UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF GREEN
ARCHITECTURE, THE AESTHETIC
ELEMENTS OF HENAN'S TRADITIONAL
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE AND MODERN
ARCHITECTURE BASED ON BIM
TECHNOLOGY
Yonggang Qiao*
College of Marxism, Suqian College, Suqian, Jiangsu, 223800, China.
qiaoyg1979@163.com
Reception: 02/04/2023 Acceptance: 24/05/2023 Publication: 099/06/2023
Suggested citation:
Qiao, Y. (2023). Under the background of green architecture, the aesthetic
elements of Henan's traditional ancient architecture and modern
architecture based on BIM technology. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de
innovación aplicada a la pyme, 12(2), 184-202. https://doi.org/
10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.44 | Iss.12 | N.2 April - June 2023
184
UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF GREEN
ARCHITECTURE, THE AESTHETIC
ELEMENTS OF HENAN'S TRADITIONAL
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE AND MODERN
ARCHITECTURE BASED ON BIM
TECHNOLOGY
Yonggang Qiao*
College of Marxism, Suqian College, Suqian, Jiangsu, 223800, China.
qiaoyg1979@163.com
Reception: 02/04/2023 Acceptance: 24/05/2023 Publication: 099/06/2023
Suggested citation:
Qiao, Y. (2023). Under the background of green architecture, the aesthetic
elements of Henan's traditional ancient architecture and modern
architecture based on BIM technology. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de
innovación aplicada a la pyme, 12(2), 184-202. https://doi.org/
10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
ABSTRACT
With the introduction of the "double carbon" target in China, green building has
gradually become a trend in the development of China's construction industry. The
combination of traditional architecture and modern architecture based on the concept
of green architecture has become a new pursuit for architects. Based on this, this
study integrates the aesthetic elements of traditional ancient architecture in Henan
with modern architecture in the context of green building design. This paper first
introduces the basic theory of the green building evaluation system and compares and
analyzes the green building evaluation system at home and abroad. Secondly, the
feasibility of using BIM technology in green buildings is demonstrated in terms of
usage cost, and the application of BIM technology in green building evaluation is
introduced with the modernization design of an ancient building in Henan. Finally, we
calculated and analyzed the key indicators of the energy performance of a building in
Henan. According to the results, the studied case building has a 13% reduction in the
system-integrated part-load performance coefficient and a 6.6% reduction in the
integrated heat gain coefficient of the envelope structure.
KEYWORDS
Green building; evaluation system; BIM; traditional elements; modern architecture
INDEX
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE BASIC THEORY OF GREEN BUILDING EVALUATION SYSTEM
2.1. Evaluation system
2.1.1. U.S. LEED evaluation system
2.1.2. British BREEAM evaluation system
2.1.3. Canadian GBTooL Evaluation System
2.1.4. Japan CASBEE evaluation system
2.1.5. Australian NABERS Evaluation System
2.1.6. China's Green Building Evaluation Standard
2.2. Green building evaluation system using BIM technology
2.2.1. Hardware input cost
2.2.2. Personnel input costs
2.2.3. Software input fee
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Comprehensive heat gain coefficient of the enclosure structure
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1. INTRODUCTION
China has a long history of architectural culture, and different local architectural
forms have their characteristics and are integrated with local human characteristics.
These buildings are the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient Chinese working
people, with perfect structural forms, unique architectural styles, and ingenious and
varied design techniques [1-3]. Modern architecture is widely used because of its
social needs and represents the course of social development. Modern architecture
needs the connotation and heritage of traditional architecture, and traditional
architecture needs the comfort and practicality of modern architecture [4-6], which are
complementary to each other. Therefore, it is very necessary to study how to combine
the two together in a reasonable way. In addition, many traditional ancient
architectural aesthetic elements can be applied in urban construction. We should
combine the development needs of modern cities, and between traditional and
modern architecture, we should find a common point between the two, and design
architecture that is both new and historical [7-9].
In today's increasingly severe energy and environmental problems, the country
insists on the concept of green development. The concept of "green development +
ecological priority" has become a major direction to lead China's economic
development, in which the concept of "green development" has become a
fundamental guideline and direction [10-12]. As a pillar industry of the national
economy, the construction industry has a huge negative impact on resources and the
environment [13,14]. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop green buildings to
provide healthy, comfortable, and efficient living space and living environment for
human beings and to realize the harmonious coexistence between human beings and
nature. It is also a fundamental way to effectively improve China's living environment,
reduce building energy consumption, solve energy problems and achieve sustainable
development of the construction industry [15-17]. Xu et al [18] detailed the design
criteria for green buildings based on a parent-child theme park design case. They
analyzed the design of this park from two major aspects: general layout planning and
architectural design and discussed how the architectural design influenced the
achievement of green building goals. The results show that following their design
approach to architectural design can effectively reduce building energy consumption
and achieve green goals. In addition, this case provides a reference for other projects.
Umaroullar et al [19] conducted a comparative study of green building certification
systems (GBCS) in developed and developing countries in the context of energy
policy developments. They developed a matrix to numerically assess the GBCS of
3.2. System-integrated part-load performance factor
3.3. Renewable energy application ratio
3.4. Maximum lighting power density
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
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Ed.44 | Iss.12 | N.2 April - June 2023
186
1. INTRODUCTION
China has a long history of architectural culture, and different local architectural
forms have their characteristics and are integrated with local human characteristics.
These buildings are the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient Chinese working
people, with perfect structural forms, unique architectural styles, and ingenious and
varied design techniques [1-3]. Modern architecture is widely used because of its
social needs and represents the course of social development. Modern architecture
needs the connotation and heritage of traditional architecture, and traditional
architecture needs the comfort and practicality of modern architecture [4-6], which are
complementary to each other. Therefore, it is very necessary to study how to combine
the two together in a reasonable way. In addition, many traditional ancient
architectural aesthetic elements can be applied in urban construction. We should
combine the development needs of modern cities, and between traditional and
modern architecture, we should find a common point between the two, and design
architecture that is both new and historical [7-9].
In today's increasingly severe energy and environmental problems, the country
insists on the concept of green development. The concept of "green development +
ecological priority" has become a major direction to lead China's economic
development, in which the concept of "green development" has become a
fundamental guideline and direction [10-12]. As a pillar industry of the national
economy, the construction industry has a huge negative impact on resources and the
environment [13,14]. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop green buildings to
provide healthy, comfortable, and efficient living space and living environment for
human beings and to realize the harmonious coexistence between human beings and
nature. It is also a fundamental way to effectively improve China's living environment,
reduce building energy consumption, solve energy problems and achieve sustainable
development of the construction industry [15-17]. Xu et al [18] detailed the design
criteria for green buildings based on a parent-child theme park design case. They
analyzed the design of this park from two major aspects: general layout planning and
architectural design and discussed how the architectural design influenced the
achievement of green building goals. The results show that following their design
approach to architectural design can effectively reduce building energy consumption
and achieve green goals. In addition, this case provides a reference for other projects.
Umaroullar et al [19] conducted a comparative study of green building certification
systems (GBCS) in developed and developing countries in the context of energy
policy developments. They developed a matrix to numerically assess the GBCS of
3.2. System-integrated part-load performance factor
3.3. Renewable energy application ratio
3.4. Maximum lighting power density
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
different countries. The results showed that the GBCS of different countries have
similar characteristics to their regional development levels in terms of sustainable
development. Anggraeni et al. [20] applied the green building concept to the design of
a university laboratory complex, focusing on energy efficiency, water use, and air
quality from the planning stage to the building maintenance stage. According to the
results of the acceptance of the completed integrated laboratory, it can be found that
this green building plan has high land utilization, energy efficiency and building
environmental management level, thus saving some costs. Xing et al [21] concluded
that vigorous development of the green building industry (GBI) is one of the effective
ways to achieve a green economy and energy saving and emission reduction. Based
on this, they analyzed the promotion strategy of China's green building industry from
the perspective of social network theory by developing an evolutionary game model.
Through this model, they examined the interactions between technology, knowledge
sharing, and firm behavior in innovation networks and found that the cost of
collaborative innovation is the key to determining the evolutionary steady state. In
addition, government financial support as well as grants are crucial for the
development of green building construction.
However, the Chinese construction industry has been slow to promote information
technology, and the upgrading of the industrial structure has been severely
constrained. Since the 1940s, most reports from government and professional
organizations have shown that the construction industry is characterized by
fragmentation, lack of efficient communication between the various parties involved,
lack of formal protocols and structural confusion in the construction process. The
emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling) has broken the traditional
management and technology model of the construction industry and enabled
information sharing. The software can improve project refinement management and
engineering efficiency, while enabling the unification of the client's interests and the
design function of the building [22-24]. It plays a very important role in early
investment control as well as in the operation, integration and control of the entire
construction project, enabling the joint development of the corresponding engineering
information management, time, quality and cost management, and improving the
technical level of the building. Green building, as a more popular construction method
nowadays, has the characteristics of large amount of information, extensive sources,
scattered storage, complex types and high energy consumption control requirements.
And BIM, as a data interaction platform that can efficiently transfer information and
improve data management, digitizes the information of relevant attributes in all phases
of the building. At the same time, this technology also guarantees the inherent unity of
information in the planning and design, construction and operation phases of
computable buildings, which provides new ideas and opportunities for the
development of green buildings. management and green technology [25,26].
Specifically, it is a seamless integration of the spatial and temporal dimensions. In the
temporal dimension, the collection, organization, summarization and analysis of green
building design information can be realized through the parametric model of BIM. For
example, coordinated design and data centralization on a single data platform, and
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integration of cross-discipline and cross-phase design and management information
into the BIM model. This also provides a mobile, automated and intelligent data
platform for later post-project evaluation and even operation evaluation. In the spatial
dimension, the BIM model can realize data sharing through a variety of software,
giving strong data support and guarantee for performance simulation and evaluation
of green buildings [27,28].
In addition, the integration of traditional architectural elements with modern
architecture is a new development mode in the architectural industry [29]. Where
traditional architecture is concentrated, there exists a large amount of historical
information, which is the materialization of people's aesthetics of an era, and the
connotation of the architecture can be grasped to a certain extent by studying to
understand the spiritual qualities of a place. The organic combination of traditional
architectural design concepts and modern architectural design can be reflected as a
combination of spiritual essence, a process of abandonment and absorption, and an
experience of interaction between traditional culture and modern life. At the same
time, the working methods and design ideas that combine tradition and modernity are
more worth exploring, and we hope to make urban architectural design not only
improve the living environment and economic growth, but more importantly,
inheritance, coordination, and development of humanistic spirit and other aspects
[30,31]. Jia et al [32] appreciated the architectural design of the Yucheng Museum.
The traditional Chinese architectural culture applied in the design process was
analyzed from various aspects of the building, such as the planar shape of the
museum, the patterns of the doors and windows, the carved objects inside the house,
the roof shape, and the color palette of the whole building. They found that the
Yucheng Museum well integrated traditional architectural elements within the building
and promoted the development and transmission of traditional Chinese architectural
culture. Vijulie et al [33] found that the traditional Romanian architectural style is
gradually disappearing and the development of architectural styles in European
countries and modern society has caused a great impact on traditional Romanian
architecture. By means of a field survey of local people's and tourists' views on these
issues, they found that older people have more conservative views, while younger
people generally prefer foreign modern architecture. In response to this the authors
argue that it is necessary to preserve the traditional architecture of Romania, and at
the same time to keep up with the times, combining some features of modern
architecture with traditional architectural elements.
To sum up, the combination of tradition and modernity in architecture is an eternal
proposition. Since the modernist architectural style of Europe and America was
introduced to China, many architects have done a lot of research on the application of
traditional architectural elements in modern architecture. And in order to conform to
the main theme of today's social development, it is also very necessary to apply green
architecture and information technology to this research. In this paper, in the context
of green architecture, the aesthetic elements of traditional ancient architecture in
Henan are designed to be integrated with modern architecture. At the same time, BIM
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
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188
integration of cross-discipline and cross-phase design and management information
into the BIM model. This also provides a mobile, automated and intelligent data
platform for later post-project evaluation and even operation evaluation. In the spatial
dimension, the BIM model can realize data sharing through a variety of software,
giving strong data support and guarantee for performance simulation and evaluation
of green buildings [27,28].
In addition, the integration of traditional architectural elements with modern
architecture is a new development mode in the architectural industry [29]. Where
traditional architecture is concentrated, there exists a large amount of historical
information, which is the materialization of people's aesthetics of an era, and the
connotation of the architecture can be grasped to a certain extent by studying to
understand the spiritual qualities of a place. The organic combination of traditional
architectural design concepts and modern architectural design can be reflected as a
combination of spiritual essence, a process of abandonment and absorption, and an
experience of interaction between traditional culture and modern life. At the same
time, the working methods and design ideas that combine tradition and modernity are
more worth exploring, and we hope to make urban architectural design not only
improve the living environment and economic growth, but more importantly,
inheritance, coordination, and development of humanistic spirit and other aspects
[30,31]. Jia et al [32] appreciated the architectural design of the Yucheng Museum.
The traditional Chinese architectural culture applied in the design process was
analyzed from various aspects of the building, such as the planar shape of the
museum, the patterns of the doors and windows, the carved objects inside the house,
the roof shape, and the color palette of the whole building. They found that the
Yucheng Museum well integrated traditional architectural elements within the building
and promoted the development and transmission of traditional Chinese architectural
culture. Vijulie et al [33] found that the traditional Romanian architectural style is
gradually disappearing and the development of architectural styles in European
countries and modern society has caused a great impact on traditional Romanian
architecture. By means of a field survey of local people's and tourists' views on these
issues, they found that older people have more conservative views, while younger
people generally prefer foreign modern architecture. In response to this the authors
argue that it is necessary to preserve the traditional architecture of Romania, and at
the same time to keep up with the times, combining some features of modern
architecture with traditional architectural elements.
To sum up, the combination of tradition and modernity in architecture is an eternal
proposition. Since the modernist architectural style of Europe and America was
introduced to China, many architects have done a lot of research on the application of
traditional architectural elements in modern architecture. And in order to conform to
the main theme of today's social development, it is also very necessary to apply green
architecture and information technology to this research. In this paper, in the context
of green architecture, the aesthetic elements of traditional ancient architecture in
Henan are designed to be integrated with modern architecture. At the same time, BIM
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n2e44.184-202
technology is used to make scientific decisions and management of the whole
process application of this design to achieve the optimization of the value of the BIM
application. Finally, this study tries to build a bridge between traditional and
contemporary architectural creation, so that it can get out of the shadow of global
convergence and realize the inheritance and promotion of traditional architectural
culture.
2. THE BASIC THEORY OF GREEN BUILDING
EVALUATION SYSTEM
Since the establishment of a green building evaluation system involves a wide
range of specialties and a wide range of disciplines, it requires the full cooperation of
experts from various neighborhoods to complete this important and complex task.
Therefore, a series of index systems and clear regulations are needed to guide the
practice of green building and to certify the greenness of buildings. A set of scientific
and perfect green building evaluation system can effectively regulate the green
building market and promote the healthy development of the green building market. It
also helps to guide and regulate the practice of green building, which can effectively
save resources, improve economic efficiency and reduce energy consumption, etc.
2.1. EVALUATION SYSTEM
2.1.1. U.S. LEED EVALUATION SYSTEM
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) has developed the U.S. Green Building
Rating System, LEED, and is promoting the development and improvement of LEED
through education, advocacy, research, networks, committees and academic
programs, etc. LEED is currently the most influential and authoritative green building
rating standard in the world. The evaluation system mainly assesses buildings in
terms of water use, building energy efficiency and atmosphere, and indoor air quality.
The biggest advantage is its open and transparent evaluation process, as well as its
strong flexibility.
The LEED rating system has six major products: LEED-NC (LEED for New
Construction), LEED-EB (LEED for Existing Building), LEED-CI (LEED for
Commercial Interior), LEED-CS (LEED for Core & Shell), LEED-H (LEED for Home),
and LEED-ND (LEED for Neighborhood Development). LEED-NC and LEED-EB
improve the measures of sustainable development for office buildings, and LEED-CI
and LEED-CS constitute a model for integrating the inside and outside of commercial
development.
The main evaluation elements of the LEED evaluation system are: site selection,
water use efficiency, energy use efficiency and atmospheric protection, effective use
of materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. The evaluation points
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specific certification levels are.
1. Certified level, meeting at least 40% of the assessment points.
2. Silver level, meeting at least 50% of the assessment points.
3. Gold level, meeting at least 60% of the assessment points.
4. Platinum grade, at least 80% of the assessment points are met.
2.1.2. BRITISH BREEAM EVALUATION SYSTEM
the health of users.
The BREEAM system takes the global, local, indoor environment and management
the whole of an individual unit affects the environment as a whole.
2.1.3. CANADIAN GBTOOL EVALUATION SYSTEM
criteria can be applied to each region and become an international standard.
the building's performance does not meet the requirements. a score of 0 indicates the
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are divided into: evaluation prerequisites, score points, and innovation points, and the
specific certification levels are.
1. Certified level, meeting at least 40% of the assessment points.
2. Silver level, meeting at least 50% of the assessment points.
3. Gold level, meeting at least 60% of the assessment points.
4. Platinum grade, at least 80% of the assessment points are met.
2.1.2. BRITISH BREEAM EVALUATION SYSTEM
BREEAM is the world's most successful green building rating system, assessing
single buildings, mixed-use buildings, etc. BREEAM guides the practice of green
building, directs market demand, reduces the burden on the environment and ensures
the health of users.
The BREEAM system takes the global, local, indoor environment and management
as the starting point, and the evaluation results are divided into four levels: pass,
good, excellent and outstanding. The BREEAM system introduces a new concept
"eco-points", which is an important concept for understanding the BREEAM system;
the eco-points score is based on The score is based on the extent to which a part or
the whole of an individual unit affects the environment as a whole.
2.1.3. CANADIAN GBTOOL EVALUATION SYSTEM
In 1996, Canada launched the Green Building Challenge (GBC), with the
participation of the UK, France, and the US. Through the efforts of many countries, a
green building evaluation system, GBTooL, was finally developed to reasonably
evaluate the environmental performance of buildings, and the GBC developed an
evaluation system through research to adapt to the uniqueness of different countries
and regions. Experts in each country can adjust the criteria and weighting system
appropriately according to the specificity of the region, so that the GBTooL evaluation
criteria can be applied to each region and become an international standard.
The GBTooL evaluation index system basically covers all aspects of environmental
performance evaluation of green buildings. The GBTooL environmental performance
evaluation framework is divided into four standard levels: environmental performance
issues, classification, criteria and sub-criteria. The GBTooL evaluation system has
three functions: simple assessment, detailed assessment, and design guidance [34].
The evaluation levels are set in seven scales from -2 to 5. A score of -2 indicates that
the building's performance does not meet the requirements. a score of 0 indicates the
minimum required building performance, as defined by local standards. A score of 1-4
indicates intermediate different levels of building performance. a score of 5 indicates
the best building performance. The building performance is expressed in the form of
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charts, including classification charts, group charts, comprehensive charts, etc. These
charts can visually reflect the environmental performance of the buildings at each
level and the areas that need further improvement.
2.1.4. JAPAN CASBEE EVALUATION SYSTEM
The Japan Sustainable Building Council has developed a local green building
evaluation system, CASBEE, which emphasizes the evaluation of the emergency
response function and service life of buildings and equipment, as well as the full
utilization of existing buildings, due to Japan's special conditions such as scarce
resources and frequent earthquakes. To accelerate the reform of the resource
production model, developed countries have proposed the concepts of "4-fold factor"
and "10-fold factor", which can be summarized as resource efficiency; in addition, the
concept of eco-efficiency has been proposed. Based on the above concepts,
CASBEE has proposed the concept of BEE for built environment efficiency.
(1)
Where is the quality and performance of the built environment and denotes the
load of the external environment. denotes the total score of the evaluation items in
the category and denotes the total score of the evaluation items in the category
.
2.1.5. AUSTRALIAN NABERS EVALUATION SYSTEM
The Australian Department of Environment and Resources has developed a
simple, comprehensive, and easy-to-use evaluation system, NABERS, based on the
New South Wales evaluation system SEDA, concerning the BREEAM evaluation
system, and taking into account the national conditions of Australia.
NABERS evaluates the environmental impacts of existing buildings during their
operational life cycle, including greenhouse gas emissions, waste emissions, water
use, energy use, and indoor environment. The NABERS evaluation method is to
divide the sum of the star values obtained from each index by the sum of the star
values obtained from the full score of each index, and the calculated percentage is the
green performance evaluation result of the building.
2.1.6. CHINA'S GREEN BUILDING EVALUATION
STANDARD
The first "Green Building Evaluation Standard" applicable to China's national
conditions was promulgated in 2006. The standard covers the main technical contents
B
EE =Q
L=
25 ×
(
SQ−1
)
25 ×(5−
S
LR)
Q
L
Sq
Q
SLR
L
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construction methods.
2.2. GREEN BUILDING EVALUATION SYSTEM USING BIM
TECHNOLOGY
The application of BIM in the whole process of green building evaluation generates
comprehensive analysis of the cost components generated by the application of BIM.
2.2.1. HARDWARE INPUT COST
formula is as follows.
(2)
Among them, indicates the hardware input cost of the BIM application,
the cost of computers and servers, etc.,
ensure the daily operation of the BIM platform, and
hardware after a certain service life.
2.2.2. PERSONNEL INPUT COSTS
management mode. The specific calculation formula is as follows.
(3)
Among them, is the new personnel input due to the application of BIM,
the salary input of BIM technicians, and
management personnel.
2.2.3. SOFTWARE INPUT FEE
(4)
C1=C11 +C12 +C13
C1
C11
C12
C13
C2=C21 +C22
C2
C21
C22
C3=C31 +C32
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including: land saving, energy saving, water saving, material saving, indoor
environment, construction management, operation management, improvement, and
innovation. Its outstanding advantage is that it is extremely flexible and can be
specifically adjusted to the actual situation of weather, geographical location, and
construction methods.
2.2. GREEN BUILDING EVALUATION SYSTEM USING BIM
TECHNOLOGY
The application of BIM in the whole process of green building evaluation generates
input costs of equipment, personnel, and technology costs. To further reflect the
relevance and implementability of BIM application, this study provides a
comprehensive analysis of the cost components generated by the application of BIM.
2.2.1. HARDWARE INPUT COST
BIM application mainly realizes its basic functions through the intelligent system,
which generally includes the BIM platform, computer, and server, platform network
switch, large screen TV wall, environmental monitoring system, etc. The calculation
formula is as follows.
(2)
Among them, indicates the hardware input cost of the BIM application, is
the cost of computers and servers, etc., is the maintenance cost incurred to
ensure the daily operation of the BIM platform, and is the renewal cost of the
hardware after a certain service life.
2.2.2. PERSONNEL INPUT COSTS
The input cost of personnel refers to the additional cost of BIM technicians' salary
and the cost of training for project management personnel than the traditional project
management mode. The specific calculation formula is as follows.
(3)
Among them, is the new personnel input due to the application of BIM, is
the salary input of BIM technicians, and is the training input of project
management personnel.
2.2.3. SOFTWARE INPUT FEE
(4)
C1=C11 +C12 +C13
C1
C11
C12
C13
C2=C21 +C22
C2
C21
C22
C3=C31 +C32
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Among them, is the technical input of BIM-related system software, is the
acquisition cost of BIM system software, and
is the update cost of BIM system
software.
In this section, we introduce in detail the green building evaluation systems that are
widely used in various countries around the world and explain the corresponding
evaluation methods, and we also apply BIM technology to them. In order to make the
whole system more reasonable and further reflect the realistic meaning and
implementability of BIM application, we make a theoretical analysis of the cost of the
system. This section lays the theoretical foundation for the subsequent design of the
integration of aesthetic elements of traditional ancient architecture and modern
architecture in Henan.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the context of green building, this paper conducts a statistical analysis of the
green energy-saving performance of a building in Henan, which fully integrates the
aesthetic elements of traditional ancient architecture in Henan in the design phase.
This section analyzes the energy-saving performance of this building in terms of the
integrated heat gain coefficient of the envelope structure, the integrated part-load
performance coefficient of the system, the renewable energy application ratio, and the
maximum lighting power density, and establishes a new type of green building group
energy-saving performance evaluation system.
3.1. COMPREHENSIVE HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT OF THE
ENCLOSURE STRUCTURE
As the case is located in Henan Province, the heating heat source comes from
municipal hot water, and the main HVAC energy consumption of the building comes
from cooling, so the air conditioning U evaluation is taken here. After calculating the
temperature difference heat transfer and radiation heat transfer of each envelope
structure such as the exterior walls, exterior windows, and non-transparent roof of the
building, the calculation results are summarized in Table 1.
According to the results in Table 1, the difference between the air conditioning U-
value of the case building and the air conditioning U-value of the corresponding
reference building is calculated to be 6.6%. According to this difference, it is divided
into 10 grades, from 1% to 10%, with 1 to 10 points respectively, so the case gets 6
points. The advantages of using this score classification method are as follows.
1. The score grade is carefully divided. The national standard GB/T 50378-2014
is divided into two grades for the evaluation of the thermal performance of the
envelope structure, such as the heat transfer coefficient K is 5% lower than the
standard required value of 5 points, is reduced by 10% is 10 points. The
comprehensive heat gain coefficient U of the enclosure structure is divided
C3
C31
C32
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can more accurately reflect the performance of the enclosure structure.
2.
value, has a more accurate evaluation for the case that the performance of part
of the envelope structure is not improved.
Table 1. Summary of calculation results
3.2. SYSTEM-INTEGRATED PART-LOAD PERFORMANCE
FACTOR
time for heating is from November 15 to March 31 of the following year. Therefore, the
Case building
air conditioning
Refer to
building air
conditioning
Case
building
heating
Refer to
building
heating
External wall temperature
difference heat transfer 1979 2120.5 -15058.4 -16134
Exterior window temperature
difference heat transfer 5148 5169.5 -37545.3 -39333.1
Non-transparent roof
temperature difference heat
transfer
621 552 -4725 -4200
Radiant heat from external
windows
15756.8 17332.5 11568.5 12725.4
Total 23504.8 25174.5 -45760.1 -46941.8
U(W/㎡） 12.8 13.7 -24.9 -25.6
Relative Difference 6.60% 3 %
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from 1% to 10% of the overall performance of the enclosure structure, which
can more accurately reflect the performance of the enclosure structure.
2. From the perspective of comprehensive performance, it can accurately
evaluate all kinds of situations. For example, in a similar case, the building
envelope, except for the non-transparent roof, meets the requirement of 5%
improvement in thermal performance, only the non-transparent roof does not
meet the requirement, and even if the non-transparent roof accounts for a very
small proportion of the total envelope, the article does not score. The
integrated heat gain coefficient U of the envelope structure, considering the
envelope structure as a whole and calculating its single flat overall heat gain
value, has a more accurate evaluation for the case that the performance of part
of the envelope structure is not improved.
Table 1. Summary of calculation results
3.2. SYSTEM-INTEGRATED PART-LOAD PERFORMANCE
FACTOR
Henan is located in the central region of China, and the heating heat source comes
from municipal hot water, and cooling is mainly through HVAC. Therefore, the hourly
weighting coefficient of the air conditioning period is taken here for evaluation. Henan
generally enters summer with air conditioning from mid-May to September. The legal
time for heating is from November 15 to March 31 of the following year. Therefore, the
air-conditioning season is divided from May 15 to September 15. The hour-by-hour
energy consumption of the building is calculated to calculate the time factor W/X/Y/Z,
and the results are shown in Figure 1 below. The positive value is the heating energy
consumption and the negative value is the air conditioning and cooling energy
consumption. The values of W/X/Y/Z were determined by counting the number of
Case building
air conditioning
Refer to
building air
conditioning
Case
building
heating
Refer to
building
heating
External wall temperature
difference heat transfer
1979
2120.5
-15058.4
-16134
Exterior window temperature
difference heat transfer
5148
5169.5
-37545.3
-39333.1
Non-transparent roof
temperature difference heat
transfer
621
552
-4725
-4200
Radiant heat from external
windows
15756.8
17332.5
11568.5
12725.4
Total
23504.8
25174.5
-45760.1
-46941.8
U(W/㎡）
12.8
13.7
-24.9
-25.6
Relative Difference
6.60%
3 %
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hours in the zones of 100%~75%, 75%~50%, 50%~25%, and 25%~0 during the air
conditioning period, respectively, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.
Based on the data in Table 2, the total SIPLV consumption of the building is 100.7,
and the total air conditioning consumption of the reference building is 116.9. By
making a difference between the SIPLV value of the case building and the SIPLV
value of the reference building, the reduction is calculated to be 13%. According to
this difference, it is divided into 15 classes, from 1% to 15%, and scored 1 to 15 points
respectively. 13 points are scored in this case, which is converted to 8.7 points
proportionally. This evaluation index has the following advantages.
1.
The score grade is carefully divided. In the national standard GB/T
50378-2014, the evaluation of the HVAC system is divided into three levels
according to the reduction of energy consumption D e. 5% ≤
D e <10% scores
3 points, 10% ≤ D e <15% scores 7 points, and D e ≥
15% scores 10 points.
The partial comprehensive performance factor SIPLV, which divides the overall
HVAC energy consumption level from 1% to 15%, can more accurately reflect
the HVAC system performance.
2.
From the perspective of comprehensive functionalization, it can evaluate the
system's performance more accurately. Specifically divided into three points ①
chilled water / hot water temperature difference * flow rate to calculate the
cooling and heating calculation results are more accurate. ②
Electricity
consumption is expanded to the HVAC system to better measure the overall
energy consumption of the system. ③
The efficiency of the HVAC system
calculated with time weighting coefficients is more scientific.
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Figure 1. Yearly hourly air conditioning load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-2 00
-1 00
0
100
Load(W)
Month
Load(W)
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Figure 1. Yearly hourly air conditioning load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-2 00
-1 00
0
100
Load(W)
Month
Load(W)
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Table 2. Summary results of hours
3.3. RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATION RATIO
results as shown in Figure 2.
For this case, its renewable energy equivalent electricity ratio X is 1.08%, and it can
accurate evaluation. The method of equivalent electricity is used to unify the non-
non-conventional energy. This effectively avoids the above problems and can evaluate
the level of building renewable energy use more directly, objectively, and accurately.
Load ratio Number of hours Weighting factor
W 100%~75% 45 0.03
X 75%~50% 229 0.15
Y 50%~25% 690 0.45
Z 25%~0 586 0.38
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Figure 2. Calculation of annual electricity consumption of the case building
3.4. MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER DENSITY
evaluation index has the following advantages.
1.
lighting power density.
2.
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Figure 2. Calculation of annual electricity consumption of the case building
3.4. MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER DENSITY
According to the relevant parameters of the case building, the hour-by-hour
calculation of its model lighting power consumption, and the unit conversion are
divided by the total area of the building to get the case building annual hour-by-hour
lighting power density. As the current value of lighting power density of high-grade
offices in the current national standard GB 50034-2013 is 15W/m2 and the target
value is 13.5W/ m2, it is calculated that the reduction range is 10%, and according to
this difference, it is divided into 10 grades. From 1% to 10%, the score is 1~10 points
respectively. In this case, the L max of the building is 13.8W/ m2, and the reduction
rate is 8%, and the building scores 8 points according to the calculation result. This
evaluation index has the following advantages.
1. The score grade is carefully divided, to facilitate accurate evaluation. National
standard GB/T 50378-2014 for lighting power density evaluation in accordance
with the main functional area to meet all areas of the building to meet the 2
levels, the main functional area to meet the 4 points, and all areas to meet the
8 points. The maximum lighting power density L max, the overall lighting power
density of the building is divided into 10 classes according to the proportion of
the current value, which can more carefully and accurately reflect the level of
lighting power density.
2. From the perspective of the overall lighting power of the building can measure
the energy performance of the lighting system more accurately from two
dimensions. l max is the maximum annual lighting power density value of the
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building as a whole, which includes not only the physical dimension of the
whole building but also the time dimension of the annual time-by-time value,
which can reflect the energy performance of the lighting system more truly and
accurately.
In summary, this section proposes a novel green building evaluation system that
incorporates BIM to score the performance of green buildings. Specifically, key
indicators such as the integrated heat gain coefficient of the envelope structure, the
integrated part-load performance coefficient of the system, the renewable energy
application ratio, and the maximum lighting power density of a building in Henan were
calculated.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the performance of a green building in Henan is calculated and
evaluated based on BIM technology in the context of green buildings. The building
fully integrates the aesthetic elements of traditional ancient architecture in Henan in
the design stage. According to the calculation and scoring results, the building has
better energy-saving effects in key indexes such as integrated heat gain coefficient of
envelope structure, integrated partial load performance coefficient of system,
renewable energy application ratio, and maximum lighting power density. The specific
results of the study are as follows.
1. In terms of the integrated heat gain coefficient of the envelope, the difference
between the air-conditioning U-value of the case building and the air-
conditioning U-value of the corresponding reference building is calculated and
the reduction is 6.6%. According to the evaluation criteria proposed in this
paper, the integrated heat gain coefficient of the building envelope is scored as
6.
2. In the system-integrated partial load performance factor, the total SIPLV power
consumption of the building is 100.7 and the total air conditioning power
consumption of the reference building is 116.9. By making the difference
between the SIPLV value of the case building and the SIPLV value of the
reference building, the reduction is calculated to be 13%. According to the
evaluation criteria proposed in this paper, the system-integrated partial load
performance factor of this building is scored as 13.
3. For the renewable energy application ratio of the building, after calculation, the
renewable energy equivalent electricity ratio X is 1.08%. According to the
evaluation criteria mentioned in this paper, the score can be 4 points.
4.
The building's maximum lighting power density, according to the calculation
results, its maximum lighting power density is 13.8W/m2, compared with the
national standard of 15W/ m2, and its reduction rate is 10%. According to the
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evaluation criteria mentioned in this paper, the maximum lighting power density
of the building scored 8 points.
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