EVALUATION THE WATER QUALITY OF AL-
RUSAFA TREATMENT PLANT IN BAGHDAD
CITY / AL-RUSAFA SIDE USING SEVERAL
WATER QUALITY INDICES
Ahmed Amer Shanoon*
College of Engineer, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
st.ahmed.amer@ced.nahrainuniv.edu.iq
Prof. Dr. Jabbar H. Al-Baidhani
College of Engineer, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Reception: 06/12/2022 Acceptance: 22/01/2023 Publication: 08/02/2023
Suggested citation:
A. S., Ahmed and H. A., Jabbar. (2023). Evaluation The Water Quality of Al-
Rusafa Treatment Plant in Baghdad City / Al-Rusafa Side Using Several
Water Quality Indices. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicada a la
pyme, 12(1), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
176
EVALUATION THE WATER QUALITY OF AL-
RUSAFA TREATMENT PLANT IN BAGHDAD
CITY / AL-RUSAFA SIDE USING SEVERAL
WATER QUALITY INDICES
Ahmed Amer Shanoon*
College of Engineer, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
st.ahmed.amer@ced.nahrainuniv.edu.iq
Prof. Dr. Jabbar H. Al-Baidhani
College of Engineer, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Reception: 06/12/2022 Acceptance: 22/01/2023 Publication: 08/02/2023
Suggested citation:
A. S., Ahmed and H. A., Jabbar. (2023). Evaluation The Water Quality of Al-
Rusafa Treatment Plant in Baghdad City / Al-Rusafa Side Using Several
Water Quality Indices. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicada a la
pyme, 12(1), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted drinking water treatment plant located in districts
which is (Al-Rusafa) in Baghdad city. The study aims to assess the water quality
produced from the above plant using various water quality indices. Twelve physical
and chemical parameters have been tested which are pH, turbidity, electrical
conductivity, calcium, magnesium, chloride, total hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, sodium
and total dissolved solids. Five different approaches and methodologies of water
quality indices were applied to get the level of pollution during a period of nine
months, starting from November 2021 until July 2022.The values WAV WQI for water
treatment pant indicate that the water quality was good. Also, the results of the MNE
WQI showed that water treatment plant produced clean water, but Al-Rusafa
treatment plant in April, the water was very clean. The values of (weighted method)
indicated that the water quality for water treatment plant was good. It was found that
water treatment plant studied gives excellent quality using based on values of CCME
and BCWQI indices. It is found that the values of all chemical and physical
parameters are within Iraqi standards. Finally, in the present study, many statistical
equation were found for the purpose of calculating the water quality index for water
treatment plant studied with a proper coefficient of determinations.
KEYWORDS
Water Quality Indices, WAV WQI, water treatment plants, CCME, BCWQI.
PAPER INDEX
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OF INFORMATION DIGITAL MANAGEMENT PLATFORM
STUDY AREA AND METHODS
1. MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY INDEX
1.1. Weigh Average Method WAV (WQI)
1.2. The Ministry and Environment Method MNE WQI
1.3. Water Quality Index
1.4. The CCME WQI index:
1.5. British Columbia water quality index (BCWQI).
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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177
INTRODUCTION
Water is a valuable natural resource that we utilize for drinking and a variety of
other reasons in our daily lives. [1]. Safe drinking water is essential for human health
around the world; as a universal solvent, water is a primary source of protection
against contamination and illness, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)
Water-borne diseases account for 80% of all diseases, and drinking water in many
countries does not satisfy WHO criteria [2], with 3.1 percent of deaths attributed to the
unclean and poor quality of water. [3]. Water pollution occurs when unwanted
contaminants enter water, altering its quality and posing a threat to the environment
and human health. [4]. Some drinking water supplies have been contaminated with
germs, viruses, heavy metals, and salts as a result of insufficient treatment and
management of waste industrial outputs. [5] Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and
typhoid are caused by a lack of safe drinking water and proper sanitation measures,
and millions of lives are lost each year in impoverished countries [6]. Water is required
not only for metabolic systems in the human body, but also for other activities related
with human life, such as distilled water for laboratories, medical factories, minerals in
drinking water, industries, agricultural, aquatic cultures, and other similar activities [7].
The WQI can be defined as a mathematical tool transforming large quantities of data
obtained from physical and chemical properties of water into a single number
representing the level of water quality (Bharti and Katyal, 2011) [14]. Water quality is
determined by its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Before using
water for different intended uses, such as potable, agricultural, recreational, and
industrial water utilizations, it is vital to determine the water's quality. It's critical to
establish water quality metrics in order to assess the condition, quality, and level of
contamination of surface water. Processing related data is necessary, and
professionals should be shown the outcomes. Using water quality indicators is one of
the simplest ways to evaluate current water quality conditions [10]. A need for all living
things as a result, "no water, no life" is correct [9]. As a result, the goal of water
treatment is to deliver water that is as close to pure as possible. Depending on the
source of water, the degree of contamination, and the desired water quality, this
treatment may be traditional or advanced. All water treatment plants in Iraq are
conventional, and they strive to remove suspended and pathogenic contaminants.
Sedimentation and filtering with coagulant assistance are employed to remove
suspended and colloidal particles in these traditional plants, and chlorine is used to kill
pathogens. After the water had went through the treatment process, multiple tests
were carried out to measure its parameters and compare them to standards in order
to assess its quality and determine whether it fulfilled the requisite criteria. Physical,
chemical, and biological factors are all tested in this water.
The Tigris river is Baghdad's primary source of drinking water; yet, in recent years,
there has been a rise in wastewater and direct Tigris river discharge. Furthermore, the
presence of antibiotics in drinking water, in addition to other contaminants, was
discovered [8], As a result, one of the most important resources is water.The research
on green ecological agriculture management is of great significance to the
development of ecological agriculture and the solution of various drawbacks and
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254-4143
Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
178
INTRODUCTION
Water is a valuable natural resource that we utilize for drinking and a variety of
other reasons in our daily lives. [1]. Safe drinking water is essential for human health
around the world; as a universal solvent, water is a primary source of protection
against contamination and illness, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)
Water-borne diseases account for 80% of all diseases, and drinking water in many
countries does not satisfy WHO criteria [2], with 3.1 percent of deaths attributed to the
unclean and poor quality of water. [3]. Water pollution occurs when unwanted
contaminants enter water, altering its quality and posing a threat to the environment
and human health. [4]. Some drinking water supplies have been contaminated with
germs, viruses, heavy metals, and salts as a result of insufficient treatment and
management of waste industrial outputs. [5] Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and
typhoid are caused by a lack of safe drinking water and proper sanitation measures,
and millions of lives are lost each year in impoverished countries [6]. Water is required
not only for metabolic systems in the human body, but also for other activities related
with human life, such as distilled water for laboratories, medical factories, minerals in
drinking water, industries, agricultural, aquatic cultures, and other similar activities [7].
The WQI can be defined as a mathematical tool transforming large quantities of data
obtained from physical and chemical properties of water into a single number
representing the level of water quality (Bharti and Katyal, 2011) [14]. Water quality is
determined by its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Before using
water for different intended uses, such as potable, agricultural, recreational, and
industrial water utilizations, it is vital to determine the water's quality. It's critical to
establish water quality metrics in order to assess the condition, quality, and level of
contamination of surface water. Processing related data is necessary, and
professionals should be shown the outcomes. Using water quality indicators is one of
the simplest ways to evaluate current water quality conditions [10]. A need for all living
things as a result, "no water, no life" is correct [9]. As a result, the goal of water
treatment is to deliver water that is as close to pure as possible. Depending on the
source of water, the degree of contamination, and the desired water quality, this
treatment may be traditional or advanced. All water treatment plants in Iraq are
conventional, and they strive to remove suspended and pathogenic contaminants.
Sedimentation and filtering with coagulant assistance are employed to remove
suspended and colloidal particles in these traditional plants, and chlorine is used to kill
pathogens. After the water had went through the treatment process, multiple tests
were carried out to measure its parameters and compare them to standards in order
to assess its quality and determine whether it fulfilled the requisite criteria. Physical,
chemical, and biological factors are all tested in this water.
The Tigris river is Baghdad's primary source of drinking water; yet, in recent years,
there has been a rise in wastewater and direct Tigris river discharge. Furthermore, the
presence of antibiotics in drinking water, in addition to other contaminants, was
discovered [8], As a result, one of the most important resources is water.The research
on green ecological agriculture management is of great significance to the
development of ecological agriculture and the solution of various drawbacks and
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
crises brought by modern agriculture. However, in the current e-commerce sales, the
safety and quality of agricultural products cannot be presented to customers. Based
on this, in our research, we build an information-based digital management platform,
which includes developed languages, frameworks and database. In the digital
information management platform, we track and monitor the agricultural product
information of green ecological agriculture in Northeast China throughout the whole
process, so as to ensure the safety and quality of the agricultural products during the
sale of the agricultural products on the e-commerce platform. In addition, we also
discussed the economic benefits of this digital information platform for green
ecological agriculture.
CONSTRUCTION OF INFORMATION DIGITAL
MANAGEMENT PLATFORM
In order to better understand the situation of green ecological agriculture in
Northeast China, this chapter mainly introduces the development languages,
development frameworks and tools used in the electronic platform of agricultural
products, and gives a brief introduction to them according to the situation of green
ecological agriculture in Northeast China. The advantages and reasons for selection
are analyzed one by one. These theories or tools include: languages, frameworks,
and databases.
It is necessary to continually studying the water quality, because it is greatly affects
human health. For the purpose of evaluating the level of drinking water quality in the
city of Baghdad, more than one water quality index has been used and selected plant
on the Rusafa side, which is: AL-Rusafa.
STUDY AREA AND METHODS
The present study was conducted to evaluate the treatment efficiency of water
treatment plant in the city of Baghdad on the Rusafa side which is :( AL-Rusafa) using
five indices of water quality. The source of raw water of these plant is the Tigris river.
Samples of drinking water were collected from plant studied for the period from
November 2021 to July 2022. Twelve parameters were used for calculating the water
quality index. These parameters are: pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, calcium,
magnesium, chloride, total hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, sodium and total dissolved
solids. The Iraqi recommended Guidelines for drinking water specifications are
presented in Table 1.
1. MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY INDEX
The most general characteristic of the present study is the use of several water
quality indices in order to ascertain the level of pollution in sone water treatment plant
in the Baghdad city Al- Rusafa side.The water quality indices used in the present
study are as follows:
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1.1. WEIGH AVERAGE METHOD WAV (WQI)
The WQI index can be determined by the following steps [11]:
1) In this method each parameter has been given a relative weight (Wi).
2)
Computing the quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter by using the following
equation:
qi=(Ci/Si)100 (1)
Where:
qi= quality rating scale
Ci= concentration of each parameter in each water sample in (mg/L).
Si=Iraqi drinking water standards for each chemical parameter.
3) Computing the sub index of each parameter by using the following equation:
SIi=Wi×qi (2)
Where
SIi= is the sub index of each parameter
WQI = ∑ SIi (3)
1.2. THE MINISTRY AND ENVIRONMENT METHOD MNE WQI
The second water quality index is the method which is adopted by Ministry of
Nature and Environment (MNE) of Mongolia [12]. In this method the number of
parameters has been taken into account and all the parameters have the same
weight. The selected parameters included (Ca+2, Mg+2, TH, Cl-, Na+, SO4-2, Alk,
Fe+3 and TDS).
WQI = ∑(Ci/Si)/n (4)
Where:
n= is the number of parameters
1.3. WATER QUALITY INDEX
In order to calculate the Water Quality Index, the following steps were used:
Weighting: The word weighting implies relative significance of each of the factor in
the overall water quality and it depends on the permissible level in drinking water as
suggested by Iraqi standard. Factors which have higher permissible limits are less
harmful and have low weightings [13].
Wi = K/Sn (1)
Wi - Unit weight of chemical factor, K - constant of proportionality and is given as:
K=1/(1/Vs1+1/Vs2+ ………+1/Vsn) (2)
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1.1. WEIGH AVERAGE METHOD WAV (WQI)
The WQI index can be determined by the following steps [11]:
1) In this method each parameter has been given a relative weight (Wi).
2) Computing the quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter by using the following
equation:
qi=(Ci/Si)100 (1)
Where:
qi= quality rating scale
Ci= concentration of each parameter in each water sample in (mg/L).
Si=Iraqi drinking water standards for each chemical parameter.
3) Computing the sub index of each parameter by using the following equation:
SIi=Wi×qi (2)
Where
SIi= is the sub index of each parameter
WQI = ∑ SIi (3)
1.2. THE MINISTRY AND ENVIRONMENT METHOD MNE WQI
The second water quality index is the method which is adopted by Ministry of
Nature and Environment (MNE) of Mongolia [12]. In this method the number of
parameters has been taken into account and all the parameters have the same
weight. The selected parameters included (Ca+2, Mg+2, TH, Cl-, Na+, SO4-2, Alk,
Fe+3 and TDS).
WQI = ∑(Ci/Si)/n (4)
Where:
n= is the number of parameters
1.3. WATER QUALITY INDEX
In order to calculate the Water Quality Index, the following steps were used:
Weighting: The word weighting implies relative significance of each of the factor in
the overall water quality and it depends on the permissible level in drinking water as
suggested by Iraqi standard. Factors which have higher permissible limits are less
harmful and have low weightings [13].
Wi = K/Sn (1)
Wi - Unit weight of chemical factor, K - constant of proportionality and is given as:
K=1/(1/Vs1+1/Vs2+ ………+1/Vsn) (2)
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Vsi - standard value of ith parameter
Rating scale: Each chemical factor has been assigned a water quality rating to
calculate WQI.
Qi = 100 [(Va-Vi)/ (Vs-Vi) (3)
Where,
Qi = Water quality for each parameter (i)
Va - average of measured values in the water sample for three months at one place
Vs - Standard value of ith parameter
Vi - ideal value for pure water (0 for all parameters except pH)
The above equation becomes:
Qi=100(Va/Vs) (4)
For pH: The ideal value = 7.0; Max. Permissible value = 8.5,
QpH = 100 [(Va-7.0)/ (8.5-7.0)]
WQIi=Qi*Wi (5)
Water Quality Index (WQI) = [Σ QiWi)/ΣWi ] (6)
ΣWi = total unit weight of all chemical factors.
1.4. THE CCME WQI INDEX:
In the present study CCME WQI was used to calculate the water quality. This index
can be determined as follows:
The F1 is called Scope which represents the percentage of variables that do not
meet their objectives at least once during the interval under consideration (“failed
variables”), relative to the total number of variables measured:
F1=[(Number of failed variables)/(Total number of variables)]*100
F2 is called Frequency which represents the percentage of failed tests :
F2=[(Number of failed tests)/(Total number of tests)]*100
F3 is called Amplitude, which represents the deviations of the failed tests from their
objectives. It is determined as follows:
The term “Excursion” represents the number of times that certain concentration is
different from the objective. When the value of the test is less than the objective,
Excursion is given by:
Excursion=[(Failed Test value)/Objective]-1
When test value is greater than the objective, Excursion is given by:
Excursion=[Objective/(Failed Test value)]-1
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The sum of exertions of individual tests divided by the total number of tests is called
normalized sum of excursions (nse) and is computed as follows:
F3 is a function of nse and is given by:
Finally CCME WQI is calculated as follows:
The water quality is ranked according to CCME WQI as stated in Table(Bharti and
Katyal, 2011)
1.5. BRITISH COLUMBIA WATER QUALITY INDEX (BCWQI).
This index was developed by the Canadian Ministry of Environ-ment as an
increasing index. For water quality evaluation, where water quality parameters are
measured and their violation is determined by comparison with a predefined limit. The
BCWQI makes possible the classification on the basis of all existing measurement
parameters(15). The formula is expressed as:
0.5
Where: F1 (scope) = number of the non-succeeded varia-bles to the total number
of the variables; F2 (frequency) = number of the unsuccessful tests to the total
number of tests.
Where: NF = number of the failed variables, TNV = total number of variables, NFT
= number of the failed test; TNT = total number of the tests.
In the BCWQI formula 1.453 is the constant used to give confidence to the scale
index number from 0 to 100. The degree of the confidence in the BCWQI depends on
the repeated sampling procedure [POONAM 2013].
n
se =
[∑n
i=1
Excursion
FailedTestvalue
]
−
1
F
3 =
[nse
0.01 + 0.01nse ]
−
1
C
CMEWQI = 100 −
F2
1+ F2
2+ F2
3
1.732
B
CWQI =
[F2
1
+ F2
2
1.453
]
F
1 =
NF
TN V
*
100
F
2 =
NFT
T N T
*
100
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The sum of exertions of individual tests divided by the total number of tests is called
normalized sum of excursions (nse) and is computed as follows:
F3 is a function of nse and is given by:
Finally CCME WQI is calculated as follows:
The water quality is ranked according to CCME WQI as stated in Table(Bharti and
Katyal, 2011)
1.5. BRITISH COLUMBIA WATER QUALITY INDEX (BCWQI).
This index was developed by the Canadian Ministry of Environ-ment as an
increasing index. For water quality evaluation, where water quality parameters are
measured and their violation is determined by comparison with a predefined limit. The
BCWQI makes possible the classification on the basis of all existing measurement
parameters(15). The formula is expressed as:
0.5
Where: F1 (scope) = number of the non-succeeded varia-bles to the total number
of the variables; F2 (frequency) = number of the unsuccessful tests to the total
number of tests.
Where: NF = number of the failed variables, TNV = total number of variables, NFT
= number of the failed test; TNT = total number of the tests.
In the BCWQI formula 1.453 is the constant used to give confidence to the scale
index number from 0 to 100. The degree of the confidence in the BCWQI depends on
the repeated sampling procedure [POONAM 2013].
nse =[∑n
i=1 Excursion
FailedTestvalue ]−1
F3=[nse
0.01 + 0.01nse ]−1
CCMEWQI = 100 −
F2
1+ F2
2+ F2
3
1.732
BCWQI = [F2
1+ F2
2
1.453 ]
F1 = NF
TN V *100
F2 = NFT
T N T *100
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In order to calculate the WQI
, the Iraqi drinking water standard values
corresponding to the measured parameters were used, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Iraqi drinking water standards [17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23]
Table 2. Water quality classification based on WAV method
Table 3. Water quality classification based on MNE method
Iraqi standardunitparameter
6.5-8.5-pH
125-200mg/LAlkalinity
500mg/LTotal Hardness as CaCO3
100mg/L
Magnesium (Mg+2)
150mg/L
Calcium (Ca+2)
200mg/LSodium (Na+)
350mg/LChloride (Cl-)
400mg/L
Sulphate SO4-2
5NTUTurbidity
2000µs/cmConductivity
1000mg/LTDS
Water Quality
WQI
value
Excellent0-25
Good water26-50
Poor water51-75
Very poor water76-100
Water unsuitable for drinking>100
Water QualityWQI value
Very clean≤0.3
clean0.31-0.89
Slightly polluted0.9-2.49
Moderately polluted2.5-3.99
Heavily polluted4-5.99
Dirty water≥6.0
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Table 4. Water quality index scale
Table 5. The water quality is ranked according to CCME and BCWQI WQI as stated.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The values of WAV WQI index of water treatment pant are between (29.91-36.98)
for treated water, and those results showed that indicators of treated water of water
treatment plant studied were good, while the highest value was (36.98) in January due
to the high concentration of Cl- and Mg+2. Also, the results showed that the values of
the MNE WQI of water treatment plant studied are between (0.298-0.35) for the
treated water and all the values indicated that the treated water is clean, but gives
very clean according to MNE method classification in June month, while the highest
value was (0.35) in January due to the high concentration of Cl- and Mg+2. The
values of index of (weighted method) ranged between (33.19-48.44) for the treated
water. The results showed that all index values of treated water of water treatment
plant studied were good, according to WQI method classification. The highest value
found was(48.44) in July, due to the high concentration of TH,Ph and Na. The
obtained value of the Canadian index was (99.99) for the treated water for all months
studied, and the such value indicates that the treated water is excellent according to
CCME method classification. Also, the value of the British index was (100) for the
treated water for all months studied, and such value indicates that the treated water is
excellent according to BCWQI method classification. The statistical program which is
called STATISTICA,version (25) was used concluding statistical equations of water
quality index in terms of time for all plant studied. The coefficient of determination (R2)
is calculated to find the degree of credibility of the equations obtained, which is as
follows of Al-Rusafa Water Treatment Plant as show in the figer.
WQI Description
0-25 Excellent
26-50 Good
51-75 Moderately polluted
76-100 severely polluted
>100 unfit for human consumption
RanksCWQI Categories
Excellent95-100
Good
80-94
Fair65-79
Marginal
45-64
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Table 4. Water quality index scale
Table 5. The water quality is ranked according to CCME and BCWQI WQI as stated.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The values of WAV WQI index of water treatment pant are between (29.91-36.98)
for treated water, and those results showed that indicators of treated water of water
treatment plant studied were good, while the highest value was (36.98) in January due
to the high concentration of Cl- and Mg+2. Also, the results showed that the values of
the MNE WQI of water treatment plant studied are between (0.298-0.35) for the
treated water and all the values indicated that the treated water is clean, but gives
very clean according to MNE method classification in June month, while the highest
value was (0.35) in January due to the high concentration of Cl- and Mg+2. The
values of index of (weighted method) ranged between (33.19-48.44) for the treated
water. The results showed that all index values of treated water of water treatment
plant studied were good, according to WQI method classification. The highest value
found was(48.44) in July, due to the high concentration of TH,Ph and Na. The
obtained value of the Canadian index was (99.99) for the treated water for all months
studied, and the such value indicates that the treated water is excellent according to
CCME method classification. Also, the value of the British index was (100) for the
treated water for all months studied, and such value indicates that the treated water is
excellent according to BCWQI method classification. The statistical program which is
called STATISTICA,version (25) was used concluding statistical equations of water
quality index in terms of time for all plant studied. The coefficient of determination (R2)
is calculated to find the degree of credibility of the equations obtained, which is as
follows of Al-Rusafa Water Treatment Plant as show in the figer.
WQI
Description
0-25
Excellent
26-50
Good
51-75
Moderately polluted
76-100
severely polluted
>100
unfit for human consumption
Ranks
CWQI Categories
Excellent
95-100
Good
80-94
Fair
65-79
Marginal
45-64
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In which, WAV is,and t is in( month).The cofficent of determination R2
is equal to
0.855.
WAV=42.45-5.18 t +0.71 (t) 2 -0.03 (t)3 (1)
In which, MNE is,and t is in( month).The cofficent of determination R2
is equal to
0.801.
MNE=40.08-4.47 t +0.67 (t) 2 -0.03 (t)3 (2)
In which, WQI is,and t is in( month).The cofficent of determination R2
is equal to
0.709.
WQI=47.8-9.02 t +2.03 (t) 2 -0.11 (t)3 (3)
Figure. 1. Statistical Relationship of WAV Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment
Plant.
Figure 2. Statistical Relationship of MNE Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment
Plant.
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Figure 3. Statistical Relationship of WQI Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment Plant.
In which, CCME is,and t is in( month)of all Water Treatment Plant:
CCME=0*t+99.99 (4)
In which, BCWQI is,and t is in( month)of all Water Treatment Plant:
BCWQI=0*t+100 (5)
Figure 4. Statistical Relationship of CCME Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment
Plant
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Figure 3. Statistical Relationship of WQI Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment Plant.
In which, CCME is,and t is in( month)of all Water Treatment Plant:
CCME=0*t+99.99 (4)
In which, BCWQI is,and t is in( month)of all Water Treatment Plant:
BCWQI=0*t+100 (5)
Figure 4. Statistical Relationship of CCME Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment
Plant
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Figure 5. Statistical Relationship of BCWQI Index and Time for Al-Rusafa Water Treatment
Plant.
CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that the treated water quality from the water treatment plant
studies was good according to the WAV classification. All values of MNE index for
treated water from all water treatment plant studied showed that the water is clean but
in April, the water quality was very clean according to MNE method classification. All
values of WQI for treated water produced from water treatment plant showed that
treated water is good water WQI method classification. The results showed that the
water quality for treated water was excellent according to the CCME classification.
Finally the results showed excellent water quality can be obtained for treated water
based on the BCWQI classification.
Table 6. Average monthly test results for treated water produced from Al-Rusafa WTP.(16)
Value in testunitParameter
Jul
2022
Jun
2022
May
2022
Apr
2022
Mar
2022
Feb
2022
Jan
2022
Dec
2021
Nov
2021
2.01.81.50.91.11.11.71.92.8NTUTurbidity
264254257258299325331301312mg·dm-3 TH
7.987.947.897.877.887.97.817.877.88-PH
471458496456516556585558589mg·dm-3TDS
141139139148152153148141144mg·dm-3alk
625564536167736871mg·dm-3 Cl-
242322232832332931mg·dm-3Mg2+
0.070.050.060.040.050.030.040.040.11mg·dm-3Fe2+
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Table 7. Water quality indices for Al-Rusafa WTP
REFERENCES
(1) Bibi, S., Khan, R. L., Nazir, R., Khan, P., Rehman, H. U., Shakir, S. K. and Jan,
R. (2016). Heavy Metals Analysis in Drinking Water of Lakki Marwat District,
KPK, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 34(1), 15-19.
(2) Khan, N., Hussain, S. T., Saboor, A., Jamila, N. and Kim, K. S. (2019).
Physicochemical Investigation of The Drinking Water Sources from
Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Life Science Journal, 16(3).
(3) Pawari, M. J. and Gawande, S. (2015). Ground Water Pollution & Its
Consequence. International Journal of Engineering Research and General
Science, 3(4), 773-776
(4) Alrumman, S., Keshk, S. and El Kott, A. (2016). Water Pollution: Source &
Treatment. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 88-98.
(5) Rafi, M. K., Rmachar, T. and Umamahesh, M. (2011). A Study on Chemical
Analysis of Drinking Water from Some Communities in Nandyal rural areas
of Kurnool district, Andhra pradesh, India. International Journal of Civil and
Structural Engineering, 2(1), 351.
(6) Ombaka, O., Gichumbi, J. M. and Kibara, D. (2013). Evaluation of Ground
Water and Tap Water Quality in the villages surrounding Chuka town,
Kenya. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences (JCBPS), 3(2),
1551.
(7) Dkhar, E. N., Dkhar, P. S. and Anal, J. M. H. (2014). Trace Elements Analysis
in Drinking Water of Meghalaya by using Graphite Furnace-Atomic
1.021.011.160.990.780.430.670.330.42mg·dm-3NO3 -
0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01mg·dm-3NH3 +
666466667478787374mg/LCalcium
(Ca+2)
13110410610293798069.270.6mg/LSodium
(Na+)
160154168155173188195185195mg/LSulfate
(SO4)
704683741681770830873833879µs/cmEC
7/20226/20225/20224/20223/20222/20221/202212/202111/2021WQI
31.806429.914831.248630.059333.684535.904336.985734.197235.6532WAV
0.32350.29830.31140.29900.32880.34470.35480.32660.3400MNE
48.44145.12940.52533.19536.08336.75341.67945.08843.246wqi
99.9999.9999.9999.9999.9999.9999.9999.9999.99CCME
100100100100100100100100100
BCWQI
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Ed.43 | Iss.12 | N.1 January - March 2023
188
Table 7. Water quality indices for Al-Rusafa WTP
REFERENCES
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R. (2016). Heavy Metals Analysis in Drinking Water of Lakki Marwat District,
KPK, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 34(1), 15-19.
(2) Khan, N., Hussain, S. T., Saboor, A., Jamila, N. and Kim, K. S. (2019).
Physicochemical Investigation of The Drinking Water Sources from
Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Life Science Journal, 16(3).
(3) Pawari, M. J. and Gawande, S. (2015). Ground Water Pollution & Its
Consequence. International Journal of Engineering Research and General
Science, 3(4), 773-776
(4) Alrumman, S., Keshk, S. and El Kott, A. (2016). Water Pollution: Source &
Treatment. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 88-98.
(5) Rafi, M. K., Rmachar, T. and Umamahesh, M. (2011). A Study on Chemical
Analysis of Drinking Water from Some Communities in Nandyal rural areas
of Kurnool district, Andhra pradesh, India. International Journal of Civil and
Structural Engineering, 2(1), 351.
(6) Ombaka, O., Gichumbi, J. M. and Kibara, D. (2013). Evaluation of Ground
Water and Tap Water Quality in the villages surrounding Chuka town,
Kenya. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences (JCBPS), 3(2),
1551.
(7) Dkhar, E. N., Dkhar, P. S. and Anal, J. M. H. (2014). Trace Elements Analysis
in Drinking Water of Meghalaya by using Graphite Furnace-Atomic
1.02
1.01
1.16
0.99
0.78
0.43
0.67
0.33
0.42
mg·dm-3
NO3 -
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
mg·dm-3
NH3 +
66
64
66
66
74
78
78
73
74
mg/L
Calcium
(Ca+2)
131
104
106
102
93
79
80
69.2
70.6
mg/L
Sodium
(Na+)
160
154
168
155
173
188
195
185
195
mg/L
Sulfate
(SO4)
704
683
741
681
770
830
873
833
879
µs/cm
EC
7/2022
6/2022
5/2022
4/2022
3/2022
2/2022
1/2022
12/2021
11/2021
WQI
31.8064
29.9148
31.2486
30.0593
33.6845
35.9043
36.9857
34.1972
35.6532
WAV
0.3235
0.2983
0.3114
0.2990
0.3288
0.3447
0.3548
0.3266
0.3400
MNE
48.441
45.129
40.525
33.195
36.083
36.753
41.679
45.088
43.246
wqi
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
CCME
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
BCWQI
https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.176-189
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