags, earrings, etc. 29
Fruit
Strawberry, mangosteen, rambutan, orange, longan,
watermelon, banana, tangerine, grape, papaya,
longan, coconut, mango, pineapple, durian, etc.
17
Vegetable
Peppers, bitter melon, tomatoes, potatoes,
cucumbers, cauliflower, carrots, okra, loofah, ginger,
cabbage, broccoli, etc.
15
Other Daily
Items
Cell phone film, headphones, cell phone cases,
combs, perfume, locks, key copies, bed sheets, toys,
etc.
13
Fresh Meat Chicken, lamb, eggs, shrimp, fish, beef, etc. 10
Beverage
Pressed coconut juice, pomegranate juice, coconut
smoothies, sugar cane juice, blended juices, canned
beverages, 100Plus beverages, etc.
9
Total / 129
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Figure 5. Percentage of each business type for the night market in Jalan 17/1A
3.1.3. COMPOSITION OF CONSUMERS AT NIGHT MARKETS IN
JALAN 17/1A
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country with three major ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese,
and Indians. Visual, listening, and communicative observations of the demographic
information of the night market consumers were conducted through fieldwork in the
night market to infer their ethnicity through their looks, skin color, demeanor,
mannerisms, and the way of speaking and the language of conversation when buying.
The night market consumers were Malays, Chinese, Indians, and foreigners (mainly
international students from China). Visual and listening observations through multiple
trips to and from the entrance on one side of the night market and the exit on the other
revealed that the night market's main consumers were Malays. By analyzing the
environment around the night market, it was revealed that there were Malaysian
universities and international student housing (including Universiti Islam Malaysia and
Universiti Malaya) in the vicinity. Therefore, the night market was patronized by
Malaysian locals and international students from various countries (mainly from
China).
3.2. OPERATION ISSUES AND IMPACTS OF THE NIGHT
MARKET IN JALAN 17/1A
3.2.1. DURING THE OPERATION OF THE NIGHT MARKET IN
JALAN 17/1A (FROM 5:30-8:30 PM)
During the night market operation, the present study organized the actual situation
through visual recording, photographic recording, statistical surveys, and inductive
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analysis, focusing on three aspects of the night market operation: spatial, waste, and
waste recycling. The specific conditions were summarized as follows (Table 2).
Table 2. Issues and impacts during the operation of night markets in Jalan 17/1A
Analytical
perspectives Classification in different dimensions Issues and impacts
Spatial
aspects
Businesses
Consumers
Surroundings
/
1. Night markets were
less flexible due to their
cramped and crowded
nature, where
businesses had to enter
early, and were too
dense in some areas
and too sparse in
others.
2. Narrow routes for
people to move around
and the high volume of
consumers at the night
market's peak triggered
congestion and
overcrowding problems.
3. The lack of warning
signs on the closed
sections of the night
market led to traffic
congestion caused by
some vehicles driving to
the vicinity of the night
market and finding that
the intersection was
closed.
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Waste aspects
Solid waste
1. Fast Food:
packaging bags,
lunch boxes, bamboo
sticks, chicken
bones, paper bags,
sheep bones, plastic
bags, corn picks,
eating corn on the
cob, packing box
straps, beef bones,
plastic spoons,
chopsticks, etc.
2. Apparel: plastic
bags, packaging
bags, packaging
boxes, cartons,
wrapping paper,
waste newspapers,
etc.
3. Fruit: durian peel,
rotten mangosteen,
rotten orange,
pomegranate peel,
orange peel, coconut
shell, longan core,
longan peel, grape
peel, rambutan peel,
watermelon peel, fruit
packaging, etc.
4. Vegetables: rotten
vegetable leaves,
fallen leaves,
vegetable peels,
packaging, etc.
5. Other daily items:
masks, cigarette
butts, cigarette
boxes, mobile phone
cases, packaging
boxes, napkins,
packaging bags,
packaging boxes,
paper labels,
invoices, labels, tags,
etc.
6. Fresh meat: shrimp
shells, fish scales,
fish bones, beef
bones, chicken
bones, egg shells,
etc.
7. Beverage: plastic
cups, bags, straws,
coconut shells,
unfinished drinks,
cans, etc.
1. Solid waste mainly
came from the two
processes of selling
products by businesses
and using products by
consumers. The solid
waste during the night
market operation mainly
came from fast food,
beverages, and other
daily items. Food waste
is one of the more
serious ones.
2. Due to the difficulty in
collecting waste liquid
and the mobility of
waste liquid, some
businesses dumped a
large amount of waste
liquid into the nearest
gutter. In contrast, a
small amount of waste
liquid was spilled on the
ground. In addition,
some consumers threw
away unfinished drinks.
3. Many businesses used
high-powered gasoline
generators and gas
canisters, and fewer
used environmentally
friendly machines. In
addition, the barbecue
and frying operated by
some businesses
resulted in a large
amount of smoke and
pungent odors in the air.
Waste liquid
1. Water after cleaning
pots, water for
cleaning aquatic
products, blood water
from fresh meat, oil
for frying, poured
juice, scattered
sauces, spilled
drinks, egg liquid,
etc.
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To explore the issues of spatial operation in the night market, the present study was
based on three perspectives: businesses in the space, consumers in the space, and
people surrounding the space. It was found that in terms of the businesses in the
space, the businesses were less flexible due to the narrow and crowded nature of the
night market after they had entered the night market early, resulting in the emergence
of high and low-crowd-density zones in the night market space (Figure 6a). In terms of
consumers in the space, the high number of consumers in the area during the peak
period of the night market led to the problems of congestion and narrow congestion
(Figure 6b). Regarding the surrounding crowds in the space, the lack of warning signs
for the closed sections of the night market caused some vehicles to drive to the
entrance to find that they could not enter, which caused traffic jams (Figure 6c).
Harmful gas
1. Pollutant gases
produced by
barbecues, polluted
gases produced by
generators burning
gasoline, polluted
gases produced by
frying in iron pots,
etc.
Waste
recovery
aspects
Businesses
Consumers
1. Not cleaned up and
sprayed on the side
of the road.
2. Cleared and left on
the side of the road.
3. Cleaned up and
taken away/put in
trash.
1. There were no
dedicated garbage bins
for the night market,
and the number of
garbage bins in the
surrounding area was
grossly insufficient (one
red and eight blue
garbage bins exist) to
recycle the large
amount of waste
generated during the
night market operation.
2. Existing garbage bins
were too small, poorly
categorized, and poorly
located, making it
inconvenient for
businesses and
consumers to recycle
their waste.
3. Differences in the
quality of people's
behavior during the
night market operation,
both among businesses
and consumers, led to
positive or negative
actions towards waste
recycling.
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Figure 6. People flow and traffic during the operation of the night markets
To explore the waste management issues in the night market operation, the present
study divided the waste for the night market into three main categories: solid waste,
waste liquid, and harmful gas. Solid waste was mainly generated from businesses'
two processes of selling items in the night market and using the items by consumers.
Based on the seven categories of products in the night market, it was found that solid
waste was mainly generated from fast food, beverages, and other daily items (Figure
7a). Due to the difficulty of collecting the waste liquid and its mobility, some
businesses directly discharged a large amount of waste liquid into the nearest gutter.
In contrast, a small amount of wastewater was directly spilled on the ground (Figure
7b). Some consumers threw away unfinished drinks (Figure 7b). In addition, high-
powered gasoline generators and gas canisters were everywhere in the night market,
and barbecue and frying operated by some businesses resulted in pungent odors and
lots of smoke in the air (Figure 7c).
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Figure 7. Potential environmental hazards during the operation of night markets
The study investigated and analyzed the recycling of waste from the night market
and found that there were no particular garbage bins for the night market in the area
and that there were one red and eight blue garbage bins (located in the park to the
south of the night market) within a 20 meter of the night market. The number of
garbage bins in the immediate area was grossly insufficient to recycle the large
amount of waste generated during the operation of the night market (Figure 8a).
Existing garbage bins lacked waste segregation, were too small, and positioned too
far away from people, making it inconvenient for businesses and consumers to
recycle waste (Figure 8b). In addition, there was a big difference in the behavioral
qualities of different people among consumers and businesses, leading to positive
and negative practices towards waste recycling (Figure 8c).
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Figure 8. Waste recycling during the operation of night markets
3.2.2. AFTER THE OPERATION OF THE NIGHT MARKET IN
JALAN 17/1A (FROM 9:30-11:30 PM)
At the end of the night market operation, the spatial environmental conditions after
market operated. Different businesses were found to have different behaviors towards
the waste in the night market area where they were operating, with some businesses
the roadside (Figure 9b); as well as some businesses bagging the waste and taking it
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was not attended to, and garbage was still everywhere compared to when the night
market was in operation (Figure 9c).
Figure 9. Spatial environment after the operation of night markets
Following the end of the night market operation at approximately 11 pm, the area of
the night market operation was cleaned up by the solid waste removal department's
garbage trucks (truck information: KDEB WASTE, #Smart Selangor), with the project
involving solid waste on the roadway surface (Figure 10a). However, a small amount
of solid waste that was small and difficult to clean remained after the cleanup (Figure
10b). In addition, the waste removal trucks only targeted solid waste on the roadway
surface of the night market. The solid waste in the surrounding areas of the night
market was a priority area that they neglected, including the park lawn south of the
night market, the drainage ditch near the night market, the flower basins near the
night market, the pavilions near the night market; and outdoor fitness equipment near
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purchasing at the night market, including various categories of solid and liquid waste.
Figure 10. Night markets and surroundings after being cleaned up by the solid waste
department
3.2.3. AFTER THE OPERATION OF THE NIGHT MARKET IN
JALAN 17/1A (THE NEXT DAY FROM 1:30-3:30 PM &
9:30-11:30 PM)
temperatures and yearly rainfall. In the early morning of December 6, 2023, the liquid
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heavy rainfall weather. The rainwater washed them away to the low-lying areas in the
pavement area of the night market, such as the drainage ditch near the night market
(Figure 11a). A field investigation on December 6, 2023, at 1:30 pm found that the
drainage ditch became a solid and liquid waste-infested area after the night market
operation (Figure 11b), with a pungent odor of rotting garbage and infested with flying
insects in the air (Figure 11c), and the area was in terrible environmental condition.
Additionally, as of 11:30 pm on December 6, 2023, garbage bins surrounding the night
market had not been professionally picked up (Figure 11d), and solid waste was still
everywhere (Figure 11d). Therefore, the surrounding environmental conditions
resulting from the night market operation were terrible, and sustainable management
measures needed to be devised to guarantee the night market operation and promote
the surrounding area's positive development.
Figure 11. Environmental conditions on the day after the night market operation
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4. DISCUSSIONS
4.1. OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES OF THE NIGHT MARKET IN
JALAN 17/1A
4.1.1. EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, SEGREGATION, AND
RECYCLING
In response to the issues of waste management and recycling in night markets, it is
recommended that the relevant departments and organizations (such as the National
Solid Waste Management Department, Solid Waste and Public Cleansing
Management Corporation, and Non-governmental Organizations for Waste
Environment Protection) take proactive measures to protect the environment. The
provision of specialized garbage bins can be increased for informal night markets or
prepared by the business owners themselves, and more garbage bins need to be
planned for the surrounding areas of the night markets to increase the overall waste
holding capacity. In particular, large-sized garbage bins should be provided to meet
the demand for bulky waste capacity. The newly deployed garbage bins are equipped
with clear segregation signs to encourage night market participants to put out their
waste in an orderly manner, facilitating effective waste segregation and recycling.
Optimizing the spatial location of garbage bins to match the behavior of participants
and adjusting the layout of garbage bins according to people's usage behavior could
help improve the effectiveness of drop-offs and increase recycling efficiency. In
addition, garbage bins in the surrounding area of the night market should be recycled
more frequently, especially after the night market, and the garbage bins should be
cleaned out promptly to ensure that the waste management system can be operated
efficiently and realize sustainable development.
4.1.2. PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND
USE OF SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES
In response to the issues of weak environmental awareness and the use of high-
powered polluting machines in night markets, it is suggested that the relevant
departments and organizations (such as Solid Waste and Public Cleansing
Management Corporation and Non-governmental Organizations for Waste
Environment Protection) should take proactive measures to protect the environment.
Businesses could be encouraged to be more environmentally conscious and to pack
the waste generated in their area after the night market. It is recommended that
businesses that generate a lot of waste, such as fast food, beverage, and fruit, have
garbage bins and provide consumers with adequate and convenient disposal
services. The use of biodegradable plastics, eco-friendly cartons, and other materials
in the packaging of items offered by businesses is strongly advocated to minimize the
adverse impact on the surrounding environment. Regarding the source of electricity
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with the aim of meeting lighting needs while reducing the burden on the environment.
In addition, it could promote green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable concepts
environmentally friendly machines, avoiding the use of high-power and highly polluting
promote substantial progress in sustainability.
4.1.3. RATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING AND SECURITY
MANAGEMENT
In response to the spatial planning and safety management issues arising from the
the night market during operation to ensure safety and reasonable crowd control. It is
proposal emphasizes planning interventions, rational planning, and evacuation design
spatial planning and safety management aims to create a more pleasant environment
for the night market and a new vitality for sustainable development.
4.1.4. MONITORING OF WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFICACY
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government at the time of their business license issuance. However, the observations
implementation. In addition, it is not desirable to increase the governance pressure on
stakeholders. Encourage the government or local authorities to provide incentives and
the need to protect the environment on one's own.
4.1.5. DEVELOPING REGULATIONS AND STRENGTHENING
SUPERVISION
regulations and strong supervision is a critical part of the process. It is recommended
market traders could be encouraged to set up night market management committees,
enforcement to monitor waste around the night market, with special attention to critical
the night market could help to reduce the accumulation of waste and pollution issues
effectively. On the other hand, scientific assessment could lead to the development of
environmental responsibility among night market participants by rewarding businesses
that clean up their waste in an orderly manner and penalizing those that fail to dispose
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sustainable development of the night market.
4.2. NIGHT MARKETS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
AND EXPERIENCE FROM MALAYSIA
(NSP) had a vision for Malaysia to achieve the waste management target of recycling
22% of waste by 2020; however, it was reported that nearly 90% of waste is disposed
of in landfills and only 10.5% is recycled [38]. In terms of regulation and enforcement,
(Act 672) [39]. Evidence revealed that an average of about 38,000 tons of solid waste
was sent to more than 100 landfills per day in Malaysia, with approximately 2,500 tons
of solid waste collected daily from the capital city of Kuala Lumpur alone, which could
be piled up to the height of the Twin Towers in just one week [16]. Therefore, the huge
electricity, and bio-fertilizer) to cope with the shortage of landfills [16].
The night market is indeed a popular activity place for locals in Malaysia; however,
night market usually generates a large amount of waste, especially the use of single-
protection by bringing their utensils and containers to consume at SS2 night market, a
difficulty in recycling, reuse of wastes and energy conversion [16, 39]. Relevant waste
community, business sector, and government agencies, to publicize the huge potential
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of waste management; nevertheless, after many recycling campaigns conducted by
the government over the past decades, most Malaysians still failed to realize the high
commodity value of the garbage generated by them, such as causing Malaysia to lose
RM476 million worth of recyclable resources annually simply because recycling
practices have yet to become the norm in the country [16].
Regulatory controls on waste segregation in Malaysia included fines for people, but
people could take advantage of the lack of regulation to avoid the fines, which proved
inefficient and even ineffective due to the regulation because there were not enough
supervisors [41]. In addition, illegal corruption, management corruption, and
insufficient funds were the major reasons that affected the speed of the sustainable
waste management process in Malaysia; the local authorities in charge of solid waste
management usually outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to private
companies for operation due to the limited capacity of the governmental personnel in
the department, but the municipal solid waste companies that contracted with the local
authorities often illegally collected commercial and industrial wastes and other solid
wastes to increase the load and difficulty of their operation to obtain more financial
expenses, and even imported illegal plastics from other countries overseas for
recycling [39]. Therefore, there are several challenges in the exposure of waste
management in Malaysia, including the lack of system development for sustainable
waste and circular economy, the challenges of waste collection strategy, waste
recycling strategy, and waste disposal strategy, and also the lack of people's
awareness of waste recycling and environmental protection, which contributed
significantly to the problems with the operation and waste management of the night
market space in this study.
5. CONCLUSIONS
As one of the dynamic economic manifestations, night markets opened like
fireworks in all corners of the world. However, the informality of night markets led to
some neglect by stakeholders, which further led to the issues of ecological and
environmental pollution. The spatial operation and waste management direction of
outdoor night markets had received less attention from academics. In this paper, a
field survey on the spatial operation and waste management of night markets in
Malaysia was conducted, and the night market in Jalan 17/1A was selected as the
case study area to conduct the study at different periods. The result of analyzing the
basic information of the night market in Jalan 17/1A showed that many residential
areas around the night market brought many consumers, and Malays mainly
dominated the businesses. The businesses at the night market specialized in seven
types of items: fast food, apparel, fruits, vegetables, fresh meat, beverages, and other
daily Items. The most numerous of these merchant-operated programs were mostly
fast food and apparel. A field study was conducted on the operation of the night
market during three critical periods: during the night market operation (5:30-8:30 pm),
after the night market operation (9:30-11:30 pm), and the next day after the night
market operation (1:30-3:30 pm and 9:30-11:30 pm). The study results found that
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night market operations, as a type of urban informal economy, brought economic
vitality and economic benefits to the region while simultaneously creating some social
and environmental issues. Social issues included overcrowding, traffic congestion,
behavioral quality differences, safety hazards, noise from high-power equipment,
clogged drains, lack of garbage bins, ill-designed garbage bins, and low frequency of
recycling in the waste system. Environmental issues included the three main types of
solid waste: fast food, beverages, and other daily items; liquid waste from
indiscriminate disposal; high-powered equipment; and smoke gas pollution from
cooking.
Based on the night market information analysis results and the time-phased field
survey, it is recommended that the relevant departments and organizations take active
measures to protect the environment by focusing on the issues arising from spatial
operation and waste management. Concentrate on the problems and challenges
exposed by night markets, the future sustainable optimization of night markets could
emphasize five aspects: effective waste management, segregation, and recycling;
promotion of environmental awareness and use of sustainable resources; rational
spatial planning and security management; monitoring of waste management efficacy;
and developing regulations and strengthening supervision. Recommend targeted and
sustainable strategies for the spatial operation and waste management of the night
market, aiming to promote the positive development of the surrounding area, creating
a more pleasant environment and a newly energized night market. In addition, some
policies, practices, and challenges in night markets and waste management in
Malaysia were discussed. The study contributed to the broader understanding of
sustainable urban practices, with potential implications for urban planning and waste
management policies.
This paper conducted a case study on the night market in Selangor, Malaysia,
which could focus on the actual situation of the Malaysian night market to a certain
extent. However, the results of the fieldwork were only focused on a specific period.
Therefore, the present study's findings reflected some of the characteristics and
problems of the Malaysian night market but with some limitations. The present study
hoped that spatial operation and waste management of night markets would receive
more attention from government departments, environmental organizations, and other
stakeholders. Hope other researchers explore the sustainable development of night
markets in more different regions or by using a more extended period of fieldwork in
the future.
6. DATA AVAILABILITY
All the data for this study is available upon request to the author.
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7. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that the research has no financial or personal relationships
with other people or organizations that can interfere with it.
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