BOND STRENGTH OF ACRYLIC SOFT LINER
TO ND:YAG LASER-TREATED
THERMOPLASTIC ACRYLIC DENTURE BASE
MATERIAL
Alkasim A. Alabady
Prosthodontics department / College of Dentistry / University of Baghdad / Iraq
dr.alkasimalabady@gmail.com
Bayan S. Khalaf
Prosthodontics department / College of Dentistry / University of Baghdad / Iraq
bayan.s.khalaf@codental.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Reception: 24/11/2022 Acceptance: 17/01/2023 Publication: 06/02/2023
Suggested citation:
A. A., Alkasim and S. K., Bayan (2023). Bond Strength Of Acrylic Soft Liner To
Nd:Yag Laser-Treated Thermoplastic Acrylic Denture Base Material. 3C
Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicada a la pyme, 12(1), 354-364. https://
doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
354
BOND STRENGTH OF ACRYLIC SOFT LINER
TO ND:YAG LASER-TREATED
THERMOPLASTIC ACRYLIC DENTURE BASE
MATERIAL
Alkasim A. Alabady
Prosthodontics department / College of Dentistry / University of Baghdad / Iraq
dr.alkasimalabady@gmail.com
Bayan S. Khalaf
Prosthodontics department / College of Dentistry / University of Baghdad / Iraq
bayan.s.khalaf@codental.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Reception: 24/11/2022 Acceptance: 17/01/2023 Publication: 06/02/2023
Suggested citation:
A. A., Alkasim and S. K., Bayan (2023). Bond Strength Of Acrylic Soft Liner To
Nd:Yag Laser-Treated Thermoplastic Acrylic Denture Base Material. 3C
Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicada a la pyme, 12(1), 354-364. https://
doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
ABSTRACT
Aim of the study: Using surface roughness and tensile bond strength tests, the
objective of this investigation was to ascertain the impact of laser surface modification
on the binding strength of injectable thermoplastic acrylic denture base material to
acrylic-based soft-liner material.
Materials and methods: Acrylic base soft liner material was bonded to injectable
thermoplastic acrylic resin (Deflex). Forty specimens were created (20 disc, 20
dumbbells) 10 of each specimen type as control specimens, and 10 were treated with
nano pulse Nd: YAG laser. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and
unpaired t-test (a=.05) and the roughness test was performed utilizing a double
column universal test machine.
Results: Compared to the control groups, the laser group had much increased
roughness and tensile bond strength.
Conclusions. Following Nd:YAG laser surface treatment, the tensile bonding strength
between acrylic soft-liner material and thermoplastic acrylic was increased.
KEYWORDS
Thermoplastic acrylic, Nd:YAG laser, tensile bond strength, surface roughness test
PAPER INDEX
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
1. BACKGROUND
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
2.1. PATTERN SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS FOR MOLD PREPARATION
2.2. SURFACE ROUGHNESS TEST
2.3. TENSILE BOND STRENGTH TEST
3. RESULTS
3.1. SURFACE ROUGHNESS TEST
3.2. TENSILE BOND STRENGTH TEST
3.3. DISCUSSION
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
355
1. BACKGROUND
Following a time of wearing removable dentures, several studies found that
patients invariably have badly fitting dentures as a result of bone resorption that
caused soft tissue shape changes (1, 2). The use of thermoplastic resins has a
number of benefits over traditional powder-liquid systems. With tooth or tissue colored
materials, they offer outstanding esthetics and are quite pleasant for the patient.
These exhibit excellent wear characteristics, high fatigue endurance, high creep
resistance, and solvent resistance in addition to being extremely stable and resisting
thermal polymer unzipping. In order to create more uniformly distributed force,
minimize localized pressure, and improve retention, the tissue surfaces of removable
dentures and maxillofacial prostheses are cushioned with denture lining materials (3,
4).
Studies confirmed the issue of failure between the soft liner and denture foundation
owing to many factors that have a negative impact on the bonding strength (5, 6). The
binding site should be improved and stronger bonds should result from mechanical
locking and increased surface roughness brought about by laser treatment of denture
base resin (7). It is quick and easy to determine how well a material or overlay is
connected to the substrate beneath using the tensile bond strength (pull-off) test. With
the help of this tester, you can decide if surface preparation is necessary, spot relative
changes in potential surface strength throughout a treatment region, and assess the
effectiveness of surface preparation (8).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty specimens were prepared from injectable thermoplastic dentures base
materials and grouped as follows:
1. Group TC: Twenty specimens of injectable thermoplastic acrylic denture base
material without laser treatment.
2. Group TT: Twenty specimens of injectable thermoplastic acrylic denture base
material subjected to surface treatment with Nd: YAG laser with power: 15 watt, hatch:
0.09, speed: 40 m/s, frequency: 20 Hz, and distance off 12 mm.
According to the tests required for this study the specimens were be divided into
two shapes; disc-shaped and dumbbell-shaped.
2.1. PATTERN SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS FOR MOLD
PREPARATION
The molds for the disc-shaped specimens were used with dimensions of (25mm x
2mm ± 0.1) diameter and thickness respectively. They were prepared by using high
accuracy Computer numerical control (CNC) to make the plastic shapes for the
specimens for measuring the surface roughness test. Dumbbell-shaped 3D printed
patterns with dimensions of 75 mm in length, 12 mm in diameter at the thick part, and
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
356
1. BACKGROUND
Following a time of wearing removable dentures, several studies found that
patients invariably have badly fitting dentures as a result of bone resorption that
caused soft tissue shape changes (1, 2). The use of thermoplastic resins has a
number of benefits over traditional powder-liquid systems. With tooth or tissue colored
materials, they offer outstanding esthetics and are quite pleasant for the patient.
These exhibit excellent wear characteristics, high fatigue endurance, high creep
resistance, and solvent resistance in addition to being extremely stable and resisting
thermal polymer unzipping. In order to create more uniformly distributed force,
minimize localized pressure, and improve retention, the tissue surfaces of removable
dentures and maxillofacial prostheses are cushioned with denture lining materials (3,
4).
Studies confirmed the issue of failure between the soft liner and denture foundation
owing to many factors that have a negative impact on the bonding strength (5, 6). The
binding site should be improved and stronger bonds should result from mechanical
locking and increased surface roughness brought about by laser treatment of denture
base resin (7). It is quick and easy to determine how well a material or overlay is
connected to the substrate beneath using the tensile bond strength (pull-off) test. With
the help of this tester, you can decide if surface preparation is necessary, spot relative
changes in potential surface strength throughout a treatment region, and assess the
effectiveness of surface preparation (8).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty specimens were prepared from injectable thermoplastic dentures base
materials and grouped as follows:
1. Group TC: Twenty specimens of injectable thermoplastic acrylic denture base
material without laser treatment.
2. Group TT: Twenty specimens of injectable thermoplastic acrylic denture base
material subjected to surface treatment with Nd: YAG laser with power: 15 watt, hatch:
0.09, speed: 40 m/s, frequency: 20 Hz, and distance off 12 mm.
According to the tests required for this study the specimens were be divided into
two shapes; disc-shaped and dumbbell-shaped.
2.1. PATTERN SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS FOR MOLD
PREPARATION
The molds for the disc-shaped specimens were used with dimensions of (25mm x
2mm ± 0.1) diameter and thickness respectively. They were prepared by using high
accuracy Computer numerical control (CNC) to make the plastic shapes for the
specimens for measuring the surface roughness test. Dumbbell-shaped 3D printed
patterns with dimensions of 75 mm in length, 12 mm in diameter at the thick part, and
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
7 mm at the thin portion were utilized to create the mold for the dumbbell-shaped
specimens used for the tensile bond test (9). (figure 1).
Figure 1. Mold design for dumbbell-shaped specimens
Plastic patterns were invested in silicone putty impression material, the dental
stone was proportioned and prepared following the instructions of the manufacturer
(W/P ratio: 20ml/100g) and after which it was poured into the aluminum flask's lower
half and set over the dental vibrator. Putty and plastic designs were added to the
flask's lower half, and then the plastic patterns were cleaned out. Then injectable
acrylic cartridges were inserted in the DEFLEX MAD automated programmable device
and injected into the flask based on the guidelines provided by the manufacturer,
under pressure (5-7Bar) and heat (265° ± 10°) for 10 minutes (15min).
With the use of an acrylic bur and a stone bur, all the surplus and flashes from the
acrylic specimens were removed. Next, 600-grit sand paper was used while the water
was continuously cooled. All porous specimens from the specimens gathered for the
study were discarded. For the finished dumbbell shaped specimens, Before
completing, a water-cooled diamond-edged saw was used to remove 3 mm from the
thin middle (9) figure 2.
Figure 2. (A) disc shaped specimens of thermoplastic acrylic after finishing. (B), dumbbell
shaped specimens before cutting from midsection.
(A)
(B)
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
357
20 injectable thermoplastic acrylic test group specimens were handled by Nd: The
following settings were used for the surface treatment using a YAG laser (Nano pulse
with fiber optic lens): (15 watts of electricity) (Velocity:40 m/s) (hatch 0.09) (20 Hz
frequency) (Offset distance: 12 mm). The application for a laser therapy was made at
the Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies of the University of Baghdad/Iraq,
under the direction of a laser specialist. The metal plate was placed underneath the
acrylic disc after donning protective eyewear, the laser handpiece was held vertically
and at a certain distance from the specimens to continue the laser therapy, as shown
in (figure 3, 4).
Figure 3. Acrylic (disc shape) specimens during treatment with Nd:YAG laser
Figure 4. Tensile bond strength test specimens before soft liner application (dumbbell-
shaped).
For curing the soft liner inside the flask, a digital water bath which is
thermostatically controlled was used. Following the instructions of the manufacturer.
The flask was removed from the water bath and set aside for bench cooling at room
temperature. The flask was opened when it had finished cooling down completely, and
the samples were taken out. For deflasking and finishing, before testing, each
specimen was immersed for 48 hours in distilled water at 37°C in an incubator. (10).
2.2. SURFACE ROUGHNESS TEST
RA mechanical profilometer was used to analyze roughness. Each specimen had
measurements made at several locations for subsequent statistical analysis. The Ra
(roughness—arithmetic mean value of all deviations from the midline's roughness
profile throughout the measurement length) method is used to examine the data (11).
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
358
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
2.3. TENSILE BOND STRENGTH TEST
The dumbbell-shaped specimens of the current study were used for this test for the
acrylic denture base group, including investigation of failure type: cohesive, adhesive,
and mixed. The specimens was placed in the same metal grip former, which is fixed at
the bottom of the testing machine. The load is applied until failure occurs and the
maximum breaking forces are recorded in Newtons.
The outcome of the Nd: YAG laser treatment of the surface on (1) the enhancement
of the tensile bond strength of both thermoplastic, and (2) surface roughness. Where
the data for this study were gathered, processed, and arranged was evaluated for
each of these. The collected data were analyzed statistically.using the SPSS version
19 computer software.
3. RESULTS
3.1. SURFACE ROUGHNESS TEST
The descriptive statistics for the roughness test are shown in figure (5) and table
(1). The injectable thermoplastic acrylic group demonstrated significantly higher
roughness values after treatment with the Nd:YAG, while the control groups
demonstrated the lowest roughness values.
Figure 5. Surface roughness test of the study groups (values in µm)
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
359
Table 1. Descriptive statistics and t test of the surface roughness test values of groups with
and without laser treatment (µm).
3.2. TENSILE BOND STRENGTH TEST
In figure and table (6), the means of the various test groups for the tensile bond
strength test are displayed (2). The group's mean tensile bond value (TT) was greater
than the (TC) value for the control groups (no laser surface treatment). The results of
the tensile bond strength test in table (4) showed a very significant difference between
the groups that received treatment.(27.728, P= 0.0001 HS) when compared. The
findings of the pairwise comparisons test for tensile bond strength results between
research groups in table (5) revealed a highly significant difference between (Group
TC and group TT).
Figure 6. Tensile bond strength of the study groups (values in N).
Table 2. Descriptive statistics data and t test of the tensile bond strength test values of Nd-
YAG laser treatment groups and untreated groups (values are in N).
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Groups N Mean ±
S.E.
S.D. Min. Max. t-test df P -Value
Group
TC
10 0.62 ±
0.007
0.02 0.59 0.66
148.4306 9 0.0001
HS
Group
TT
10 2.78 ±
0.009
0.03 2.72 2.82
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Groups N Mean ± S.E. S.D. Min. Max. t-test df P -Value
Group TC 10 42.80 ± 0.90 2.86 38.00 46.00
27.728 9 0.0001 HS
Group TT 10 108.00 ± 1.66 5.25 100.00 118.00
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
360
Table 1. Descriptive statistics and t test of the surface roughness test values of groups with
and without laser treatment (µm).
3.2. TENSILE BOND STRENGTH TEST
In figure and table (6), the means of the various test groups for the tensile bond
strength test are displayed (2). The group's mean tensile bond value (TT) was greater
than the (TC) value for the control groups (no laser surface treatment). The results of
the tensile bond strength test in table (4) showed a very significant difference between
the groups that received treatment.(27.728, P= 0.0001 HS) when compared. The
findings of the pairwise comparisons test for tensile bond strength results between
research groups in table (5) revealed a highly significant difference between (Group
TC and group TT).
Figure 6. Tensile bond strength of the study groups (values in N).
Table 2. Descriptive statistics data and t test of the tensile bond strength test values of Nd-
YAG laser treatment groups and untreated groups (values are in N).
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Groups
N
Mean ±
S.E.
S.D.
Min.
Max.
t-test
df
P -Value
Group
TC
10
0.62 ±
0.007
0.02
0.59
0.66
148.4306
9
0.0001
HS
Group
TT
10
2.78 ±
0.009
0.03
2.72
2.82
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Groups
N
Mean ± S.E.
S.D.
Min.
Max.
t-test
df
P -Value
Group TC
10
42.80 ± 0.90
2.86
38.00
46.00
27.728
9
0.0001 HS
Group TT
10
108.00 ± 1.66
5.25
100.00
118.00
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
Failure modes are described in (table 3). The injectable thermoplastic acrylic group
showed mostly cohesive failures 80% with laser treatment and 100% adhesive failure
without laser treatment.
Table 3. Modes of failure in each group of specimens
3.3. DISCUSSION
Dental practices have been using thermoplastic acrylic denture base materials for
nearly 50 years. Due to these materials’ beneficial qualities, their use has expanded in
the interim. Their continued advancement has led to the creation of new classes of
increasingly cutting-edge materials and technology that enable the creation of
dentures that are stronger than standard dentures. The following traits of
thermoplastic materials exist: Excellent biocompatibility, no residual monomer, no
allergenic or harmful chemicals, ability to keep form. The use of TMs for immediate
dentures, post-resection dentures, full and partial dentures, and interim dentures
following implantation is increased. because to their excellent flexibility and accuracy
as well as their range of hues. (12).
Surface treatment with a laser beam led to preferred surface roughness results, the
laser beam produced surface changes by ablation that cause melting and vaporization
of the polymer surface and produce that causes some halls, pits and fossa of limited
depth which may result in uniform surface roughness. Surface roughness values of
treated groups significantly increased when compared to the untreated (control
groups), which was caused by the laser's significance as one of the practical uses.
This was used in increasing and improving bonding and adhesion between denture
base resins material and soft liner. Noticeably, the laser surface treatment produced
porous topography with irregular pits and micro-retentive morphological topographical
changes. This study agreed with (13) claimed that a different approach to surface
treatment to get a stronger bond strength between two materials, the laser, has been
suggested. Furthermore, (14) shown that treating the surface of denture base resins
with the laser has been said to be a simple and safe process. Additionally, the recent
findings support the claims made by (15), who claimed that the PMMA's surface had
been modified by lasing in order to expand its surface area and add mechanical
locking.
In the present study, we discovered that employing the laser to treat the surface
effectively increases the binding strength, resulting in long-term adhesion of denture
base materials with acrylic-based denture liners made of soft polymers. Therefore, a
strong adherence is required for the long-term use of a soft denture liner. When a soft
denture liner is required as the basis for a denture, strong adhesion is required for
long-term use. The significant difference in surface roughness between the treated
group and the control group was attributed to the effect of laser surface treatment in
Study Group Adhesive Cohesive Both
Group TC 20 0 0
Group TT 0 16 4
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
361
increasing the bonding of denture base materials and soft denture liners. Because the
laser has an impact on the surface that increases tensile bond strength, the use of
modification methods like lasers is required to prevent these issues.
According to the statistical analysis of the current study, applying a laser to a
surface to treat it strengthened the tensile bond in the laser-treated groups compared
to the control groups. Additionally, the Nd: YAG laser created pits or other
abnormalities that the soft lining material was able to penetrate, enhancing the
connection in the laser-treated groups. Soft lining materials may therefore pass
through any defects or pits left behind by the Nd: YAG laser.
The use of a laser for surface treatment enhanced the tensile bond strength in the
groups treated with the laser compared to the control groups, according to the results
of the statistical analysis carried out in the current study. Additionally, in the laser-
treated groups, the soft lining material was able to infiltrate the abnormalities or pits,
strengthening the connection. As a result, soft lining materials may penetrate
imperfections or pits created by the Nd: YAG laser. (17) conducted tensile
experiments to assess how sandblasting and laser treatments affected the bonding of
acrylic resin and robust liners at the interfacial level, consistent with (7) They found
that lasing PMMA prior to applying a resillient material led to stronger mean tensile
bonds than control specimens. Also, (16) shown that preparing the acrylic resin
surface with laser beams at 3 W, 10 Hz, and 300 mJ produced tiny holes the liner
could enter, strengthening the binding. The increase in cohesive failures after laser
treatment suggests an improvement in the tensile bond strength of the acrylic-based
soft lining to the injectable thermoplastic acrylic resin because the adhesion between
these materials may be stronger than the intermolecular forces of the relining material.
Results that increased the tensile binding strength of the resin-based soft liner to the
acrylic resins were similar with the findings of (18,19), which demonstrated cohesive
failures. The alternative hypothesis, according to which Nd: YAG laser treatments
enhanced the thermoplastic acrylic denture resin's tensile binding strengths to the
denture base soft liner, was accepted and the null hypothesis was rejected.
4. CONCLUSION
1.
As demonstrated in this work, laser surface treatments change the surface
morphology of acrylic resin.
2. Nd: YAG laser treatment of surface injectable thermoplastic acrylic then relined with
acrylic-based soft lining resulted in higher mean surface roughness and surface
than seen in the untreated control group.
3.
Injectable thermoplastic acrylic surface treatment with Nd: YAG laser (power: 15
watt) (speed: 40 m/s) (hatch 0.09) (frequency: 20 Hz) (distance off: 12mm), has
shown that when employed as a surface treatment agent, it effectively strengthens
the tensile bond between the thermoplastic acrylic denture base material.
REFERENCES
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
362
increasing the bonding of denture base materials and soft denture liners. Because the
laser has an impact on the surface that increases tensile bond strength, the use of
modification methods like lasers is required to prevent these issues.
According to the statistical analysis of the current study, applying a laser to a
surface to treat it strengthened the tensile bond in the laser-treated groups compared
to the control groups. Additionally, the Nd: YAG laser created pits or other
abnormalities that the soft lining material was able to penetrate, enhancing the
connection in the laser-treated groups. Soft lining materials may therefore pass
through any defects or pits left behind by the Nd: YAG laser.
The use of a laser for surface treatment enhanced the tensile bond strength in the
groups treated with the laser compared to the control groups, according to the results
of the statistical analysis carried out in the current study. Additionally, in the laser-
treated groups, the soft lining material was able to infiltrate the abnormalities or pits,
strengthening the connection. As a result, soft lining materials may penetrate
imperfections or pits created by the Nd: YAG laser. (17) conducted tensile
experiments to assess how sandblasting and laser treatments affected the bonding of
acrylic resin and robust liners at the interfacial level, consistent with (7) They found
that lasing PMMA prior to applying a resillient material led to stronger mean tensile
bonds than control specimens. Also, (16) shown that preparing the acrylic resin
surface with laser beams at 3 W, 10 Hz, and 300 mJ produced tiny holes the liner
could enter, strengthening the binding. The increase in cohesive failures after laser
treatment suggests an improvement in the tensile bond strength of the acrylic-based
soft lining to the injectable thermoplastic acrylic resin because the adhesion between
these materials may be stronger than the intermolecular forces of the relining material.
Results that increased the tensile binding strength of the resin-based soft liner to the
acrylic resins were similar with the findings of (18,19), which demonstrated cohesive
failures. The alternative hypothesis, according to which Nd: YAG laser treatments
enhanced the thermoplastic acrylic denture resin's tensile binding strengths to the
denture base soft liner, was accepted and the null hypothesis was rejected.
4. CONCLUSION
1. As demonstrated in this work, laser surface treatments change the surface
morphology of acrylic resin.
2. Nd: YAG laser treatment of surface injectable thermoplastic acrylic then relined with
acrylic-based soft lining resulted in higher mean surface roughness and surface
than seen in the untreated control group.
3. Injectable thermoplastic acrylic surface treatment with Nd: YAG laser (power: 15
watt) (speed: 40 m/s) (hatch 0.09) (frequency: 20 Hz) (distance off: 12mm), has
shown that when employed as a surface treatment agent, it effectively strengthens
the tensile bond between the thermoplastic acrylic denture base material.
REFERENCES
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
(1) Nakhaei, M., Dashti, H., Ahrari, F., Vasigh, S., Mushtaq, S., & Shetty, R. M.
(2016). Effect of different surface treatments and thermocycling on bond
strength of a silicone-based denture liner to a denture base resin. J
Contemp Dent Pract, 17(2), 154-9.
(2) Alkinani, G. A. (2014). Evaluation of shear bond strength between
thermosens as relining material and different denture base materials. J
Bagh Coll Dentistry, 26(4), 28-31.
(3) Polyzois, G. L., & Frangou, M. J. (2001). Influence of curing method, sealer,
and water storage on the hardness of a soft lining material over time.
Journal of Prosthodontics, 10(1), 42-45.
(4) Dayrell, A., Takahashi, J., Valverde, G., Consani, R., Ambrosano, G., &
Mesquita, M. (2012). Effect of sealer coating on mechanical and physical
properties of permanent soft lining materials. Gerodontology, 29(2), e401-
e407.
(5) Tugut, F., Akin, H., Mutaf, B., Akin, G. E., & Ozdemir, A. K. (2012). Strength of
the bond between a silicone lining material and denture resin after Er: YAG
laser treatments with different pulse durations and levels of energy. Lasers
in medical science, 27, 281-285.
(6) Sabah, D. Q., & Khalaf, B. S. (2022). Effect of thermocycling on surface
roughness and shear bond strength of acrylic soft liner to the surface of
thermoplastic acrylic treated with Ethyl Acetate. Indian Journal of Forensic
Medicine & Toxicology, 16(1), 1353-1360.
(7) Usumez, A., Inan, O., & Aykent, F. (2004). Bond strength of a silicone lining
material to alumina-abraded and lased denture resin. Journal of Biomedical
Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials: An Official Journal of The
Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The
Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials,
71(1), 196-200.
(8) Zidan, S., Silikas, N., Haider, J., Alhotan, A., Jahantigh, J., & Yates, J. (2020).
Assessing Tensile bond strength between denture teeth and nano-zirconia
impregnated PMMA denture base. International journal of nanomedicine,
9611-9625.
(9) Gorler, O., Dogan, D. O., Ulgey, M., Goze, A., Hubbezoğlu, I., Zan, R., &
Ozdemir, A. K. (2015). The effects of Er: YAG, Nd: YAG, and Ho: YAG laser
surface treatments to acrylic resin denture bases on the tensile bond
strength of silicone-based resilient liners. Photomedicine and laser surgery,
33(8), 409-414.
(10) Hasan, W. Y., & Ali, M. M. (2018). Evaluation of thermal conductivity and
some other properties of heat cured denture soft liner reinforced by
halloysite nanotubes. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 11(3),
1491-1500.
(11) Alves, P. V. M., Lima Filho, R. M., Telles, E., & Bolognese, A. (2007). Surface
roughness of acrylic resins after different curing and polishing techniques
.
The Angle Orthodontist, 77(3), 528-531.
(12) Chuchulska, B., Yankov, S., Hristov, I., & Aleksandrov, S. (2018). Thermoplastic
materials in the dental practice: a review. IJSR, 6(12), 1074-1076.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
363
(13)
Madani, A. S., Astaneh, P. A., Nakhaei, M., Bagheri, H. G., Moosavi, H., Alavi, S.,
& Najjaran, N. T. (2015). Effectiveness of Silica-Lasing Method on the Bond
Strength of Composite Resin Repair to Ni-Cr Alloy. Journal of
Prosthodontics, 24(3), 225-232.
(14) Asadzadeh, N., Ghorbanian, F., Ahrary, F., Rajati Haghi, H., Karamad, R., Yari,
A., & Javan, A. (2019). Bond strength of resin cement and glass ionomer to
Nd: YAG laser-treated zirconia ceramics. Journal of Prosthodontics, 28(4),
e881-e885.
(15) Aziz, H. K. (2017). Effect of the CO2 laser as surface treatment on the bond
strength of heat cured soft liner to the high impact acrylic denture base
material. Journal of baghdad college of dentistry, 325(4203), 1-7.
(16) Tugut, F., Akin, H., Mutaf, B., Akin, G. E., & Ozdemir, A. K. (2012). Strength of
the bond between a silicone lining material and denture resin after Er: YAG
laser treatments with different pulse durations and levels of energy. Lasers
in medical science, 27, 281-285.
(17) Akin, H., Tugut, F., Guney, U., Kirmali, O., & Akar, T. (2013). Tensile bond
strength of silicone-based soft denture liner to two chemically different
denture base resins after various surface treatments. Lasers in Medical
Science, 28, 119-123.
(18) M. A. Kumbhalkar, D. V. Bhope and A. V. Vanalkar. (2013). Enhance
Production Rate of Braiding Machine Using Speed Reduction Technique.
International Journal on Theoretical and Applied Research in Mechanical
Engineering (IJTAMRE), 2(2) 2319-3182.
(19) Mancuso, D. N., Goiato, M. C., Zuccolotti, B. C. R., Moreno, A., dos Santos, D.
M., & Pesqueira, A. A. (2012). Effect of thermocycling on hardness,
absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners. Gerodontology,
29(2), e215-e219.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.354-364
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
364