THE APPLICATION OF RIVET, HAP, AND

ECOTECT PROGRAMS FOR THE ANALYSIS

OF BUILDING ENVELOPE PARAMETERS TO

OPTIMIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND

ENERGY SAVINGS: A CASE OF BAGHDAD-

IRAQ

Mustafa Tahir AKKOYUNLU

• Necmettin Erbakan University, energy system engineering Department, yaka

district, yeni meram Street, kasim halife no: 11/1 A blok / konya, Turkey.

•E-mail: makkoyunlu@erbakan.edu.tr

•ORCID: 0000-0001-5748-6759

Mustafa Obaid Omar BANEAEZ*

• Necmettin Erbakan University, energy system engineering Department, yaka

district, yeni meram Street, kasim halife no: 11/1 A blok / konya, Turkey.

•E-mail: mcan9765@gmail.com

•ORCID: 0000-0002-4931-5615

Reception: 4 January 2024 | Acceptance: 19 January 2024 | Publication: 15 February 2024

Suggested citation:

Omar Baneaez, M.O. and Akkoyunlu, M.T. (2024) The Application of Rivet,

HAP, and Ecotect Programs for the Analysis of Building Envelope

Parameters to Optimize Energy Efﬁciency and Energy Savings: A Case of

Baghdad-Iraq . 3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC, 13(1),

15-38. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

ABSTRACT

With the growing emphasis on energy conservation and emission reduction in Iraq,

there has been a rising focus on the consumption of energy in buildings. This

phenomenon is attributable to its substantial contribution to aggregate energy

consumption within society. Consequently, the primary focus of energy conservation

research has been directed towards this particular domain. There has been a growing

emphasis in energy conservation research on public buildings characterized by

elevated levels of energy consumption. The examination of energy conservation in

expansive public structures carries substantial practical significance and societal

value. This study employs a building in Baghdad City - Iraq, as a case study. The

research was centred on the execution of experiments pertaining to insulation, the

ratio of windows to walls, and the thickness of window glass. A comparative analysis

was undertaken through the implementation of simulations that considered the

climatic conditions of the Baghdad- Iraq region. In order to evaluate energy efficiency,

a variety of software applications were utilized, namely Revit, Ecotect, and Hap. The

results showed that when analyzing the climate of Baghdad, it was observed that the

total cooling savings ranged from 2.34% to 2.45%. As a result, it was determined that

the optimal insulation thickness is 11cm. Additionally, it was observed that the energy

savings in cooling remained consistent. The analysis of window-to-wall ratios has

shown that the highest level of savings can be achieved by maintaining a window-to-

wall ratio of 50%. During the calculation of window glass thickness, it was discovered

that in the city of Baghdad, the ideal glass thickness is 2mm. This thickness leads to a

1% reduction in annual energy consumption for cooling purposes. The results of this

study are significant as they can significantly contribute to reducing energy

consumption. Furthermore, the authors highlight the potential for improving energy

efficiency in the buildings situated within the specified study area.

KEYWORDS

Energy Saving Optimization; HAP; Ecotect; Revit; Building Envelope; Sustainable

Buildings.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

INDEX

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................2

KEYWORDS ...............................................................................................................2

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................4

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................7

2.1. Materials ........................................................................................................7

2.2. Methods .........................................................................................................8

2.2.1. Revit ........................................................................................................8

2.2.2. Ecotect ....................................................................................................9

2.2.3. HAP ......................................................................................................10

2.2.4. Models Application and the most suitable program ..............................11

2.2.5. Building Envelope Parameters .............................................................13

3. RESULTS ...........................................................................................................16

3.1. Optimization of wall insulation thickness .....................................................16

3.2. Window/Wall ratio optimization ....................................................................17

3.3. Window glass thickness optimization ..........................................................18

4. DISCUSSION .....................................................................................................19

5. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................22

REFERENCES .........................................................................................................23

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

1. INTRODUCTION

The role of energy is of utmost importance in the social and economic

advancement of any given nation [1]. Based on data provided by the International

Energy Agency (IEA), the final energy consumption of the worldwide building sector in

2007 amounted to 2,794 million tons of oil equivalent (Mteo). According to [2], the

building sector is responsible for approximately 34% of the global final energy

consumption, thus establishing itself as the most significant consumer sector. Based

on the reference scenario provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA), it is

projected that the building sector will continue to be the primary consumer by the year

2030, accounting for a consumption share of 32% (equivalent to 3,639 million tons of

oil equivalent). According to [2], the energy demand is projected to increase at an

annual average rate of approximately 1.2%, while the overall final energy

consumption is expected to grow at a rate of 1.4%.

The demand for indoor environments and comfortable buildings has experienced a

gradual increase among individuals as Iraq's economy continues to grow. It is

anticipated that there will be a subsequent rise in the energy consumption of residual

buildings in the future. The aforementioned rise in energy production poses a

significant obstacle to both the preservation of national energy security and the

promotion of environmental sustainability. The management and mitigation of energy

usage in residual infrastructure play a pivotal role in fostering sustainable

development within the context of Iraq.

The main sources of potential energy savings in residual buildings include the

energy saved through building envelopes and equipment systems, as well as the

energy saved through effective management and behaviour in equipment operation

and maintenance [3, 4]. The transfer of heat between buildings and the external

environment takes place through the building envelope. The efficiency of the building

envelope has a direct impact on the amount of heat exchange that occurs, which in

turn affects the overall energy consumption of the building. Therefore, improving the

performance of the envelope of a residual building on a large scale is a practical

method for increasing the building's energy efficiency ratio.

Numerous studies have examined and evaluated energy-saving schemes by

conducting energy consumption simulations. The study conducted by [5] investigated

the sensitivities of energy consumption for building heating and refrigeration across

four distinct climate zones in Turkey. The researchers also examined the effects of

various design parameters on the system, such as the heat transfer coefficient of the

building envelope, the orientation of the building, the depth of the structure, the height

of each story, and the ratio of windows to walls. The findings of the study prompted

the formulation of precise recommendations for each parameter. [6] Utilized DeST's

methodology in their study to develop dynamic energy consumption simulations. Yi

and Malkawi [7] proposed a methodology with the goal of optimizing the design of

building forms. This methodology focuses on the energy consumption related to

heating and cooling systems. The goal of the genetic algorithm is to optimize the

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

reduction of heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments. A windowless

hypothetical structure was used to study the use of natural daylight and artificial

lighting. In their study, [8] conducted an optimization procedure that failed to take into

account the effects of energy and transmitted solar radiation. The purpose of this

study was to investigate how building form and urban patterns affect the energy

consumption of air-conditioned buildings in different desert environments. In the study

conducted by [9], a selection of three innovative insulation materials was made,

namely gypsum, vermiculite, and an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer.

Subsequently, an assessment was conducted to gauge the efficacy of said materials

in tropical regions of Brazil, with a comparative analysis against traditional envelopes

frequently employed within the region. The researchers of the study observed that the

novel materials exhibited a reduction in the thermal load of buildings by 38%. [10]

Introduced a nondestructive testing technique for assessing the integrity of insulation

walls. This methodology entails the quantification of air temperature and humidity

levels within both internal and external building environments, as well as the interstitial

spaces between insulation panels and walls. A novel instrument has been devised for

the purpose of quantifying the thermal and humidity properties of architectural building

envelopes. The measurement results that were obtained were subsequently subjected

to analysis using mathematical techniques. The study conducted by Yang et al. [11]

examined the influence of the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) on the energy consumption

for heating and cooling in residential buildings located in the hot summer and cold

winter climate zone of China. According to their report, the critical factors in

determining the optimal window-to-wall ratio (WWR) include the air conditioning

system, window orientation, and the types of glazing used. The study of [12] focused

on optimizing energy consumption in buildings by improving the building envelope

parameters for a default residential building in Konya- Turkey.

Energy efficiency is widely regarded as the most efficacious strategy for effectively

addressing both economic growth and environmental preservation on a global scale.

The exponential growth in global fuel demand has substantial implications for elevated

international prices and its contribution to the phenomenon of global warming.

Therefore, it has become imperative to redirect our attention towards tactics that

facilitate fuel conservation and investigate alternative energy sources, all the while

embracing innovative technologies that are more compatible with our evolving

requirements. At present, there exists a multitude of global advancements that place

emphasis on the adoption of policies and strategies with the primary objective of

fostering energy utilization efficiency [13]. This study proposes the use of three

essential simulation tools, namely Revit, Ecotect, and Hap, to assess energy

efficiency and providing optimized solutions for insulation, window-to-wall ratio, and

window glass thickness specifically tailored for the city of Baghdad.

There exists a discrepancy between energy-efficient design and program design

within the realm of architectural design. Architects typically formulate the program for

a given project by drawing upon their professional acumen and established principles

of energy efficiency. Frequently, the examination of energy consumption is deferred to

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

a subsequent phase within the design process. The efficacy of energy-saving design

as a fundamental principle in program design is called into question due to the

irreversible nature of the design process. Furthermore, the predominant focus of

research in the field of energy-efficient design for residential buildings has been on

multi-story and high-rise structures situated in urban and suburban regions.

Conversely, there exists a dearth of scholarly investigations pertaining to energy-

efficient design methodologies tailored specifically for rural structures. Residential

structures account for a significant amount of energy consumption in urban areas.

Residential structures necessitate a consistent supply of energy to fulfil a range of

functions, including illumination, temperature regulation, and the facilitation of various

operational processes and activities. Residential buildings account for the majority of

energy demand in Iraq. In the city of Baghdad, the energy consumption attributed to

residential buildings constitutes approximately 48% of the overall energy usage.

Industrial buildings are responsible for 29% of overall consumption, whereas office

buildings constitute 13% of the total. According to [14], the energy consumption of

commercial buildings accounts for 6% of the total, while agricultural buildings

contribute 4%.In the city of Baghdad, residential buildings allocate 69% of their total

annual energy consumption towards cooling activities, with an additional 26%

dedicated to heating purposes. The aforementioned rates exhibit a notable disparity in

magnitude when juxtaposed with the energy requirements for illumination, household

appliances, and other domestic necessities, which merely constitute 5% of the

aggregate annual energy consumption in residential dwellings, as stated by [15].

The objective of this study is to examine the quantitative relationship between the

envelope structure, and the energy consumption of buildings in the urban area of

Baghdad- Iraq during periods characterized by very hot summers and cold winters.

The rationale for adopting this approach was to support the construction of residential

buildings in urban areas that experience high temperatures during summers and low

temperatures during winters. The aim was to reduce energy consumption throughout

the duration of the year.

The manuscript is organized in the following structure: The following section of

this report provides a thorough overview of the subject area being examined and

discusses the datasets that were used. The demonstration highlighted the various

processes and analyses that can be performed using Revit, HAP, and Ecotect

Techniques. The third section succinctly outlines the key findings derived from our

research. The fourth section will discuss the outcomes of the processing and analysis

conducted on the study area regarding energy conservation and consumption. The

fifth section presents a thorough analysis and interpretation of the findings.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. MATERIALS

Baghdad city is 33° 19' N, 44° 25' E, part of the Middle East region. Its climate is

classified as hot and dry in summer and cold and humid in winter [16]. The present

study employed a residential building with a total area of 80 square meters, as

illustrated in Figure 1. The building's design was implemented by employing

appropriate software to optimize several parameters, such as the ratio of windows to

walls within the building envelope, Revit software was used to design it. Table 1

presents the structural parameters of the building in the study area, along with

comprehensive information regarding the selected properties of the windows and

walls.

Figure 1. Plan of the default building [12]

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

Table 1. Details of the inputs of the used building

2.2. METHODS

To investigate the impact of residential building envelope parameters on energy

consumption in hot climates, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis and

assessment of commonly accepted assumptions. Furthermore, it involves quantifying

the effects of building envelope parameters on energy consumption to determine their

validity. The research inquiry focuses on investigating how residential building

envelope parameters affects energy consumption in hot climates, specifically in the

city of Baghdad as a case study. The building sectors are widely recognized as major

contributors to global warming and climate change because they consume a

substantial amount of energy. In developed nations, the building industry is

responsible for both 40% of total energy consumption and 40% of carbon dioxide

emissions. Researchers from around the world are currently involved in studying

energy management and conservation. They are using simulation software as a tool

to develop strategies with the goal of significantly reducing energy consumption in

buildings. In order to fulfil the objective, three indispensable simulation tools,

specifically Revit, Ecotect, and Hap, were utilized:

2.2.1. REVIT

The Revit software (see Figure 2) is a Building Information Modeling (BIM) software

program developed by Autodesk. It incorporates a range of tools specifically designed

for conducting energy analysis, enabling users to evaluate the energy efficiency and

performance of a building design. This study offers valuable insights into various

factors, including heating and cooling loads, energy consumption patterns, and

potential strategies for energy conservation. Designers possess the capability to

conduct an analysis of various components within a building, including walls, roofs,

windows, and HVAC systems, with the aim of enhancing energy efficiency. Revit's

Building Features Value

The total area of the building

80 m2, It was chosen because the aspect ratio of the building is

very close to 1:1, and it is the smallest and most suitable area

in single house building designs in Turkey.

Building height 3 m

Total exterior wall area 107.28 m2

Window/wall ratio

North/ South %30

East %50

West %10

The volume of the building 240 m3 1:1.5 aspect ratio

Total window area 15 m2

Number of floors 1 floor

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

analysis and simulation capabilities provide designers and engineers with the tools

they need to make informed decisions, optimize designs, and improve the

performance and sustainability of buildings. By identifying potential issues proactively

during the design process, individuals and organizations can take the opportunity to

reduce costs, minimize energy consumption, and create environments that are both

comfortable and sustainable. Revit also offers a range of tools specifically designed

for simulating and analyzing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

Figure 2. The view of the Revit software

2.2.2. ECOTECT

The Ecotect energy simulation software offers the ability to create geometric

models and perform thermal and lighting analysis within the same program. It is

designed to be user-friendly and intuitive, making it easy to use. It is a proprietary

application developed and maintained by Autodesk, a leading company in the field.

The Ecotect program is a highly efficient computer-based application that offers

various features for accurately assessing the thermal performance of a building. It

also boasts a user-friendly interface that is particularly well-suited for architects [17].

Ecotect is a powerful tool used for simulating and analyzing the energy efficiency of

buildings and their surrounding environment. It provides comprehensive simulations

for various climatic conditions, including solar radiation, daylighting, and thermal

comfort [18]. An Ecotect analysis (see Figure 3) was performed to simulate and

evaluate the performance of the building, with the aim of assessing the effects of

reduced energy consumption and the utilization of sustainable power sources. The

task at hand encompassed the coordination and optimization of the existing energy

conservation technology systems within the building.

It has the capability to function in conjunction with other building energy analysis

software applications. The program has the capability to incorporate intricate three-

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) models, albeit in a simplified

representation. Additionally, it has the capability to serve as input data for 3DS and

DXF files. The analysis results have the capability to be stored in various formats such

as Meta, Bitmaps, and visual animations or can be visually represented. Even with a

rudimentary model, it is possible to conduct a fundamental energy analysis, which can

provide guidance to users during the initial phases of the design process. The

utilization of detailed modelling in the final stages of design facilitates decision-making

for users in complex system solutions. One of the program's limitations is that it

requires the user to possess a proficient understanding of its intricate software.

Without such expertise, the outcomes produced by the program may potentially

misguide the designer [19].

Figure 3. The main interface of the ECOTECT software

2.2.3. HAP

The Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) is a computer software application developed

by Carrier, a renowned company specializing in providing comprehensive solutions for

air conditioning, heating, and refrigeration systems. The objective of this program is to

provide support to engineers in the process of designing HVAC systems tailored

explicitly for commercial buildings. The tool integrates two primary functions, namely

load estimation and system design, alongside energy use simulation and computation

of energy costs. The program can be categorized into two main components: HAP

system design features and HAP Energy Analysis Features, as described in [20].

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

Figure 4. The main screen of the HAP air conditioning calculation program

The aforementioned calculation methods are made according to ASHRAE's

standards.

2.2.4. MODELS APPLICATION AND THE MOST SUITABLE

PROGRAM

We considered a residential building located in the Baghdad region- Iraq. This

building is known for its property and dimensions, measuring 8.9 x 8.9 meters,

resulting in a total area of 80 square meters. After identifying all the relevant

information in the program, the calculation table is prepared. The amount of solar

energy was calculated by taking into account various factors, including wall thickness,

window/wall ratio, and window glass thickness. The collected information was used to

make these calculations. Once all the required data was entered into the program, the

chart was utilized to calculate the annual thermal energy. The obtained result provides

information about the total amount of heat loss. Therefore, a comparison was

conducted among the programs that were used, and the most appropriate one was

selected for the optimization procedure.

Hence, the Ecotect software was chosen as the most similar program. Upon

comparing the outcomes derived from the Revit software with those of the Ecotect

software, it becomes apparent that the Revit program exhibits a notable augmentation

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

of approximately 22%. Conversely, the observed increment in the Ecotect program is

minimal, with a maximum value of 1%. The Hap program produced a result that

exhibits a significant divergence. Based on comprehensive comparisons, it has been

ascertained that the Ecotect program is the most appropriate choice for the intended

objectives. This is due to its capacity to yield the most precise outcomes in the context

of thermal regulation. The thesis conducted at Yıldız Technical University elucidates

the utilization of a cooling program, which enables the attainment of the

aforementioned conclusion. This is accomplished through a comparative analysis of

the calculations performed in the Antalya and Diyarbakır regions of Turkey. The

selection of the Ecotect program was based on its specific design to deliver precise

outcomes utilizing the cooling load factor (CLF), as exemplified in Table 2.

Table 2. Outcome of the used programs

After the Baghdad climate file was imported into the Ecotect program, the chosen

building underwent necessary preparations for subsequent analysis. The utilization of

the drawing tools within the Ecotect drawing interface facilitated the completion of this

task, as depicted in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Figure 5. View of the study building using ECOTECT software

ECOTECT

max heating W

Revit

max heating W

HAP

max heating W

49,196 77,759 11,700

ECOTECT

max cooling W

Revit

Max cooling W

HAP

max cooling W

31,314 62,982 4600

ECOTECT

Total Max load W

Revit

Total Max load W

HAP

Total Max load W

71,039 140,741 16,300

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

Figure 6. Display of Baghdad climate file uploading

2.2.5. BUILDING ENVELOPE PARAMETERS

After determining that the Ecotect program produced the most favourable results in

the experiments mentioned earlier, a thorough analysis of the parameters was

conducted, dividing them into three separate groups. The main focus of this analysis

was to optimize the building envelope. The table shows the optimum trials and

measurements conducted on selected parameters.

Table 3. Ideal tests and measurements conducted on each used parameters

Wall Insulation Thickness

Proper insulation of a building's envelope is crucial. Inadequately insulated walls,

roofs, or foundations, as well as drafts and low-quality doors and windows, can lead to

significant heat loss. Specifically, poorly insulated walls can account for 40% of total

heat loss, while roofs and foundations can contribute to 25% and 30% of heat loss,

respectively. The existing walls of the building exhibit inadequate or nonexistent

insulation. The XPS insulation with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 15 cm was chosen

for testing purposes based on its cost-effectiveness and low thermal conductivity

factor (K factor). Following the creation of the initial building envelope through the

Trials Shell element Parameter

Types Measurements

1- Wall insulation thickness TSE-825

Proper insulation 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm

2- Window glass measurement Glass/Wall ratio %25, %50, %75, %100

3- Window glass thickness Pure-glass

SHGC %80 2mm, 4mm, 6mm, 8mm

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

utilization of the Ecotect software, an assessment was undertaken to evaluate the

energy efficiency of the insulation envelope within the specific climatic conditions of

Baghdad. The Ecotect Weather program format was used to load the annual hourly

climate files of Baghdad for experimental purposes. After the completion of the climate

file preparation, the thickness of the wall insulation in the building shell was altered in

each experimental trial. This was achieved by substituting the initial uninsulated shell

with 15 different shells, as illustrated in Figure 7, which can be accessed via the wall-

window properties. Prior to conducting an energy analysis using the software, the

thermal properties panel was utilized to specify a building that is fully air-conditioned.

The temperature settings for the air conditioning system in Baghdad city were

selected to encompass a set point range of 22-24°C, taking into consideration the hot

climate prevalent in the region.

Figure7. Materials of the building original wall

Window/ Wall Ratio

This examination encompassed ratios of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and was

conducted for all orientations of the building in Baghdad. The objective of this analysis

was to attain an optimal outcome. The window-to-wall ratios (WWR) for each of the

four facades of the building were determined by quantifying the total area of windows

in relation to the total area of walls. This information is presented in Table 4. The

values depicted in Table 5 were obtained through the utilization of Equation 1.

Subsequently, the aforementioned values were employed in the optimization

experiments conducted for the purpose of window design. To ensure accurate

calculations for the southern window area, adjustments were made in the dimensions

shown in Table 5. This was done by reducing the ratio to account for the presence of a

door on the southern facade.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

(1)

The aforementioned equation was employed to determine the proportion of

windows in the structure in relation to the walls of the building. The calculation was

performed on each individual room within the building to ascertain the proportion of

windows that were being utilized.

Table 4. Window/Wall ratios, area and measurements

Table 5. Window/Wall ratio details on the southern facade

Window Glass Thickness

The study involved conducting simulations on windows that are frequently

employed in building envelopes, varying in thickness from 2 mm to 8 mm. The

objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of the subject under investigation

in terms of attaining the utmost level of energy efficiency see Figure 8 and Table 6.

WWR

Area of Window

Area of Wall

Direction Area(m²) Measurement (m)

North 0.3 x 889 x 3 = 8.01 5.34 x 1.5

South 8.01 – 2 = 6.01 4 x 1.5

East 0.5 x 8.9 x 3 = 13.35 8.9 x 1.5

West 0.1 x 8.9 x 3 = 2.67 1.78 x 1.5

WWR area(m²) Dimension (m)

25 % 6-675 4.45 x 1.5

50 % 13-35 8.9 x 1.5

75 % 20-025 2.5 x 8.01

100 % 267 3 x 8.9

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

Figure 8. Display of the window glass thickness optimization process

Table 6. Window Features

3. RESULTS

Before conducting experiments in this specific section, a comprehensive analysis

was performed on the outcomes obtained from each of the three programs (HAP,

ECOTECT, and Revit). The study objectives led to the conclusion that Ecotect is the

most suitable program. The heating and cooling energy consumption of the building

was calculated by considering the annual meteorological data of Baghdad, Iraq, and

taking into account the ASHRAE limit values. Three optimization parameters were

taken into consideration, and the resulting outcomes are presented below:

3.1. OPTIMIZATION OF WALL INSULATION THICKNESS

This study aimed to assess the thermal insulation properties of various wall

materials within a representative building through a series of experimental tests. The

insulation levels exhibited a range of minimal to nonexistent, with the thickness of the

insulation varying between 1 and 15 cm. The results of our observations indicate a

Structural

Element Material Thickness U value

(W/m2 K) SHGC SHGC

Window

system

Ordinary glass,

Aluminum joinery

Glass 4mm,

The air gap is 16mm,

Glass 4mm

2,73 0,60 80 %

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

positive correlation between the thickness of insulation and energy savings across

various energy conditioning loads, such as heating, cooling, and overall energy

consumption.

After conducting an analysis focused on Baghdad, Iraq, a region characterized by

high temperatures, it was observed that the energy savings achieved in heating loads

were more substantial than those in cooling loads. The cooling load determined in

Baghdad was found to be approximately three times greater than the corresponding

heating load. The observed variation in the total savings in cooling load was

approximately (2.34 - 2.45) per cent, as determined through our calculations.

Interestingly, the magnitude of these savings was found to be greater than that

observed in the heating load.

In contrast, our analysis also revealed that the heating load in Baghdad is relatively

low, amounting to approximately 4.65% at the optimal thickness. In conclusion, upon

examining the overall annual energy conservation achieved through air-conditioning in

the urban area of Baghdad, it is evident that employing insulation with a thickness

ranging from 1 to 15 cm results in a reduction in energy consumption by

approximately 2.92% to 3.067%, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. The relationship between the thickness of wall insulation and the rate of energy

savings in air conditioning within a building

3.2. WINDOW/WALL RATIO OPTIMIZATION

The building envelope was examined with four distinct window-to-wall ratios: 25%,

50%, 75%, and 100%. Modifications were made to all four facades, and the air

conditioning loads were calculated using the Ecotect program (see Figure 10). The

analysis of the climate data for Baghdad revealed a direct correlation between the

window-wall ratio and energy consumption in buildings. As the window-wall ratio

increased, there was a corresponding increase in overall energy consumption and

cooling energy requirements. This observation can be attributed to the high

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

temperatures in the Baghdad region, which necessitate more significant energy

expenditure for cooling purposes.

Figure 10. The energy loads associated with air conditioning in the climate of Baghdad were

examined for four distinct window-to-wall ratios that were employed

3.3. WINDOW GLASS THICKNESS OPTIMIZATION

Different results are obtained when conducting analyses on the thickness of glass

in the climate of Baghdad. Due to its location in a hot region, Baghdad experiences a

cooling load 2.5 to 3 times greater than its heating load. One of the most significant

energy savings observed is the reduction in total cooling requirements. After

considering the climatic conditions in Baghdad, it was observed that increasing the

glass thickness from 4mm to 6mm and 8mm led to higher annual cooling savings

within the building. The savings reached 1.2% and 1.344%, respectively, as shown in

Figure 11. The impact of reducing the glass thickness from 4mm to 2mm is illustrated

in Figure 12. Surprisingly, it was observed that this reduction in glass thickness led to

a slight decrease in savings and energy consumption. The cooling savings achieved

from 4mm to 2mm glass thickness was approximately 1%. This finding suggests that

thinner glass may compromise insulation properties, leading to higher cooling energy

requirements in the hot climate of Baghdad.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

Figure 11. Window glass thickness and energy consumption in Baghdad climate

Figure 12. Window glass thickness and energy saving in Baghdad climate

Additionally, it was observed that as the thickness of the glass increased in Iraq,

there was a decrease in heating savings, which was opposite to the yearly reduction

in cooling expenses. Studies have shown a direct relationship between reducing the

thickness of glass in a building and the resulting increase in annual savings on air

conditioning energy consumption.

4. DISCUSSION

Our research findings show that increasing the thickness of wall insulation is an

effective method for energy conservation in heating and cooling needs. This discovery

aligns with the existing research on the correlation between building insulation and its

impact on energy consumption. A consistent pattern of energy savings in both heating

and cooling loads was observed in the Baghdad region as the insulation thickness

increased from minimal to 13 cm. The reason for the improved energy efficiency in

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

heating loads in Baghdad, despite the predominantly warm climate, can be attributed

to several factors. One possible hypothesis suggests that having insulated walls

during colder months helps to keep heat inside the building, reducing the need for

energy consumption for heating.

On the other hand, during high temperatures, the insulation acts as an obstacle,

reducing the heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the space. As a result, this

leads to a relatively minor decrease in the cooling load. The study's findings

emphasize the significance of adequate insulation in hot climate regions like Baghdad.

They demonstrate a significant increase in cooling load savings when the wall

thickness reaches 13 cm. Based on the analysis, it is evident that a thickness of 13

cm provides an ideal level of insulation. This thickness offers substantial energy

savings for both heating and cooling needs. Figure 13 illustrates the relationship

between wall thickness and energy savings. It highlights that the most significant

energy savings in both cooling and heating loads were observed at a wall thickness of

13 centimeters. This figure is a valuable reference for architects, engineers, and

policymakers when designing and constructing buildings in similar climatic conditions.

Figure 13. The diagram illustrates the energy consumption of the building as influenced by

the insulation present on its walls

The window-to-wall ratio also significantly determines the energy consumption and

cooling energy requirements of buildings in the Baghdad region. An increase in the

window-to-wall ratio results in a greater influx of solar heat into the building,

necessitating an increase in cooling loads to sustain a desirable indoor temperature.

This phenomenon is notable in areas characterized by high temperatures, such as

Baghdad. Our analysis determined that a window-to-wall ratio of 100% yielded the

most significant overall energy consumption and cooling energy demands. This

discovery suggests that an entire glass exterior in a building would result in a notable

rise in heat absorption, consequently necessitating a higher demand for cooling

energy. Nevertheless, the cooling energy requirements were significantly lower when

employing a window-to-wall ratio of 25% due to its effective reduction of solar heat

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

gain. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that this ratio could potentially lead to

increased heating energy consumption in colder periods.

The optimal equilibrium between natural lighting, solar heat gain, and energy

efficiency was determined to be a window-to-wall ratio of 50%. The energy

consumption for both cooling and heating exhibited a more equitable distribution at

this particular ratio, rendering it the most appropriate choice for architectural

structures in Baghdad. The data presented in Figure 14 demonstrates that the

window-to-wall ratio of 50% corresponds to the threshold at which energy

performance is optimized.

Figure 14. The correlation between the varying ratios of window-to-wall and the resulting

increase in energy consumption saving

Moreover, a notable energy-conservation strategy that was observed involved the

augmentation of glass thickness. As the thickness of the glass increased from 4mm to

6mm and 8mm, significant reductions in annual cooling requirements were observed,

leading to cooling savings of 1.2% and 1.344%, respectively. Thicker glass exhibits

enhanced insulation characteristics, thereby diminishing the transmission of heat from

the external environment to the internal space. As a result, the demand for cooling

energy is reduced. In contrast, a marginal decline in cooling savings and energy

efficiency was noted upon reducing the glass thickness from 4mm to 2mm. This

discovery suggests that thinner glass may not offer sufficient insulation, resulting in

increased energy consumption for cooling purposes. Hence, the selection of an

optimal glass thickness holds significant importance in order to enhance energy

efficiency and optimize cooling performance within the context of Baghdad's high-

temperature climate.

The results obtained from this study hold significant potential value for

professionals in architecture, engineering, and building ownership, particularly in

regions characterized by high temperatures, such as Baghdad and other similar

areas. Through the careful selection of appropriate glass thickness, it is possible to

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

optimize energy efficiency, mitigate cooling demands, and diminish overall energy

usage, thereby fostering the development of sustainable and ecologically conscious

architectural structures.

5. CONCLUSION

Energy is a vital resource that serves society and industry, providing quality and

cost-effective solutions. It is an essential requirement for human life, enhancing the

overall quality of community living, improving people's comfort levels through reduced

energy consumption, and creating healthier environments. Energy consumption also

plays a crucial role in facilitating economic and social development, as highlighted in

this review. In recent times, the topic of energy efficiency has garnered significant

significance as a result of the depletion of energy reserves and the adverse

environmental consequences associated with primary energy sources. In this context,

it is imperative to optimize the utilization and allocation of energy in binaural

applications in order to achieve maximum cost efficiency. The adoption of energy-

efficient practices in the construction sector is becoming more prevalent on a global

scale. Nations consistently engage in the transfer of technological advancements to

energy systems with the aim of mitigating costs and minimizing environmental harm,

particularly in relation to the phenomenon of global warming.

The research focused on improving energy efficiency and was conducted in an 80

m2 residential building. The objective of this study was to analyze the energy

performance of buildings and determine the most suitable optimization programmes.

In order to accomplish this, a variety of simulation software was used, such as

Ecotect, Revit, and Hap. The design of the building took into account various

architectural parameters such as the total area, height, window-to-wall ratio, and

building volume. Various factors influence the properties of building components,

including windows, roofs, walls, and floors. These factors include the type of material

used, the thickness of the components, the U-values (which measure thermal

conductivity), and the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). The investigation utilized

specific software programmes to simulate and analyze the energy performance of

buildings. The climate data for the Baghdad region was obtained from the Ecotect

Weather programmes. The annual energy consumption for heating, cooling, and total

loads was determined using modelling techniques in the Ecotect and Revit software

applications. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of

different programmes. The analysis determined that Ecotect is the most suitable

programme for accurately estimating heating and cooling loads.

After selecting the most suitable programmes, optimization tests were conducted

on three specific parameters: wall thickness, window-to-wall ratio, and window

thickness. The evaluation of the energy efficiency of the building envelope required

adjusting the insulation thickness of the walls. The window-to-wall ratio has been

adjusted for different facades to achieve the best possible results. In addition, a

thorough examination has been conducted to assess the energy efficiency potential of

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

various window thicknesses commonly used in building envelopes. The study has

focused primarily on the energy performance of the building, explicitly examining

optimized parameters. The effectiveness of the optimization procedure was evaluated

by comparing the annual energy consumption for heating, cooling, and overall loads.

In addition, it is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of passive building designs in

the city of Baghdad and their impact on the overall cost, as shown in the invoice.

Evaluating passive designs can play a significant role in constructing sustainable

buildings and promoting energy efficiency. The purpose of these recommendations is

to clearly identify the specific areas that should be given priority for future research

and scholarly investigations. In the field of building design, it is crucial to prioritize the

optimization of building elements, the improvement of energy efficiency, and the

implementation of necessary measures for sustainable structures.

The investigation findings have emphasized the importance of optimizing building

components to enhance the energy efficiency of the building envelope. Optimizing

parameters such as wall thickness, window-to-wall ratio, and window glass thickness

can significantly enhance energy savings and overall energy performance. The

findings mentioned above emphasize the importance of considering the

characteristics of building components in addition to architectural entrances when

designing a building.

REFERENCES

(1) Saidur, R., Atabani, A. E., & Mekhilef, S. (2011). A review on electrical and thermal

energy for industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2073–2086.

(2) Missaoui, R., & Mourtada, A. (2010). Instruments and financial mechanisms of energy

efficiency measures in building sector: WEC-ADEME case study on energy efficiency

measures and policies. WEC-ADEME case study on energy efficiency measures and

policies, 58 p.

(3) Hou, J., Wu, Y., & Liu, Y. S. (2014). Research on market approaches to energy-saving

reform of existing public buildings. Urban Development Research, 21(2), 1–5.

(4) Zhao, J., Xie, X., Liu, R., Sun, Y., Wu, M., & Gu, J. (2018). Water and energy saving

potential by adopting pressure-reducing measures in high-rise building: a case analysis.

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 39(5), 505–517.

(5) Baran, M. E., Mahajan, N., & Teleke, S. (2007). Simulation-based design of protection

schemes for shipboard power systems. In Proceedings of the 2007 Summer Computer

Simulation Conference (Vol. 4). Society for Computer Simulation International, San

Diego, CA, USA.

(6) Shi, L., Zhang, H., Li, Z., Luo, Z., & Liu, J. (2018). Optimizing the thermal performance of

building envelopes for energy saving in underground office buildings in various climates

of China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 77, 26–35.

(7) Yi, Y. K., & Malkawi, A. M. (2009). Optimizing building form for energy performance

based on hierarchical geometry relation. Automation in Construction, 18(6), 825-833.

(8) El-Deeb, K., El-Zafarany, A., & Sherif, A. (2012). Effect of Building Form and Urban

Pattern on Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Different Desert Climates.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024

Conference, Opportunities, Limits & Needs Towards an environmentally responsible

architecture Lima, Peru, 1-3.

(9) Melo, M. O. B. C., da Silva, L. B., Coutinho, A. S., Sousa, V., Perazzo, N., & Perazzo, N.

(2012). Energy efficiency in building installations using thermal insulating materials in

northeast Brazil. Energy and Buildings, 47, 35–43.

(10) Antonyová, A., Korjenic, A., Antony, P., et al. (2013). Hydrothermal properties of building

envelopes: reliability of the effectiveness of energy saving. Energy and Buildings, 57,

187–192.

(11) Yang, Q., Liu, M., Shu, C., Mmereki, D., Hossain, U., & Zhan, X. (2015). Impact analysis

of window-wall ratio on heating and cooling energy consumption of residential buildings

in hot summer and cold winter zone in China. Journal of Engineering, 2015, 538254.

(12) Baneaez, M. O. O., & Akkoyunlu, M. T. (2022). Building energy modelling review. Journal

of International Environmental Application and Science, 17(4), 135-147. Retrieved from

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jieas/issue/74146/1077631.

(13) Lao Institute. (2006). Survey on fossil fuel consumption for energy efficiency

conservation to promote the new technology of biofuel in Lao PDR. The Lao Institute for

Renewable Energy, LIRE, 29 p.

(14) Alsammarae, A. (2005). Iraq's electrical system, status and future plan. Electric power

2005 in Chicago, April 2005 [Viewed August 2nd, 2015].

(15) Abbood, A. W., Al-Obaidi, K. M., Awang, H., & Abdul Rahman, A. M. (2015). Achieving

energy efficiency through industrialized building system for residential buildings in Iraq.

International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4, 78-90.

(16) Al-Jawadi, M. H. (1986). Window optimization for Iraqi houses (PhD thesis). University of

Strathclyde.

(17) Crawley, D. B., Hand, J. W., Kummert, M., & Griffith, B. T. (2008). Contrasting the

capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. Building and

Environment, 43(4), 661–673. doi: 10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2006.10.027.

(18) Dutta, A., Samanta, A., & Neogi, S. (2017). Influence of orientation and the impact of

external window shading on building thermal performance in tropical climate. Energy

and Buildings, 139, 680–689. doi: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2017.01.018.

(19) Baneaez, M. O. O., & Akkoyunlu, M. T. (2023). A Study of Energy Efficiency Simulation

Programs and Energy Saving Optimization Analysis of Building Envelopment

Parameters in Turkey. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24(9).

(20) Carrier Corporation. (2003). HAP Quick Reference Guide, September 2003. Syracuse:

Carrier Corporation.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2024.131.15-38

3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC. ISSN: 2254-6529

Ed.44 | Iss.13 | N.1 January - March 2024