PREPARATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY GREEN NANO INSECTICIDE
USING COPPER SALTS
H. M. AL-HAMDANI*
Market Research & Consumer protection Center/Univ. of Baghdad / Iraq
cioffi16@yahoo.com
S. H. HAMEED
Biological Department, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad/Iraq
Reception: 14/11/2022 Acceptance: 03/01/2023 Publication: 31/01/2023
Suggested citation:
H. M. Al-Hamdani, S. H. Hameed and R. S. Hameed. (2023).
Preparation of the environmentally friendly green nano insecticide
using copper salts. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicada a la
pyme, 12(1), 225-241. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
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225
R. S. HAMEED
Biological Department, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad/Iraq
ABSTRACT
The nanoparticle was prepared using aqueous extract of naringin Citrus aurantium
and copper salts, which are 100% local materials to combat the white fly Bemisia
tabaci, which have the ability to transmit and spread plant diseases at a very high rate
and pose a great threat to global food production. In tropical and subtropical regions,
the insect problem used in the study has become one of the most serious problems
facing crop protection. The economic losses are estimated in the hundreds of millions
of dollars. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by the following assays:UV-
visible spectrophotometry, SEM, AFM and FTIR. The results of the study showed that
the nanoparticles of copper salts were more effective in the mortality rates of nymphs,
eggs, and whole insects of the whitefly at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 ppm, in
addition to that the effectiveness of the nanocide led to higher mortality rates for the
third, fourth and virginal stages of whitefly at 300 ppm concentrations compared to the
results Aqueous extract of Citrus aurantium and copper salts.
KEYWORDS
Nanoparticles, Bemisia tabaci, SEM, AFM, FTIR, and UV-Visible.
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ABSTRACT
The nanoparticle was prepared using aqueous extract of naringin Citrus aurantium
and copper salts, which are 100% local materials to combat the white fly Bemisia
tabaci, which have the ability to transmit and spread plant diseases at a very high rate
and pose a great threat to global food production. In tropical and subtropical regions,
the insect problem used in the study has become one of the most serious problems
facing crop protection. The economic losses are estimated in the hundreds of millions
of dollars. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by the following assays:UV-
visible spectrophotometry, SEM, AFM and FTIR. The results of the study showed that
the nanoparticles of copper salts were more effective in the mortality rates of nymphs,
eggs, and whole insects of the whitefly at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 ppm, in
addition to that the effectiveness of the nanocide led to higher mortality rates for the
third, fourth and virginal stages of whitefly at 300 ppm concentrations compared to the
results Aqueous extract of Citrus aurantium and copper salts.
KEYWORDS
Nanoparticles, Bemisia tabaci, SEM, AFM, FTIR, and UV-Visible.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
PAPER INDEX
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS
2.1.1. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
2.1.2. PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES
2.2. CHARACTERIZE THE NANOPARTICLES
2.2.1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROMETRY
2.2.2. XRD ANALYSIS
2.2.3. FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
2.2.4. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
2.2.5. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
2.2.6. AFM EXAMINATION
2.3. BREEDING WHITEFLY BEMISIA TABACI
2.4. FIELD EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NANOPARTICLES ON
WHITEFLY
2.5. FIELD EXPERIMENT
2.6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
3.2. NANOPARTICLES CHARACTERIZATION
3.2.1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROMETRY
3.3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION XRD ANALYSIS
3.4. FTIR- SPECTROSCOPY
3.5. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
3.6. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
3.7. EFFECT OF NARINGIN (CITRUS AURANTIUM) EXTRACT ON WHITEFLY
STAGES)
3.8. EFFECT OF COPPER SALT EXTRACT ON WHITEFLY STAGES
3.9. EFFECT NANOPARTICLES CITRUS WITH NARINGIN EXTRACT ON
WHITEFLY STAGES
3.10.NANOPARTICLE EFFICIENCY
4. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
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1. INTRODUCTION
In Iraq, orchids have recently been exposed to infestation with a large number of
different insect pests, which led to various damages in severity and size depending on
the elements of the prevailing climate and among these insect species are the
Aleuroclava Jasmine fly and the jasmine fly on citrus trees. In addition to the white
fruit fly (Mediterranean fly), spiders and powdery mildew insects of citrus trees are
widely spread in the central regions of Iraq's governorates such as Diyala, Baghdad,
Salah al-Din, Karbala, Babil and Wasit, which has exacerbated the damage and the
deterioration of trees and their total production[1,2].Thus the use of chemical
pesticides is one of the most important applied methods for its rapid effect in reducing
high population density and reducing its damage to agricultural crops. It was pointed
out the importance of using a pesticide to control white flies on citrus fruits in Iraq and
the midacloprid, carbosufan and methyl pesticides were also given the highest rates
to kill the whitefly[3, 4].The second half of the twentieth century witnessed an increase
in the use of chemical pesticides in controlling various agricultural pests, and it was
later found that many pesticides have high toxicity and affect human and animal
health as well as negative effects on the entire ecosystem. Likewise, the discovery
and use of techniques such as encapsulation and controlled release led to a radical
change in the use of pesticides, as many pesticide companies produced products
containing nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 100 to 250 nanometers that could
dissolve in water more than it is in current pesticides [5,6].In addition, the
nanoparticles have a role in treating pollution from chlorine solvents, organic chlorine
pesticides, organic dyes and many inorganic compounds [7].The amount of
agricultural pesticides used in Iraq is frightening and requires a serious pause to limit
its use or the use of advanced modern pesticides because it causes many serious
diseases, including kidney failure, cancers of all kinds, congenital and reproductive
malformations and neurological diseases[2,8].Also, farmers' failure to use the
recommended concentrations and relying on their personal experiences in using
these preventive and professional pesticides led to a reduction in safety methods, and
the occurrence of injuries and poisoning for farmers [1,2, 9].Previous experiments
demonstrated the possibility of synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles using plant
extracts and testing their efficacy as a preservative for wood by using extracts from
neem leaves (Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Lantana camara and Citrus
reticulata ) this is for the synthesis of copper [10].While another study showed by
summarizing the data of plants used to synthesize CuNPs nanoparticles and opening
a new path for researchers to explore those plants that had not been used in the past
[11].Also another study showed the development of a non-toxic and cost-effective
biological method for the synthesis of CuNPs, which is a green method for the
synthesis of copper nanoparticles within 15-20 minutes and its high effectiveness
against many pathogenic microbes [12,13,14]. Therefore, this study aimed to arrive at
a preparation of an environmentally friendly insecticide using copper nanoparticles
and to replace the chemicals in preparing copper nanoparticles using the active
ingredients of naringin (Citrus aurantium) extract to control the whitefly.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
228
1. INTRODUCTION
In Iraq, orchids have recently been exposed to infestation with a large number of
different insect pests, which led to various damages in severity and size depending on
the elements of the prevailing climate and among these insect species are the
Aleuroclava Jasmine fly and the jasmine fly on citrus trees. In addition to the white
fruit fly (Mediterranean fly), spiders and powdery mildew insects of citrus trees are
widely spread in the central regions of Iraq's governorates such as Diyala, Baghdad,
Salah al-Din, Karbala, Babil and Wasit, which has exacerbated the damage and the
deterioration of trees and their total production[1,2].Thus the use of chemical
pesticides is one of the most important applied methods for its rapid effect in reducing
high population density and reducing its damage to agricultural crops. It was pointed
out the importance of using a pesticide to control white flies on citrus fruits in Iraq and
the midacloprid, carbosufan and methyl pesticides were also given the highest rates
to kill the whitefly[3, 4].The second half of the twentieth century witnessed an increase
in the use of chemical pesticides in controlling various agricultural pests, and it was
later found that many pesticides have high toxicity and affect human and animal
health as well as negative effects on the entire ecosystem. Likewise, the discovery
and use of techniques such as encapsulation and controlled release led to a radical
change in the use of pesticides, as many pesticide companies produced products
containing nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 100 to 250 nanometers that could
dissolve in water more than it is in current pesticides [5,6].In addition, the
nanoparticles have a role in treating pollution from chlorine solvents, organic chlorine
pesticides, organic dyes and many inorganic compounds [7].The amount of
agricultural pesticides used in Iraq is frightening and requires a serious pause to limit
its use or the use of advanced modern pesticides because it causes many serious
diseases, including kidney failure, cancers of all kinds, congenital and reproductive
malformations and neurological diseases[2,8].Also, farmers' failure to use the
recommended concentrations and relying on their personal experiences in using
these preventive and professional pesticides led to a reduction in safety methods, and
the occurrence of injuries and poisoning for farmers [1,2, 9].Previous experiments
demonstrated the possibility of synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles using plant
extracts and testing their efficacy as a preservative for wood by using extracts from
neem leaves (Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Lantana camara and Citrus
reticulata ) this is for the synthesis of copper [10].While another study showed by
summarizing the data of plants used to synthesize CuNPs nanoparticles and opening
a new path for researchers to explore those plants that had not been used in the past
[11].Also another study showed the development of a non-toxic and cost-effective
biological method for the synthesis of CuNPs, which is a green method for the
synthesis of copper nanoparticles within 15-20 minutes and its high effectiveness
against many pathogenic microbes [12,13,14]. Therefore, this study aimed to arrive at
a preparation of an environmentally friendly insecticide using copper nanoparticles
and to replace the chemicals in preparing copper nanoparticles using the active
ingredients of naringin (Citrus aurantium) extract to control the whitefly.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS
Naringin (Citrus aurantium) leaves was prepared by taking 20 grams of previously
washed leaves and cutting them into very small pieces and placed in a volumetric
flask of 250 ml and adding 100 ml of distilled water to them and the mixture was
boiled for 10-12 minutes, then it was filtered and stored in the refrigerator on 4 o C
until experiment and chemical analyzes are performed.
2.1.1. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The extract of alcoholic naringin prepared for phytochemical detection to reveal the
various biological components of the plant such Tannins, Carbohydrates, Glycosides,
Phenols, Resins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Alkaloids, Protein, Comarins, Turbines and
Steroid was done using standard protocols [11].
2.1.2. PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES
It was taken 60 ml of 0.1 M of Cuso4 copper sulfate and added to 10 ml of aqueous
extract of naringin Citrus aurantium gradually with constant stirring, after which a few
drops of 1 M of NaOH were added and the pH was adjusted to 8 of the solution.
Continue magnetic stirring at room temperature for 1 period/ 4 hour until the color
changes to a dark black color, which indicates the occurrence of the reaction and the
creation of nanoparticles, as in Figure 1, [4,15]
Figure 1. Preparation of CuSo4 nanoparticle
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2.2. CHARACTERIZE THE NANOPARTICLES
The nanoparticles were detected at the Nanotechnology Center / University of
Technology/Baghdad by using:
2.2.1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROMETRY
The ultraviolet rays were used to study the optical properties with a UV-Visible
spectrometry (meter teeh sp 8001) in the range of 300-800 nm [16]
2.2.2. XRD ANALYSIS
It was used X-ray (XRD- 700 Shimadza maxima –a) X-Ray diffract meter to
determine the crystal phases and estimate the size of the crystals, and that with an
electric voltage of 40KV and a current of 30 MA and with a scan range of 100,000)
(-20,000 degrees. Also, XRD patterns were recorded within 0.12. Seconds of
scanning speed and using Cu tubes with copper wavelength 1.54 Ao. [17,18]
2.2.3. FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
An infrared analysis of copper Nano forms was performed with FTIR - 8400S,
SHIMAZW-FTIR spectroscopy with a wavelength ranging between (500 - 4000) cm -
1[19, 20].
2.2.4. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
The scanning electron microscope is of the type (TESCAN-VEGA / USA) where the
Nano scale particles are scanned with 3 nm beams and 30kv electric voltage knowing
that the device is connected and programmed with computer programs to analyze the
average particle size in the sample [21].
2.2.5. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
This device is important for determining fast and accurate size distributions of
copper nanoparticles (vision 5.34) with a range ranging from (6- 2 µ
m nm), and the
dynamic light scattering at 90 degrees, at temperatures from (-110-5) m using high
power (35 mW) for a laser diode.
2.2.6. AFM EXAMINATION
A three-dimensional image was taken showing the copper sulphate nanoparticles
using the deposition method as shown in figure 1.
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2.2. CHARACTERIZE THE NANOPARTICLES
The nanoparticles were detected at the Nanotechnology Center / University of
Technology/Baghdad by using:
2.2.1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROMETRY
The ultraviolet rays were used to study the optical properties with a UV-Visible
spectrometry (meter teeh sp 8001) in the range of 300-800 nm [16]
2.2.2. XRD ANALYSIS
It was used X-ray (XRD- 700 Shimadza maxima –a) X-Ray diffract meter to
determine the crystal phases and estimate the size of the crystals, and that with an
electric voltage of 40KV and a current of 30 MA and with a scan range of 100,000)
(-20,000 degrees. Also, XRD patterns were recorded within 0.12. Seconds of
scanning speed and using Cu tubes with copper wavelength 1.54 Ao. [17,18]
2.2.3. FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
An infrared analysis of copper Nano forms was performed with FTIR - 8400S,
SHIMAZW-FTIR spectroscopy with a wavelength ranging between (500 - 4000) cm -
1[19, 20].
2.2.4. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
The scanning electron microscope is of the type (TESCAN-VEGA / USA) where the
Nano scale particles are scanned with 3 nm beams and 30kv electric voltage knowing
that the device is connected and programmed with computer programs to analyze the
average particle size in the sample [21].
2.2.5. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
This device is important for determining fast and accurate size distributions of
copper nanoparticles (vision 5.34) with a range ranging from (6- 2 µm nm), and the
dynamic light scattering at 90 degrees, at temperatures from (-110-5) m using high
power (35 mW) for a laser diode.
2.2.6. AFM EXAMINATION
A three-dimensional image was taken showing the copper sulphate nanoparticles
using the deposition method as shown in figure 1.
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
2.3. BREEDING WHITEFLY BEMISIA TABACI
Five eggplant seedlings were purchased in pots and placed inside breeding houses
covered from the outside with a dull cloth. Seven pairs of whitefly's adults were
released into each cage for the insect brought from greenhouses and from both sexes
and after 24 hours of laying eggs, the eggs were isolated for each seedling, with the
same the method for nymphs, replicates (eggs, nymphs) were treated, duplicates
were treated with the prepared pesticide by sprinkler, and the killing numbers readings
were taken and recorded after 24, 48, and 72 hours, and the percentage of pesticide
efficacy was calculated using the percentage killing percentage according to Abbot's
formula [6], after which the percentage of the killed percentage was converted into
proportions Angle according to and then subjected to statistical analysis [22]
(1)
2.4. FIELD EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
NANOPARTICLES ON WHITEFLY
The experiment was carried out on eggplant plants in the greenhouse at the
Zaafaraniya farm in Baghdad city, with three replicates (a plastic house) for the
pesticide under test, and three replicates of the another standard pesticide
(deltamethrine) for good comparison between treatments. The population density of
whitefly Bemisia tabaci was calculated before the control process was carried out by
randomly selecting ten plants for each replicate, in which the numbers of adults were
calculated on the plant leaf in three locations for each plant, which are the top, middle
and bottom (30 leave). Then the plants were sprayed with Nano pesticide by holder,
then the results of killing % were taken after 24, 48 and 72 hours in the same way
mentioned above.
2.5. FIELD EXPERIMENT
For each treatment, the numbers of live eggs, nymphs, and adults were estimated
before treatment and after spraying one day, three days and one week after the start
of the treatment, as the adults were calculated by direct counting method, and the live
numbers of adult adults were counted in the statistical analysis in order to take into
account the accuracy of the experiment in order to not remain dead adult’s adherent
to the surface of the leaf.
F
a t a li t i e s%=
Nu m b ero fp e s tb e f or et r e a t m e n txNu m b ero fp e s ta f t ert r e a t m e n t
Nu m b ero fp e s tb e f or et r e a t m e n txN u m b ero fp e s ta f t e rt r ea t m e n t
×
100
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Figure 2. life stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci
2.6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The killing percentage was corrected according to Abbott's equation to angle ratios
[23]. It was subjected to statistical analysis to find out the effect of different factors on
the studied traits. The significant differences between the averages were compared
with the lowest significant difference test [10].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
It was presented the active ingredients in the aqueous extract of naringin Citrus
aurantium such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoid, tannin, protein,
charbohydrates, steroids and saponins in Table 1. Results of this study showed a
highest content of total phenole, alkaloids and protein, then terpenoid, tannin,
charbohydrates and steroides with medium content as in Table 1. Those active
ingredients which are a byproduct of the metabolism in all kinds of fruits and
vegetables act as a great role in protecting the cell from deterioration and stress and
acting as antioxidants to reduce the toxic effects for free radicals [24].
Table 1. The active ingredients in the Citrus Naring aqueous extraction.
ResultsPhytochemical test
++++
Total phenol
+++
Alkaloids
++
Terpenoids
++
Tannin
+++
Protein
++
Carbohydrates
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Figure 2. life stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci
2.6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The killing percentage was corrected according to Abbott's equation to angle ratios
[23]. It was subjected to statistical analysis to find out the effect of different factors on
the studied traits. The significant differences between the averages were compared
with the lowest significant difference test [10].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
It was presented the active ingredients in the aqueous extract of naringin Citrus
aurantium such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoid, tannin, protein,
charbohydrates, steroids and saponins in Table 1. Results of this study showed a
highest content of total phenole, alkaloids and protein, then terpenoid, tannin,
charbohydrates and steroides with medium content as in Table 1. Those active
ingredients which are a byproduct of the metabolism in all kinds of fruits and
vegetables act as a great role in protecting the cell from deterioration and stress and
acting as antioxidants to reduce the toxic effects for free radicals [24].
Table 1. The active ingredients in the Citrus Naring aqueous extraction.
Results
Phytochemical test
++++
Total phenol
+++
Alkaloids
++
Terpenoids
++
Tannin
+++
Protein
++
Carbohydrates
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Heavy content, ++=medium content=+++
3.2. NANOPARTICLES CHARACTERIZATION
The nanoparticles were described in the Nanotechnology Center / University of
Technology / Baghdad followed different ways.
3.2.1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROMETRY
The ultraviolet rays were used to study the optical properties with a UV-Visible
spectrometry (meter teeh sp 8001) in the range of 300-800 nm [25, 26].
Figure 3. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles using UV-Visible radiation.
3.3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION XRD ANALYSIS
It was used X-ray (XRD- 700 Shimadza maxima –a) X-Ray diffract meter to
determine the crystal phases and estimate the size of the crystals with an electric
voltage of 40KV and a current of 30 MA and with a scan range between 100,000)
(-20,000 degrees. Then, XRD patterns were recorded within 0.12 degrees, seconds of
scanning speed and using Cu tubes with copper wavelength of 1.54 Ao. [27, 28].
++
Steroids
++
Saponin
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
510 500 490 480 470 460 450 440 430 420 410
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Figure 4. The XRD diffraction of copper nanoparticles
3.4. FTIR- SPECTROSCOPY
An infrared analysis of iron Nano forms was performed with FTIR-8400S,
SHIMAZW-FTIR spectroscopy with a wavelength ranging between (500 - 4000) cm -1
(Huang, et al., 2018). The use of FT-IR is to find the particles and their functional
groups present in the prepared copper nanoparticles. The peaks that appeared are:
3387, 3377.39, 2922, 1645, 15237, 1377, 1246, 1153, 1028, 1028, 9335, 852, 761,
659, 574, 659, 574, 437, 395, 375, that refers to: Alcohol (OH, Alkane (C-H), Alkene (=
C-H), Amine (C-N), Nitro compounds (N-O), Stretch-Acid (OH) and Ester (C=C)
[28,29].
Figure 5. shows the results of the FT-IR examination.
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Figure 4. The XRD diffraction of copper nanoparticles
3.4. FTIR- SPECTROSCOPY
An infrared analysis of iron Nano forms was performed with FTIR-8400S,
SHIMAZW-FTIR spectroscopy with a wavelength ranging between (500 - 4000) cm -1
(Huang, et al., 2018). The use of FT-IR is to find the particles and their functional
groups present in the prepared copper nanoparticles. The peaks that appeared are:
3387, 3377.39, 2922, 1645, 15237, 1377, 1246, 1153, 1028, 1028, 9335, 852, 761,
659, 574, 659, 574, 437, 395, 375, that refers to: Alcohol (OH, Alkane (C-H), Alkene (=
C-H), Amine (C-N), Nitro compounds (N-O), Stretch-Acid (OH) and Ester (C=C)
[28,29].
Figure 5. shows the results of the FT-IR examination.
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3.5. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
The scanning electron microscope is of the type (TESCAN-VEGA / USA), in which
the nanoparticles are scanned with 3 nm beams and 30 kv electric voltage knowing
that the device is connected and programmed with computer programs to analyze the
average particle size in the sample [21].
Figure 6. Image of CuSo4 nanoparticles using a scanning electron microscope SEM
3.6. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
This device is important for determining fast and accurate size distributions of iron
nanoparticles (vesion 5.34) with a range ranging from (6- 2 µ
m nm), and the dynamic
light scattering at 90 degrees, at temperatures from (-110-5) m using high power (35
mW) for a laser diode.
Figure 7a. FAM of synthesized Copper nanoparticles with naringin leaf broth.
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Figure 7b. AFM of synthesized Copper nanoparticles with naringin leaf extract
3.7. EFFECT OF NARINGIN (CITRUS AURANTIUM) EXTRACT ON
WHITEFLY STAGES)
Results of this study presented the effect of naringin leaf extract on the mortality
percent of whitefly's eggs and nymphs in Table 2. Results of this study were showed
by increased the concentrations of extract from 100, 200 to 300 ppm showed a high
(P≤0.05) significant effect on whitefly's eggs were 7.6, 18.8 and 26.8 respectively. Also
showed a high significant effect (P≤0.05) on whitefly's nymphs were 9.8, 33.5 and
44.8 for 100, 200 and 300 ppm of the copper nanoparticles extract respectively as in
Table 2. [28,30].
Table 2. Effect of citruses Naringin leaves extract on whitefly eggs and nymphs.
3.8. EFFECT OF COPPER SALT EXTRACT ON WHITEFLY STAGES
Results of this study presented the effect of copper salt extract on the mortality
percent of whitefly's eggs and nymphs in Table 3. Results of this study were showed
by increased the concentrations of extract from 100, 200 to 300 ppm showed a high
(P≤0.05) significant effect on whitefly's eggs were 0.8, 1.8 and 4.8 respectively. Also
showed a high significant effect (P≤0.05) on whitefly's nymphs were 2.4, 7.4 and 11.8
for 100, 200 and 300 ppm of the copper salt extract respectively as in Table 3, [1, 28].
Mortality %
Extract concentration (ppm)
Whitefly nymphs
Whitefly eggs
9
8.0
100 ppm
27
15.0
200 ppm
44
27.0
300 ppm
27
16.6
Average
6.033 *
4.726 *
LSD
* (P≤0.05).
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Figure 7b. AFM of synthesized Copper nanoparticles with naringin leaf extract
3.7. EFFECT OF NARINGIN (CITRUS AURANTIUM) EXTRACT ON
WHITEFLY STAGES)
Results of this study presented the effect of naringin leaf extract on the mortality
percent of whitefly's eggs and nymphs in Table 2. Results of this study were showed
by increased the concentrations of extract from 100, 200 to 300 ppm showed a high
(P≤0.05) significant effect on whitefly's eggs were 7.6, 18.8 and 26.8 respectively. Also
showed a high significant effect (P≤0.05) on whitefly's nymphs were 9.8, 33.5 and
44.8 for 100, 200 and 300 ppm of the copper nanoparticles extract respectively as in
Table 2. [28,30].
Table 2. Effect of citruses Naringin leaves extract on whitefly eggs and nymphs.
3.8. EFFECT OF COPPER SALT EXTRACT ON WHITEFLY STAGES
Results of this study presented the effect of copper salt extract on the mortality
percent of whitefly's eggs and nymphs in Table 3. Results of this study were showed
by increased the concentrations of extract from 100, 200 to 300 ppm showed a high
(P≤0.05) significant effect on whitefly's eggs were 0.8, 1.8 and 4.8 respectively. Also
showed a high significant effect (P≤0.05) on whitefly's nymphs were 2.4, 7.4 and 11.8
for 100, 200 and 300 ppm of the copper salt extract respectively as in Table 3, [1, 28].
Mortality %
Extract concentration (ppm)
Whitefly nymphs
Whitefly eggs
9
8.0
100 ppm
27
15.0
200 ppm
44
27.0
300 ppm
27
16.6
Average
6.033 *
4.726 *
LSD
* (P≤0.05).
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
Table 3. Effect of copper salts on whitefly eggs and nymphs.
3.9. EFFECT NANOPARTICLES CITRUS WITH NARINGIN
EXTRACT ON WHITEFLY STAGES
Results of this study presented the effect of nanoparticles citrus with naringin
extract on the mortality percent of whitefly's eggs and nymphs in Table 4. Results of
this study were showed by increased the concentrations of extract from 100, 200 to
300 ppm showed a high (P≤
0.05) significant effect on whitefly's eggs were 2.3, 7.8
and 11.8 respectively. Also showed a high significant effect (P≤
0.05) on whitefly's
nymphs were 72, 88 and 98 for 100, 200 and 300 ppm of the nanoparticles citrus with
naringin extract respectively as in Table 4. Also, it was showed that the average rate
of nymphs’ mortality was significantly higher 86, compared to average rate of
whitefly's egg 7.3. [20, 31-32].
Table 4. Effect of synthesized nanoparticles on whitefly's egg and nymphs.
3.10.NANOPARTICLE EFFICIENCY
The results of nanoparticle efficiency on whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) tabulated as in
Table 5. It was founded, the relative efficiency of the copper nanoparticles of Citrus
aurantium leaf extract in controlling white flies in the field was marked highly
significant difference (P≤
0.05) 96.8%, 97.6% and 100% after 24, 48 and 72 hours,
respectively compare with relative efficiency of the standard pesticide Decis on
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237
Bemisia tabaci which reached 59,0, 48. 5 and 40.2 %, respectively. Note that the
recorded fact distinguishes whiteflies as their tolerance and resistance to many
chemical pesticides, so the Nanopesticide can be considered very effective and it is
recommended to use it to combat this pest. This results identical to [6][3] were
founded whiteflies have the ability to develop resistance to both conventional and
nonconventional insecticides. Through the results obtained, the nanoparticles from the
aqueous extract of naringin (Citrus aurantium) showed a very high significant effect in
the mortality rate of the mosquitoes of the third and fourth stages and the virgin in
vitro; in addition to its significant effect on the mortality rates of the white fly stages in
the laboratory and in the field. These results came close to what he found [28]
Table 5. The relative efficacy of the nanoparticles of citruses naringin leaf extract on adult
phase of Bemisia tabaci whiteflies compared to Deltamethrine 2.5% EC.
4. CONCLUSION
The results of the study showed the possibility and ease of preparing
environmentally friendly nanoparticles synthesis using aqueous extract of naringin
(Citrus aurantium) with copper salts. Moreover, the prepared nanoparticles are fixed
and unchanging, that is, when the nanoparticles are formed, the color of the extract
changes from light green to black and remains constant. Also, the raw materials used
to prepare nanoparticles are inexpensive. Also, the nanoparticles do not generate
generations of insect resistance as is the case with chemical pesticides. So this idea
can be used in the Ministry of Agriculture, and for the benefit of citrus orchard farmers,
which are widespread in most governorates of the country, especially central,
southern and northern Iraq, in addition to the fact that most of Iraq's lands are suitable
for growing fruits, especially citrus fruits. But there are political factors, administrative
and economic corruption, mismanagement of the water of the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers, the spread of various plant diseases, including powdery mildew and the spread
of the white fruit fly, as well as high temperatures and drought in the long summer,
which led to the reluctance of farmers to abandon most orchards. Therefore, this
study proved the possibility of finding an alternative to traditional chemical insecticides
by using green nanotechnology as an environmentally friendly and safe insecticide
that would not be used in Iraq beforehand.
Relative effi
ciency of Citrus
aurantium leaf nanoparticles
Relative effi
ciency of 2.5%
of Deltamethrine pesticide
Examination times
(Hours)
96.8
59.0
24 hr.
97.6
48.5
48 hr.
100
40.2
72 hr.
5.077 NS5.482 *LSD
* (P≤0.05).
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Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
238
Bemisia tabaci which reached 59,0, 48. 5 and 40.2 %, respectively. Note that the
recorded fact distinguishes whiteflies as their tolerance and resistance to many
chemical pesticides, so the Nanopesticide can be considered very effective and it is
recommended to use it to combat this pest. This results identical to [6][3] were
founded whiteflies have the ability to develop resistance to both conventional and
nonconventional insecticides. Through the results obtained, the nanoparticles from the
aqueous extract of naringin (Citrus aurantium) showed a very high significant effect in
the mortality rate of the mosquitoes of the third and fourth stages and the virgin in
vitro; in addition to its significant effect on the mortality rates of the white fly stages in
the laboratory and in the field. These results came close to what he found [28]
Table 5. The relative efficacy of the nanoparticles of citruses naringin leaf extract on adult
phase of Bemisia tabaci whiteflies compared to Deltamethrine 2.5% EC.
4. CONCLUSION
The results of the study showed the possibility and ease of preparing
environmentally friendly nanoparticles synthesis using aqueous extract of naringin
(Citrus aurantium) with copper salts. Moreover, the prepared nanoparticles are fixed
and unchanging, that is, when the nanoparticles are formed, the color of the extract
changes from light green to black and remains constant. Also, the raw materials used
to prepare nanoparticles are inexpensive. Also, the nanoparticles do not generate
generations of insect resistance as is the case with chemical pesticides. So this idea
can be used in the Ministry of Agriculture, and for the benefit of citrus orchard farmers,
which are widespread in most governorates of the country, especially central,
southern and northern Iraq, in addition to the fact that most of Iraq's lands are suitable
for growing fruits, especially citrus fruits. But there are political factors, administrative
and economic corruption, mismanagement of the water of the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers, the spread of various plant diseases, including powdery mildew and the spread
of the white fruit fly, as well as high temperatures and drought in the long summer,
which led to the reluctance of farmers to abandon most orchards. Therefore, this
study proved the possibility of finding an alternative to traditional chemical insecticides
by using green nanotechnology as an environmentally friendly and safe insecticide
that would not be used in Iraq beforehand.
Relative efficiency of Citrus
aurantium leaf nanoparticles
Relative efficiency of 2.5%
of Deltamethrine pesticide
Examination times
(Hours)
96.8
59.0
24 hr.
97.6
48.5
48 hr.
100
40.2
72 hr.
5.077 NS
5.482 *
LSD
* (P≤0.05).
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.225-241
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My special thanks and gratitude to my parent and their continued support in life, my
beloved family, all members of my Market Research & Consumer Protection Center/
University of Baghdad and Ministry of Science and Technology. Directorate of
Environment and Water and all my friends.
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