DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE
ELECTRIC PULSE CHARGING AND
DISCHARGING DEVICE BASED ON
FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Fang Zhou*
Fanli School of Business, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan,
473004, China
shangxy1921@163.com
Reception: 19/02/2023 Acceptance: 15/04/2023 Publication: 08/05/2023
Suggested citation:
Zhou, F. (2023). Development of high voltage electric pulse charging and
discharging device based on functional materials. 3C TIC. Cuadernos de
desarrollo aplicados a las TIC, 12(2), 77-95. https://doi.org/
10.17993/3ctic.2023.122.77-95
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ABSTRACT
As a relatively mature energy storage technology, charge/discharge devices are
bound to develop significantly in the contemporary society among them energy is
increasingly scarce. The traditional charging and discharging device is not smart
enough, slow charging and discharging and other shortcomings have limited its further
high-speed development. The application of functional materials and high-voltage
pulse technology can drive the further development of charging and discharging
devices. In this study, a safe, low-cost, functional material with high adsorption
capacity was developed. At the same time, this functional material is applied to the
charging and discharging device to improve the storage capacity and discharge
efficiency of the device. In addition, we combine high-voltage electric pulse technology
with charging and discharging technology to improve the charging and discharging
rate of the charging and discharging device. It has certain guidance and reference
values for the development of high-voltage electric pulse charging and discharging
devices. According to the test results, the dynamic adjustment time of the charging
module output current is only 20ms, and the dynamic adjustment response time of the
discharging module input current is about 0.14s. The device provides a new idea for
the development of high-voltage electric pulse charging and discharging equipment.
KEYWORDS
Functional materials; high-voltage pulses; charging and discharging devices; system
design; electrochemical perform
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INDEX
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CHARGE/DISCHARGE SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1. Material property characterization test
2.1.1. X-ray diffraction analysis
2.1.2. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis
2.1.3. Micromorphological analysis
2.1.4. Raman spectral analysis
2.2. Electrochemical performance testing
2.2.1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV)
2.2.2. Constant current charge/discharge method (GCD)
2.2.3. Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance test
2.3. Charging and discharging device system design
2.4. Factors affecting the life of charging and discharging devices
2.4.1. Charging voltage
2.4.2. Anti-peak voltage
2.4.3. Peak discharge current
2.4.4. Temperature
2.4.5. Other factors
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Charging process
3.2. Discharge process
3.3. Verification of charging and discharging functions
3.4. Dynamic adjustment of the input current of the discharge module
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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1. INTRODUCTION
With the scarcity of fossil energy and the great development of renewable energy,
the demand for energy storage in power systems is becoming more and more
urgent[1-3]
. Charge discharge technology is widely used in electric power, railway
transportation, automobile industry and marine industry. However, low efficiency,
unfriendly environment and inconvenient operation limit the further development of
charge and discharge technology to a certain extent[4]
. The rapid development of
productivity and increasingly serious environmental problems force people to put
forward higher requirements for the performance of charging and discharging devices,
so there is an urgent need to design an efficient, intelligent and reversible charging
device[5-6].
Functional materials[7]
mainly refer to those with excellent electrical, magnetic,
optical, thermal, acoustic, mechanical, chemical, biomedical functions and special
physical, chemical, biological effects, which can complete the mutual transformation of
functions. These high-tech materials are mainly used to manufacture various
functional components and are widely used in various high-tech fields[8-9]. With a wide
variety of functional materials and a wide range of applications, a large-scale high-
tech industry group is being formed, which has a very broad market prospect and
extremely important strategic significance. All countries in the world attach great
importance to the research, development and application of functional materials,
which have become the hotspot and focus of new materials research and
development in the world, as well as the hotspot of strategic competition in the
development of high technology in the world[10-11]. Lu et al[12] developed a two-
dimensional semiconductor functional material (CaP3) with certain porosity and ultra-
high carrier mobility. They found that this new functional material has a direct band
gap of 1.15 eV and also has a very high electron mobility, which has great potential for
applications in nanoelectronics. In addition to the above two characteristics, CaP3 also
exhibits good light absorption properties in the entire visible range. The innovative
electronic and charge mobility as well as optical properties make such materials a
potential army for future nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. xiao et al[13]
designed
and fabricated a functional material with excellent electrocatalytic properties and
applied it in electrochemistry. Multifunctional cobalt hydroxide decorated
homogeneous porous hollow carbon spheres (CoOOH-PHCS) can act as
electrocatalysts to suppress the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur batteries on the one
hand, and accelerate the rate of redox reactions on the other. Moreover, thanks to the
coordinated effect of these two materials, CoOOH and PHCS, the electrode exhibited
an ultra-low capacity decay of 0.04% per cycle over 450 cycles at 1C. Their work
explores and reveals the potential of CoOOH for electrocatalytic applications. Li et
al[14] developed a CO2
gas thermal conductivity sensor based on graphene oxide
(GO) and α-Al2O3 and calculated the stability of this sensor by simulation. The results
show that this sensor has excellent gas heat exchange rate and good stability, and
also exhibits good linearity and zero-point stability with CO2
gas. They developed a
CO2
gas thermal conductivity sensor with shorter response and response times and
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lower power consumption compared to conventional thermal conductivity sensors.
Wang et al[15]
reviewed the recent research on photonic devices based on functional
material infiltrated photonic crystal fibers (PCF). They pointed out that PCFs have a
unique arrangement of stomata in their two-dimensional orientation, and these
stomata provide natural optofluidic channels for introducing materials, enhancing
optical matter interactions, and extending transmission properties. This unique
photonic device is widely used for compact and multifunctional integration as well as
electromagnetic resistance. Compagnone et al[16]
argued that although phytochemical
products are starting to be widely used to assist in the exfoliation of 2D nanomaterials,
there is a clear lack of research on the molecules involved and their ability to yield
functional materials. They proposed a new green liquid phase exfoliation (LPE)
strategy to analyze this, characterizing the morphological, structural and
electrochemical properties of GF-CT by physicochemical and electrochemical
methods. The results show that GF-CT exhibits good electrochemical properties
without modification and also has high sensitivity at low overpotential.
High-voltage pulse technology is a technology with great development potential
and also a key planning and development technology in China. Its products have high
technical content, can provide very large peak currents, are advanced and highly
reliable, and have a wide range of applications in the power industry, defense industry,
and other high-tech fields[17-19]. Rao et al[20]
used granite as an example to establish
the electric pulse rock-breaking equivalent circuit, shock wave models in the electric
channel plasma, and especially rock damage models. The results predicted from
these models were used to analyze and reveal the rock destruction process under the
action of high-voltage electrical pulses in order to evaluate and improve the efficiency
of high-voltage pulse technology in geological drilling, tunneling, and other
geotechnical applications. Dong et al[21]
used a bipolar high-voltage pulse dielectric
blocking discharge method for denitrification of exhaust gas in order to improve the
removal rate of nitrogen compounds from automobile exhaust gas and reduce the
environmental impact of automobile exhaust gas. The results showed that the use of a
threaded copper rod as the discharge electrode and quartz glass as the medium had
a better denitrification effect. Li et al[22]
applied the high-voltage pulse technique to the
field of hard rock construction drilling and breaking, and developed a prediction model
for the discharge circuit based on Bayesian fusion. The results showed that this model
reduced the average relative error by 25.5% compared with the traditional single
model, which further improved the accuracy and reliability of the model prediction. Li
et al[23]
proposed the application of high pressure pulse technology to the coal
industry in order to solve the challenges of coal desulfurization and ash removal. They
showed that high voltage pulses can selectively breakdown minerals with higher
conductivity or dielectric constants than coal, which are then separated by size
differences to remove sulfur- and ash-bearing minerals containing pyrite. The results
showed that after a single high-voltage pulse discharge, more than 75% of the high-
density particles were broken up, while the low-density particles could still remain
intact, resulting in more efficient desulfurization and ash removal from coal.
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In terms of charging and discharging devices, a reversible rectifier high-capacity
charging and discharging power supply with SVPWM technology is necessary,
characterized by an integrated charging and discharging main circuit that is both a
charging circuit and a discharging inverter energy recovery circuit[24-26]
. This allows for
compact equipment, improved device utilization, and pulsed charging and discharging
functions along with conventional charging and discharging. With SVPWM technology,
high power factor and high efficiency of the device are achieved, and harmonic
components are greatly improved and reduced. In addition, the fuzzy double closed-
loop control of voltage and current is used in the control, which can ensure the steady-
state accuracy of charging and discharging with constant current and voltage control,
as well as the good dynamic response performance of the device[27-29]. Sodhi et al[30]
proposed a numerical model for a horizontal conical shell-and-tube energy storage
device to investigate its charging and discharging characteristics. The numerical
results show that the innovative design by replacing the circular shell with a conical
shell leads to an increase in the heat transfer rate of the whole energy storage device.
Also the installation of fins outside the tube affects the performance of the device.
Jaewon et al[31]
proposed a fast charging system for wireless railroad trains using an
input voltage sharing topology and a balanced control scheme. This system changes
the traditional way of charging trains from roadside devices and uses on-board
devices to store energy by fast charging during the train's inbound stop, which is
convenient and efficient with a stable system. Choi et al[32]
analyzed the charge and
discharge characteristics of a hybrid electric propulsion system. They proposed a
hybrid power system in which the ship is propelled only by the electrical energy stored
in the battery at low speeds, while water jet propulsion is used in other operating
conditions. From the analysis results, it is clear that this hybrid power system can help
the ship achieve efficient, zero-emission and silent navigation.
In summary, functional materials, high-voltage pulses, and charging and
discharging devices have great potential in their respective fields, but there are few
studies combining all three of them. In this study, we aim to develop a safe, low-cost
and efficient adsorption material with high adsorption capacity and low desorption
rate, and obtain a functional material with high adsorption capacity and low desorption
rate. Meanwhile, this functional material is applied to charge/discharge devices to
improve the storage capacity and discharge efficiency of the devices. In addition, it is
proposed to combine high voltage pulse technology with charging and discharging
technology to improve the charging and discharging rate of the charging and
discharging device.
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2. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CHARGE/
DISCHARGE SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1. MATERIAL PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION TEST
2.1.1. X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS
The samples were prepared as thin layers on slides, and the characteristic
diffraction peaks and crystallographic indices of the physical phases of the samples
were measured at a rate of 2°/min at 5-80°(2θ
) using an XRD-6000 diffractometer
from Shimadzu, Japan, equipped with a Cu target for Kα radiation and an acceleration
voltage of 30 kV.
Among them is the diffraction surface spacing of the sample,
is the diffraction
angle size, is a non-negative constant, and
is the wavelength value of X-ray
diffraction.
2.1.2. FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS
The structure of the prepared samples was tested with a Fourier transform infrared
spectrometer (FT-IR) model NICOLET 380 from Thermo Scientific, USA. An
appropriate amount of powder specimen was mixed and ground well with KBr
background material and placed in a mold for compression before testing (the sample
was in the form of a thin film). The peaks were also observed at a resolution of 4 cm-1
covering the range of 400-4000 cm-1.
2.1.3. MICROMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
To study materials, we must study their morphology, and in order to clearly
understand the morphology of materials, we usually use high-resolution transmission
electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. Through these instruments,
we can obtain photos up to the nanometer level, both of which can capture the
internal structure of the material very clearly.
2.1.4. RAMAN SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Raman spectrum is a kind of scattering spectrum, which is established according to
the scattering phenomenon of light by substances. Different substances have different
characteristic spectra, which can be qualitatively analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.
Raman scattering does not require a change in dipole moment, but requires a change
2dsin θ=nλ
d
θ
n
λ
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in polarization rate, unlike infrared spectroscopy, and it is by taking advantage of the
difference between them that the two spectra can complement each other.
2.2. ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE TESTING
2.2.1. CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV)
The CV method is performed by setting constants such as scan voltage window,
scan rate and number of scans, and the electrochemical workstation scans the treated
material with a triangular waveform of the relevant constants. The current-voltage
curve is then obtained, and by analyzing it, the specific capacitance, redox peak
intensity and position of the material can be obtained.
2.2.2. CONSTANT CURRENT CHARGE/DISCHARGE
METHOD (GCD)
By setting the voltage window, the number of charging and discharging sections,
current density level and other test information, the electrochemical workstation uses
relevant parameters to charge and discharge the test materials. Then a triangular-
shaped GCD diagram is obtained, which can be used to calculate and analyze the
properties of the electrode material such as capacitance value and charge/discharge
stability. The three-electrode-specific capacitance is calculated by the following
equation.
(2)
Among them is the specific capacitance of a single electrode, is the charge/
discharge current, is the discharge time, is the mass of the sample in a single
electrode, and is the change in voltage during the charge/discharge time.
2.2.3. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORPTION
PERFORMANCE TEST
Paraffin-based mixtures are widely used in laboratory testing of electromagnetic
wave absorption properties. In the test, the samples are first mixed well with paraffin
wax in various mass ratios. Then, the mixed paraffin-based composites were pressed
into circular samples with an inner diameter of 3.04 mm, an outer diameter of 7 mm,
and a thickness range of 1.80 to 2.20 mm. The electromagnetic parameters consisted
of complex permittivity and complex permeability, and a series of electromagnetic
parameters were measured by a vector network analyzer in the frequency range of
2-18 GHz. The coaxial transmission reflection method was chosen to study the
samples because of its advantages of small sample size (about 0.01-0.09 g) and wide
C
=
IΔt
mΔU
C
I
Δt
m
Δu
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test frequency range. The electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics of a
material are highly correlated with its own complex permittivity and complex
permeability, among them the real part represents the storage capacity of electrical
and magnetic energy, and the imaginary part represents the loss capacity of electrical
and magnetic energy.
2.3. CHARGING AND DISCHARGING DEVICE SYSTEM
DESIGN
Charging and discharging device directly determines the comprehensive
performance of the charging and discharging device system, and plays a very
important role in the charging and discharging device system. There are two main
technical indicators of charging and discharging equipment: one is to have higher
performance indicators. Such as reliability, voltage and current stabilization accuracy,
speed and pulsation coefficient of dynamic response, voltage and current stabilization
accuracy, speed and pulsation coefficient of dynamic response. The second is a more
complete self-test function, a high degree of intelligence and control, and the selection
of the best parameters for charging and discharging is flexible to improve the capacity
and the service life of the device.
The whole system consists of charging and discharging devices such as batteries,
DC/DC converters, rectifiers, transformers and control systems. The transformer is
connected to the grid on one side and the rectifier on the other side. the DC/DC
converter and rectifier are controlled by the control system, which also controls some
auxiliary equipment in the system, such as the monitor, power supply and fan.
2.4. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LIFE OF CHARGING AND
DISCHARGING DEVICES
In some practical engineering applications, pulse charging and discharging
technology basically need to operate at a certain repetition frequency. Under the
repetitive charging and discharging conditions of the charging and discharging device,
the internal electrodynamic damage and energy loss will be large, which will cause the
device life to be reduced or even breakdown. Therefore, it is important to study the
charge/discharge life of charge/discharge devices at repetitive frequency to
manufacture high-performance, long-life charge/discharge devices and to promote the
development of pulse power technology. At the same time, among the many
performance parameters of charging and discharging devices, the charging and
discharging life is also the most concerned index of some universities, research
institutes and equipment manufacturers. When the high voltage pulse charging and
discharging device is charged and discharged, its lifetime characteristics are affected
by the following factors.
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2.4.1. CHARGING VOLTAGE
The life of a charging and discharging device is inversely related to the loss of
electric capacity, while the loss of electric capacity is directly related to the working
voltage of the charging and discharging device, the relationship between the life of a
charging and discharging device and voltage can be expressed as:
(3)
Among them , is the lifetime when the operating voltage of the charging and
discharging device is , , respectively, and is the voltage acceleration factor.
2.4.2. ANTI-PEAK VOLTAGE
When the charging and discharging device is subjected to reverse peak voltage
below 20%, the impact on its life is not obvious, when the reverse peak voltage
reaches 50% or more, the capacity of the charging and discharging device will drop
sharply. In the charge/discharge test of the charging/discharging device, the capacity
loss caused by the reverse voltage during the test should be considered. When the
charging and discharging device is subjected to reverse voltage, the voltage is
superimposed on its internal slow polarization electric field, so that the internal
medium is subjected to a higher electric field, which accelerates the deterioration of
the medium, increases self-healing and reduces the life of the device. The relationship
between charging and discharging device life and reverse voltage can be expressed
as:
(4)
Among them are the inverse peak coefficients, correspond to the
lifetime when the voltage inverse peak coefficient is respectively, and is the
coefficient.
2.4.3. PEAK DISCHARGE CURRENT
Charging and discharging devices in the process of discharge generated by the
pulse of high current will be in its internal electrodes between the formation of a large
electrodynamic force. The device in the discharge process at its end of the gold spray
flow through the current is the largest, a large electrodynamic force will make the
spray gold damage, or even off. When the device is damaged inside the sprayed gold,
its internal equivalent series impedance will increase. At this time, a high pulse current
will generate high heat in the device, causing it to heat seriously, resulting in the
L
L
0
∝
(
U
U
0)−m
L
L0
U
U0
m
L
L
0
∝
[
ln(1/β)
ln (1/
β
0)]−b
β,β0
L,L0
β,β0
b
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deterioration of thin film dielectric, the reduction of breakdown field strength, the
increase of self-healing and the decline of service life.
2.4.4. TEMPERATURE
When the ambient temperature is 20℃~40℃, the effect of temperature on the life
of the charging and discharging device is very small. When the temperature is
40℃~65℃, the life of the charging and discharging device will be reduced by half for
every 8℃ increase. And when the temperature is above 65℃
, the life of the device
decreases sharply. Therefore, when conducting charge/discharge tests on the
charging/discharging device, the influence of ambient temperature and the internal
working temperature of the device on its life must be considered. The relationship
between the life of the charging and discharging device and the temperature is as
follows.
(5)
Among them
is the operating temperature of the charging and discharging
device, which is the sum of the ambient temperature and the temperature rise of the
internal medium. is the life of the charging and discharging device at temperature ,
and is the material property index, which depends on the internal medium material.
2.4.5. OTHER FACTORS
This includes the number of charge/discharge cycles, charge/discharge frequency,
charge voltage hold time, and first past zero time of capacitance-voltage are closely
related to the lifetime characteristics of the charge/discharge device.
In this section, the methods of structural characterization of functional materials and
the test methods of charge/discharge characteristics are elaborated. Then we
describe the design of the entire high-voltage pulse charge/discharge device system
and enumerate the devices involved in the system. Then we discuss and analyze the
factors affecting the device life due to the frequent charging and discharging
characteristics of the charging and discharging device, and lay the theoretical
foundation for the subsequent discussion.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The use method of the charging and discharging device is to first close the circuit
breaker at the input end of the device and energize the whole device. The control
program of the device starts to run, and checks the status of all parts of the device,
including whether the cabinet door of the device is closed, whether the emergency
stop switch is triggered, etc. If there is an error condition, the device's fault signal light
will illuminate and the operator interface will have an error indication. If the system
L∝e−γT
T
L
T
γ
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status is normal, the battery will be connected to the plug box of the charging and
discharging device through the navigation plug. If the connection line is reliably
connected, the standby signal light on the corresponding plug box and the standby
signal light of the device will be on, otherwise, please check the connection line and
reconnect. At this time, the control system will detect the battery voltage at the system
output and display the battery power information on the device. If the battery voltage
is too low or the connection cable is disconnected during the charging and discharging
process, the system will enter the fault handling process.
3.1. CHARGING PROCESS
Figure 1. Charging flow chart
The charging control flow chart is shown in Figure 1. When the knob of the plug-in
box selects charging, the device will jump to the setting interface of charging
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parameters, which can select the system default parameters or set the parameters
manually. Selecting the system default parameters, the control system will control the
charging module to charge according to the default command value, charging the
battery at 150A in constant current and voltage limiting mode, and switching to
constant voltage and current limiting mode when the battery voltage reaches 120V
until the end of charging. Select manual setting parameters to set the constant current
limit charging current value, constant current limit charging voltage value and charging
time for lead-acid batteries, and stop charging when the battery is fully charged in
constant current limit mode or when the charging time is over.
After setting the parameters, click the start button on the device interface to start
charging. The control system of the device will send the parameter setting command
to the charging module, and send the start command after the charging module
returns the parameter confirmation information, and the charging module receives the
start command and then opens the drive to start running.
When the equipment is running, the actual charging current, charging voltage,
charging time, battery voltage, power state and other parameters can be observed on
the operation interface, and there is a stop charging button to control the work of the
charging module. During operation, the control system of the device will keep sending
parameter query commands to the charging module via CAN communication and
update the new data acquired into the device. At the same time, it will judge whether
the charging module is normal or not based on the operating status of the feedback
charging module, and if there is any abnormality it will stop charging and enter the
fault handling process.
If there is no abnormality in the charging process of the device, when the charging
end condition is met, the control system of the device will send a stop command to the
charging module, and the charging module will stop the operation of the charging
module after receiving the command. The operation interface will remind the user that
the charging process is finished and please unplug the connection cable. During the
whole charging process, the control system will also send the status and operation
parameters of the whole device to the remote background, which is convenient for
remote monitoring of the device.
3.2. DISCHARGE PROCESS
Figure 2 shows the discharge control flow chart of the charging and discharging
devices. When entering the discharge mode, the operation interface will enter the
discharge mode, in which the default parameters can be used to monitor and control
the discharge process. You can also customize the control parameters according to
your needs to achieve personalized control of the discharge process. When the
default parameters are used, the control system will control the discharge module to
discharge according to the default current command value of 80A. When the battery
voltage is lower than 65V, the discharge will stop and the discharge time will be
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recorded to judge the battery life status. Select the manual setting parameter to set
the discharge current and discharge time of the lead-acid battery, and stop the
discharge when the battery voltage is lower than 65V or when the discharge time is
over. After setting the operating parameters, click Run in the operation interface.
During the discharge process, the current, voltage, running time of each work step
and other parameters can be displayed on the screen, so that users can easily
observe the discharge status. It is also possible to control the work of the charging
module through this operation interface. The control system of the device will keep
sending parameter query commands to the charging module through CAN
communication during the operation process and update the new data obtained to the
device.
Figure 2. Discharge flow chart
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3.3. VERIFICATION OF CHARGING AND DISCHARGING
FUNCTIONS
During the operation of the charging module of the device, when the user changes
the setting value of the charging output current through the control device, the
charging module should be able to respond quickly by adjusting the output current to
the new commanded value. In this test, the charging module was adjusted from a
steady-state output of 145A to a steady-state output of 75A in a dynamic process, and
its output current dynamic regulation curve is shown in Figure 3.
As can be seen from Figure 3, the time required to regulate the charging module
output current from steady-state output 160A to steady-state output 90A is 22ms
under the design condition, and during the actual test, the regulation time of the
charging module output current from steady-state output 145A to steady-state output
75A is only 20ms, which is 2ms less than the design condition. This is due to the fact
that the DC/DC part of the charging module is operating in constant current and
voltage-limiting mode. The maximum value of the output of the PI controller of the
voltage outer loop is set to the value of the constant current limit charging current.
When the charging module works in constant current limit mode, the voltage of the
battery is lower than the constant current limit charging voltage, the PI controller of the
outer voltage loop will be saturated and the output value is the constant current limit
charging current value. At this time, the DC/DC part of the controller is equivalent to
only the current inner loop single loop working. When the charging process transitions
to the constant voltage current limiting mode, the outer voltage loop of the controller
returns to the adjustable area and controls the output current of the module together
with the inner current loop. Therefore, the charging and discharging device has good
current dynamic regulation during the charging process.
Figure 3. Charging state output current dynamic regulation curve
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3.4. DYNAMIC ADJUSTMENT OF THE INPUT CURRENT OF
THE DISCHARGE MODULE
The dynamic adjustment of the discharge state input current is shown in Figure 4.
When the user changes the set value of the discharge input current through the
device during the operation of the discharge module of the device, the discharge
module should be able to respond quickly by adjusting the input current to the new
commanded value. Here, the dynamic process of adjusting the discharge module
from a steady-state input of 60 A to a steady-state input of 40 A at an input voltage of
96 V is measured, and the response time of the discharge module is about 0.14 s.
This is due to the introduction of a negative feedback link in the circuit, and the
discharge circuit is a typical nonlinear system that cannot be parameterized with
feedback links using methods such as frequency domain analysis of self-control
theory. However, when the circuit is at a certain steady-state operating point, there is a
linear relationship between the small disturbances of the state variables in the circuit.
Therefore, the system has good performance in the dynamic regulation of the input
current of the discharge module.
Figure 4. Discharge state input current dynamic regulation
In summary, this section firstly designs the charging and discharging process of this
charging and discharging system, and tests the dynamic regulation performance of
the charging module output current and the dynamic regulation performance of the
discharging module input current for this functional material-based high-voltage
electric pulse charging and discharging device.
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4. CONCLUSION
Based on the new functional materials, a new high-voltage electric pulse charging
and discharging device is developed in this paper. The charging and discharging
control process is designed in detail, and the dynamic regulation performance of the
output current of the charging module and the input current of the discharging module
is tested and verified. The specific research results are as follows.
1. Based on the technical specifications of charging and discharging the device,
the topology of the discharging module was selected as a modified Buck
circuit. The charging module uses a two-stage circuit topology of VIENNA
rectifier plus a phase-shifted full bridge converter. The device is described at
the system level and the workflow of each function of the device, such as the
charging process and discharging process, is designed.
2. Through the dynamic adjustment of the charging module output current, during
the test, the charging module output current is adjusted from steady-state
output 145A to steady-state output 75A, and the adjustment time is only 20ms.
therefore, the charging and discharging equipment has good current dynamic
adjustment ability in the charging process.
3. In the dynamic adjustment test of the input current of the discharge module,
the input voltage is 96V, and the dynamic process of adjusting the discharge
module from steady-state input 60A to steady-state input 40A is measured, and
the response time of the discharge module is about 0.14s. Therefore, the
system has good performance in the dynamic adjustment of the input current
of the discharge module.
In this paper, the input filter circuit is added in the front of the buck circuit, and the
resonant peak is introduced into the Bode diagram of the discharge system, which is
easy to causes the instability of the discharge system. In this paper, the method of
reducing the amplitude-frequency gain of the system is adopted, so that the amplitude
gain at the resonant frequency is less than 0, and the discharge system is stable, but
the crossing frequency of the system is small, and the response time of the system is
long. Therefore, the RC branch can be connected in parallel with the input filter
capacitor in the future. When the capacitance C should be much larger than the value
of the filter capacitance C 1, the specific impact and effect of this method can be
studied.
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