RESEARCH ON GEOLOGICAL

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND

GEOLOGICAL DISASTERS CONTROL

COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

Cheng Liu*

College of Artiﬁcial Intelligence, Dazhou Vocational and Technical College,

Dazhou, Sichuan, 635001, China

liuchenglyl@163.com

Reception: 18/11/2022 Acceptance: 07/01/2023 Publication: 27/01/2023

Suggested citation:

L., Cheng (2023). Research on geological environment protection and

geological disasters control countermeasures in China. 3C Empresa.

Investigación y pensamiento crítico, 12(1), 186-205. https://doi.org/

10.17993/3cemp.2023.120151.186-205

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186

ABSTRACT

Geological disasters in mines, ecological environment and geology and

geomorphology are closely bound up with each other. To reduce or avoid economic

loss and to decrease the threat degree of geological disasters to life safety, the

protection of geological environment are formulated in this study. Specifically, this

includes taking mines that are dominated by thin bedded carbonate as the research

objects. The goals of this study include prevention and control of geological disasters

and protection of geological environment. The data are based on characteristics of

geological strata in mines collected by the exploration, and combined with the

characteristics of geomorphic environment, relevant rules aiming at the prevention

and control of geological disasters. Then, pursuant to the selection of indicators, an

evaluation system is constructed to verify the effectiveness of measures and

strategies proposed, in which the score value is converted into the corresponding

level to test the implementation effect of the measures and strategies proposed.

Through comparing the changes of the utility levels before and after the

implementation of measures and strategies proposed, it can be seen that the

geological disaster levels of the five mining areas in the study region are respectively

improved from the non-ideal levels Ⅴ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅴ, Ⅳ to Ⅱ, Ⅰ, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅱ, with the tailings pond

leakage times less than 4 times and collapse volume less than 5m3. And, the levels of

geological environment are upgraded from levels Ⅳ, Ⅳ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅴ to ideal levels Ⅱ, Ⅱ, Ⅱ,

Ⅰ, Ⅱ, accomplished by the vegetation coverage rate of the mine reaching more than

35%, as well as the recovery rate of exploitation and utilization rate of tailings both

exceeding 85%, which indicates that the protection strategy proposed in this paper

has good practicality and feasibility.

KEYWORDS

Geological characteristics; Geological disasters; Geomorphic environment; Linear

weighted average method; Utility level; China

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PAPER INDEX

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

3. MINE GEOLOGICAL HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

AND GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

STRATEGY DESIGN

3.1. Rules for geological hazard prevention and control measures in

mines

3.2. Mine geological environmental protection strategy rules

4. EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR THE UTILITY OF GEOLOGICAL

DISASTER PREVENTION AND CONTROL AND GEOLOGICAL

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES

5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

6. DISCUSSION

7. CONCLUSION

8. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

REFERENCES

10. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

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1. INTRODUCTION

China is rich in mineral resources with huge reserves, and is one of the few large

resource countries in the world. The demand for mineral resources has been

accompanied by rapid economic development and has a long history of mining

development [1-2]. In recent years, the scale of mining has been rapidly developed

and expanded, and the development of mining resources has strongly disturbed the

geological environment [3-5]. Mining resources are providing resources for urban

construction and social development, providing industrial food for the national

economy, and accelerating economic and social development. However, it has also

triggered a series of frequent geological disasters such as ground collapse, cave-in,

and roofing, leaving behind many mining geological environment problems [6-7].

Especially, the mining geological environment problems caused by open-pit mining

are particularly serious, which put the lives of people at risk and property loss, and

become one of the important elements threatening ecological security [8-10].

With the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization and the

implementation of ecological civilization construction strategy, along with the massive

mining and range expansion of mines, the geological environment problems of mines

have become increasingly prominent and the degree of ecological damage has

become more and more serious, leading to serious geological disaster problems in

mines [11-14]. Especially on abandoned mines around urban areas and within the

visual range along important traffic arteries, the resulting destruction of vegetation,

exposed hills and land damage have a bad impact on the city image and ecological

environment [15-19]. Mine geological hazards have become a hot issue of public

concern and social attention, and gradually evolved into a major obstacle to social and

economic development, making the prevention of geological hazards and ecological

environment restoration and management increasingly a common demand [20-22].

Therefore, it is urgent to vigorously implement comprehensive remediation of

mining geological environment, repair the ecological environment of mining areas,

improve the level of scientific land use and further improve the image of the city. This

has not only become a major issue concerning urban development and ecological

civilization construction, but also an effective means to eliminate geological disasters

and guarantee the safety of people's lives and properties. Besides, it is also an

important initiative to make full use of mining resources, promote economic

development, ensure social stability and improve ecological civilization construction

[23-25].

The environmental problems of mining areas have been widely concerned and

valued by societies in various countries. For example, the literature [26] explored the

intensive use of magnetic resonance populations, taking Yangquan, China, as an

example, from the scientific connotation of magnetic resonance populations, and

proposed a dynamic improvement path to enhance the intensive use, thus filling the

gap in this field. The background conditions of the mine and the basic cases of the

corresponding mining enterprises, both of which are indicators presented by the

resource itself in the process of converting minerals into useful products, constitute

the basic framework for identifying and enhancing the intensive use of mineral

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resources. The results show that mining enterprises are the core of intensive

utilization, the mining recovery rate contributes most to the intensive utilization of

resources, and the mine size does have an impact on the intensive utilization of

resources, but the impact will gradually decrease when a certain size is reached.

Therefore, from the perspective of enterprise governance, a corresponding dynamic

improvement path is adopted in an attempt to increase the degree of intensification. In

the literature [27], a Bayesian belief network probabilistic prediction framework was

developed to support practical and cost-effective decision making for decentralized

disposal management. This approach allows the incorporation of expert knowledge in

cases where data are insufficient for modeling. The performance of the model was

validated using field data from actively managed mine sites and was found to be

consistent in predicting soil erosion and ground cover. In the literature [28], stability

studies were carried out for weathered toxic sand mine wastes of amorphous iron

arsenate/pyrochlore using different doses of modifiers, as determined by X-ray

diffraction and polarized light microscopy, to evaluate the effectiveness of such

treatments using batch and column leaching methods. Under the equilibrium

conditions imposed by the applied standard batch leaching tests, both treatments

achieved significant reductions in leachable arsenic concentrations under their optimal

conditions, making the mine wastes acceptable in controlled landfills as defined by

international legislation. The literature [29] investigated dust pollution in open-pit coal

mines in cold regions and explored its main influencing factors. The dust pollution

characteristics were determined by statistical analysis, and the main influencing

factors of dust concentration in different seasons were calculated using the integrated

gray correlation. A hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integral trajectory model was

used to simulate the dust pollution from the mine to the surrounding area. Based on

the results of the study, an optimal mine design strategy was designed to better

control dust in mining and adjacent areas, especially in winter. The literature [30]

focused on underground mining in Pakistan, using the decision matrix risk

assessment method to assess events based on their severity and probability, and

based on the results of the resulting study, proposed management measures that

would help avoid mining accidents by applying occupational safety and health

regulations issued by the Ministry of Mines. The above approach is mainly manifested

in the shift from static implementation of environmental policies and standards to the

implementation of dynamic management. There is a shift from a single management

tool to strengthening cooperation between government departments and mining

companies and enhancing the environmental protection capacity of mining

companies. However, with the huge impact of mining environmental problems on

economic development, social progress and ecological environment, there is still a

need to continuously carry out research on mining environmental problems.

The large-scale development and utilization of mineral resources has caused

serious geohazards and geological environmental problems, and there is a certain

connection between this problem and geomorphological feature. Based on this, this

paper develops a geohazard prevention and control measure and geological

environmental protection strategy consisting of three strategic points each, based on

the geological and geomorphological features of the study area. Using the United

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Nations Commission on Sustainable Development's menu-based multi-indicator type

indicator system approach, an evaluation indicator system for verifying the specific

effectiveness of prevention and control measures and protection strategies is

constructed for the reference of management and mining enterprises. The ultimate

goal is to minimize the damage to the geological environment of mines and to restore

it gradually.

2. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

A mine with thin-layered carbonate rocks as the main mineral resource was

selected as the study object, and the geological and geomorphological features of the

mine are shown in Figure 1. The stratigraphy of the study area mainly includes

Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic. According to the lithological

characteristics, the stratigraphy of the mine area can be divided into two sets of rock

systems, namely the Triassic mud and sandstone rock system, and the carbonate

rock system below the Triassic system. The primary sedimentary chain soil deposits

are distributed in the stratum of carbonate rock system on the upper side, underlain by

thick-layered carbonate rocks, and the rocks below the primary sedimentary chain soil

deposits are light in color, pure and with little lithological variation. The rocks above

the primary sedimentary silver earth ore layer are mostly thin-layered carbonate rocks

with dark color, high lithological variation and muddy interlayer. The Triassic siltstone

is mostly a fine-grained shoulder structure with tuffaceous components. The

lithological characteristics of the mine stratigraphy can be summarized as the

complete development process of the opening, expansion, interrupted surface and

closing of the Right River Basin. The Right River Basin opened in the middle

Devonian, and no pre-Devonian stratigraphic basement is exposed in the mine area,

which cannot reflect the characteristics of the stratigraphic interface of the basin

opening. The petrographic situation of the stratigraphy of the mine area indicates that

the mine has a terrace tectonic nature and basically maintains a terrace shallow water

depositional environment from the Devonian, although it also shows a temporary

increase in water depth, but does not change the terrace nature. Therefore, the

geography of the area generally belongs to a terrace environment in 31the Right River

Basin.

The selected mines are located from southwest to northeast of the Right River,

Bujian River and Pingzhi River, all of which are oriented in a northwesterly direction,

forming a pattern of distribution between karst landforms and river landforms. On the

southwest side of the Right River are the No. 1 and No. 2 mines, between the Right

River and the Bujian River is the No. 3 mine, and between the Bujian River and the

Pingzhi River are the No. 4 and No. 5 mines. The mining area is mainly divided into

two types of landforms, karst and river valley. The karst landforms are mainly

composed of mountainous positive terrain, and the river valley landforms are

distributed in the negative terrain of the basin. The geomorphology of the mine area is

mainly controlled by lithology and tectonics, and constitutes a combination of lithologic

and tectonic geomorphology. The lithological control shows that the karst landform is

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developed in the carbonate stratum of the former Triassic, and the river landform is

developed in the Triassic mudstone stratum. The tectonic control shows that the karst

landforms are developed in the back-sloping core and the fluvial landforms are

developed in the diagonal core. Since the geological and geomorphic features of the

mine have not been discussed much in previous studies, the geology and

geomorphology of the target area are combined in a comprehensive study to lay the

foundation for the development of subsequent geological hazard prevention and

control measures and geological environmental protection strategies.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the geological features of the study area

3. MINE GEOLOGICAL HAZARD PREVENTION AND

CONTROL AND GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION STRATEGY DESIGN

Based on the geological features of the study area, the geological hazard

prevention and control measures and geological environmental protection strategies

shown in Table 1 are formulated.

Table 1 Mine geohazard prevention and control and geological environmental protection

strategy

Strategic objectives Strategy points

Geological disaster prevention and control

Disaster monitoring

Landslide prevention and control

Prevention and control of sudden water

Geological environmental protection

Fulfill regulatory responsibilities in accordance

with the law and implement the main responsibility

of enterprises

Improve the technology content and level of mine

environmental protection

Exploring new ways to develop and manage mines

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3.1. RULES FOR GEOLOGICAL HAZARD PREVENTION AND

CONTROL MEASURES IN MINES

(1) Mine geological disaster monitoring is the basic work in mine geological disaster

prevention and control. The main purpose of mine geological disaster monitoring is to

understand the changes of mine geological environment in time and space, analyze

the relationship between mining and mine geological environment changes, and

provide basic reference information for formulating mine geological environmental

protection measures and improving mine geological environment. In the specific mine

geological disaster prevention and control process, reasonable and effective

monitoring technology should be used according to the needs of mine geological

environment monitoring, and mine terrain monitoring instruments should be

developed. Introduce advanced mining geological environment monitoring technology,

such as modern information collection technology, Zigbee wireless networking

technology, modern network communication technology, etc., to effectively monitor

and prevent mining geological disasters, so as to reduce the casualties and economic

losses caused by mining geological disasters.

(2) In order to effectively manage mining geological hazards, it is necessary to do a

good job of preventing and controlling crumbling. First, reduce the height of the steps.

For areas where there are a lot of weathered and broken or soft structural surfaces,

the self-weight should be reduced by using measures to lower the height or slow

down the slope, and the height of the steps should be controlled within 9 meters.

Second, interception of rolling rocks. For areas where rolling rocks occur frequently,

not only do you need to set up warning signs, but you also need to set up intercepting

structures at the foot of the slope. For example, production stripping can be dumped

to stop rolling rocks and debris at a location away from the foot of the slope. Thirdly,

when horizontal blasting operations are carried out at the end of mining, it is

necessary to use slope residual cracking blasting and hole-by-hole seismic control

blasting technology to alleviate blasting damage to the slope, thereby preventing the

generation of crumbling disasters.

(3) The problem of sudden water is one of the key problems in mining geological

hazards, which requires corresponding prevention and control measures, which can

be carried out in the following aspects. First, mine-waterproofing. In the process of

mine waterproofing, measures need to be taken to prevent water from flowing into the

mine and to effectively control the inflow. In this way, it can reduce the amount of

water gushing into the mine, save the cost of drainage, reduce the cost of coal

production and prevent water damage from the root of the problem. Second, mine

drainage. In order to remove mine water, drainage ditches, water bins and pumps in

mine tunnels can be used.

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3.2. MINE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

STRATEGY RULES

(1) In order to effectively protect the mine geological environment, an annual

treatment plan should be implemented and a sound monitoring network for the mine

geological environment should be established. Dynamic monitoring of mine geological

environment, regular reporting of mine geological environment to the competent

natural resources department at the county level where the mine is located, and

submission of real monitoring information. In addition, the relevant departments

should target the mining right holder to fulfill the obligations of mine geological

environmental protection and treatment and restoration. And establish a system of

supervision and inspection, and use the results of supervision and inspection as the

procedure for applying for the continuation, change and transfer of mining rights. In

addition, the sampling of corporate information social disclosure should be a key

review. The relevant departments also need to use remote sensing monitoring data of

the mining geological environment to detect and dispose of illegal mining practices in

a timely manner.

(2) Rely on scientific and technological progress and technological innovation to

improve the level of geological environmental protection in mines. Strengthen the

development and application of new technologies, new techniques and new methods,

increase investment in science and technology, and promote technological progress in

comprehensive utilization of resources. In addition, funding should also be

strengthened for research fields such as mining environmental geology. Research on

the impact of mine development on the geological environment and prevention and

control technologies, research on the treatment of the three wastes of mining industry

and waste recovery and comprehensive utilization technologies, and research on

advanced mining and selection technologies and processing and utilization

technologies, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting the geological environment of

mines.

(3) Comprehensive consideration of mineral resources planning, mine geological

environment protection and management planning, ecological environment planning,

etc. Government departments should give priority to the geological environment

management of mines within the visual range of the "three zones and two lines". For

the remaining scattered resources, the mountain does not have the conditions for

restoration and there are potential safety hazards, if it is in line with the mineral

resources plan, the mining rights should be reset. If it does not conform to the mineral

resources plan, it can be disposed of by the relevant government department where

the mine is located in accordance with the principles of government-led, expert-

evaluated, strict control and clear responsibility, and the corresponding residual

resources will be used for geological environment treatment.

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4. EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR THE UTILITY OF

GEOLOGICAL DISASTER PREVENTION AND

CONTROL AND GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION STRATEGIES

In order to effectively and accurately analyze the specific utility of the developed

geohazard prevention and geological environmental protection strategies for the study

area and to establish a reasonable evaluation index system, the prerequisite is to

solve several problems. The first is the scientific nature of the indicators. The second

is the operability and measurability of the indicators. The third is the conciseness of

the metrics. Based on the above starting point, after fully considering the impact of the

geological features of the mine on geological hazards and geological environment,

reference is made to the sustainable development index system proposed by various

units and departments. And using the method of the United Nations Commission on

Sustainable Development menu-type multi-indicator type indicator system, it is

proposed to construct the evaluation index system of mine geohazard condition and

geological environmental level from two major first-level indicators and 13 second-

level indicators. Thus, the specific utility of geological disaster prevention and control

and geological environmental protection strategies can be verified. The weights of the

indicators in this index system can also be obtained through hierarchical analysis

[31-33]. For details, see Table 2.

Table 2 Evaluation system of the utility of geological disaster prevention and control and

geological environmental protection strategies

A percentage system was implemented, and the linear weighted average method

was used for the calculation of the scores [34-35]. Based on the calculation principles

Level 1 indicators Secondary index

Level of geological hazards

Collapse volume/m3

Landslide volume/m3

Debris flow material source volume/t

Ground collapse range/m2

Number of tailing pond leaks/time

Level of geological

environment

Water quality index

Soil quality index

Vegetation coverage rate/%

Land leveling degree

Mining recovery rate/%

Tailings utilization rate/%

Mineral processing water reuse rate/%

Ecological restoration rate/%

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and formulas of the weighted average method, a linear calculation model was

established in turn. Based on the assessment team members' weights, the score of

each index element in the lowest level index was calculated, and the calculation

model was.

(1)

Where represents the rating of each member of the group for level

indicators;

represents the weight of the assessment group members for each indicator

element of level indicators;

represents the number of assessment group

members, .

Based on the index content weights, the weighted average score of each level

index is calculated from bottom to top, and the calculation model is:

(2)

Where represents the score of each indicator in level ;

represents the

weight of each indicator in level ;

represents the number of indicators,

The index is scored according to the description of the index, and the score is

written in the score column, and the full score of each level 2 index is 100. The score

of each level 1 indicator can be calculated by adding up the scores of all level 2

indicators. Among them, the degree of geohazard is a negative indicator, and the

smaller the value of the second-level indicator, the lower the degree of geohazard,

and the larger the value of the first-level indicator. The specific scoring method for

each indicator is described below.

(1) Collapse volume: full marks are given when the volume of collapse is below

5m3, otherwise 0~90 marks are given as appropriate.

(2) Landslide volume: when the volume of landslide is less than 10m3

, full marks

will be given, otherwise 0~90 marks will be given as appropriate.

(3) Mudslide source volume: full marks are given when the mudslide source volume

is less than 3t, and 0~90 marks are given if the requirement is not met.

(4) The scope of ground collapse: when the ground collapse range of less than 6m2

scored full points, otherwise 0 ~ 90 points as appropriate.

(5) tailing pond leakage number: full marks when the tailing pond leakage number

is less than 4 times, otherwise 0~90 marks will be given as appropriate.

(6) Water quality index: full marks when the water quality index is above 7.9, and

0~90 marks when the requirement is not met.

(7) Soil quality index: full score when the soil quality index is greater than 8.2, and

0~90 points as appropriate when the requirement is not met.

j ij ij

Q P Q

=⋅

∑

1, 2,i n=

w cw cw

S P Q

=⋅

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1, 2,c n=

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(8) Vegetation cover: full marks are given when the vegetation cover of the mine

area reaches 35% or more, otherwise 0~90 marks are given as appropriate.

(9) Land leveling: full marks will be awarded when the land leveling exceeds 9,

otherwise 0~90 marks will be awarded as appropriate.

(10) Mining recovery rate: full marks will be awarded when the mining recovery rate

is above 85%, otherwise 0~90 marks will be awarded as appropriate.

(11) Tailings utilization rate: full marks are given when the tailings utilization rate is

above 85%, and 0~90 marks are given as appropriate when the requirement is not

met.

(12) Repeated utilization rate of mineral processing water: full marks will be given

when the repeated utilization rate of mineral processing water is more than 80%,

otherwise 0~90 marks will be given as appropriate.

(13) Ecological recovery rate: the ecological recovery rate of the geological

environment is relative to the ecological damage. The destruction of the ecology of the

mining environment can be understood as a change in the structure, degradation or

loss of function of the ecosystem, and disturbance of relationships. Ecological

restoration is about restoring the rational structure, efficient functions and harmonious

relationships of the ecosystem [35]. Ecological restoration is essentially the process of

orderly succession of the destroyed ecosystem, a process that makes it possible to

restore the ecosystem to its native state [36]. However, due to the complexity of

natural conditions and the influence of human society's orientation toward the use of

natural resources, ecological restoration does not mean that the restored ecosystem

can or must be left in its original state in all cases. Ecological restoration rate refers to

the percentage of the restored area to the total area of the abandoned land after the

implementation of ecological engineering for those abandoned land caused by mining

stripping land, waste mine pits, tailing pits, tailings, slag, gangue, and wastewater

sediment of ore dressing and washing. For the historical ecological problems, the

indicator reaches 30% or more full marks [37]. For the area of mining and restoration

at the same time, full marks will be given when the indicator reaches 70% or more;

otherwise, 0~90 marks will be given as appropriate.

To sum up, when the final score range of the primary index is 90~100, the

geohazard situation and geological environmental condition of the study target are

excellent, and the disaster level and environmental level are set to class I [38-39]. It

indicates that the strategy utility can be given full play, and has played an excellent

prevention and protection effect. When the final score range is 80~90, the geohazard

situation and geological environmental condition of the study target is good, and the

grade is set to class II. It indicates that the prevention and protection effect of the

strategy is strong. When the score range is 65~80, the geohazard situation and

geological environmental condition of the mine is average, and the level of disaster

and environmental level is set to class III. This indicates that the strategy has certain

effect of geological disaster prevention and geological environmental protection.

When the score range is 55~65, the geohazard situation and geological

environmental condition of the area is poor, and the level is set to class Ⅳ

, which

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means the developed strategy is not able to manage and protect the geohazard and

ecological environment well. When the score range of the primary index is 0~55, the

target's geohazard situation and geological environmental condition is extremely poor.

The hazard level and environment level are set to class V, which means the

developed strategy basically does not have any effect on the management and

protection of geological hazards and ecological environment in the study area.

5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

By consulting the statistical yearbook of the city where the mine is located, the data

of each index of the five divisions of the target mine were collected one year before

and one year after the implementation of the strategy. After scoring with the utility

evaluation system, the scores of geohazard degree and geological environmental

level before and after the implementation of the strategy were obtained. After dividing

the scores according to the levels, the utility evaluation results of the prevention and

protection strategies were obtained as shown in Figure 2.

(a) Geological disaster prevention and control utility

(b) Utility of geological environmental protection

12345

Grade

Mining Area No

Before strategy implementation

After strategy implementation

Ⅰ

12345

Grade

Mining Area No

Before strategy implementation

After strategy implementation

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Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the utility of geohazard control and geological environmental

protection strategies

By comparing the changes in the level of geological hazards before and after the

implementation of the strategy in Figure 2(a), it can be seen that the level of

geological hazards in the five mining areas in this study area before the geological

hazard control measures were carried out were V, IV, V, V and IV levels. This

indicates that the mine is characterized by geological lithology such as large changes

in Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic lithologies, increased muddy

interlayers, fine-grained shoulder structure, tuff-bearing components and other

geological lithologies, resulting in a large footprint for crumbling and slag disposal and

a large impact area for ground collapse, leading to a relatively serious degree of

geological disaster.

Through targeted and reasonable geological hazard prevention and control

measures for different mining areas, the level of geological hazards in the target area

is upgraded to class II, Ⅰ, Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅱ.

For small collapse hazards in No.1 mine, the slope is cut to reduce the load and

remove dangerous rocks to release the danger, and the large collapse is reinforced by

anchor spraying method as a whole, paying attention to strengthen drainage. The

surface of the collapsed mining area is re-leveled, the collapse pits and cracks are

filled in, and interception ditches and drainage ditches are constructed to prevent the

ground from pouring into the mine and causing landslides. The level of geological

disaster was changed from V to II.

For the No. 2 mine, advanced mining technology is implemented, such as: using

waste rock, slag or tailing sand to fill the mining area, which controls and slows down

the surface subsidence and the collapse behavior and magnitude of the mining area,

and also reduces the problem of massive land encroachment by slag and tailing sand,

which changes the level of geological hazard from IV to I.

Due to the poor background conditions of the geological environment in mine site

No. 3, the catchment area, landslide volume and relative height difference are large,

and the tailings pond leakage breach is obvious. Therefore, anti-slip rock stacks, anti-

slip retaining walls, anti-slip piles and anti-slip piles were constructed at different

locations of the landslide body in the mine. The overall anchoring measures were

taken to improve the friction and shear strength of the landslide body and enhance the

overall stability of the landslide body. And plant trees and grass on the surface of the

landslide body to prevent soil erosion and mudflow on the slope surface. During the

operation of the tailing ponds, supervision and management were strengthened, and

proper operation was carried out to prevent tailings sand overflow and dam failure

more effectively. For tailings ponds that have breached or have the potential to

breach, works were arranged to repair and reinforce them. When building new tailing

ponds, extra attention was paid to site selection, and tailing ponds were built at

locations higher than the highest flood level in the calendar year, and it was explicitly

prohibited to dig and build tailing ponds on existing river floodplains. The tailing ponds

were designed with safety and stability in mind, ensuring that the drainage and flood

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control systems were complete, and that quality and quantity were maintained during

construction to prevent a recurrence of the dam failure and change the geological

hazard level from V to I.

The main problem of No. 4 mine is the large size of the landslide, and part of the

shed is built under the slag pile. When heavy rain comes, it will cause casualties, and

there is a huge potential danger of collapse above the shed. Therefore, measures

were taken to reduce the height or slow down the slope to reduce the self-weight, and

the height of the steps was controlled within 9 meters, and intercepting structures

were set at the foot of the slope, which greatly solved the problem of landslide and

reduced the degree of geological disaster. The level of geological hazard was

changed from class V to class II.

No. 5 mine is a large state-owned enterprise, according to the demand of mine

geological environment monitoring, using reasonable and effective monitoring

technology, developing mine terrain monitoring instruments, introducing advanced

mine geological environment monitoring technology, constructing slag mudflow and

accident pool collapse potential hazard management project, effectively monitoring

and preventing mine geological disasters, controlling the magnitude of ground

collapse, not only basically eliminating the previous existence of slag mudflow and

accident pool collapse potential hazard, but also reducing the casualties and

economic losses caused by mine geological disasters, changing the level of

geological disasters from class IV to class II.

From the change of geological environmental level grade before and after the

implementation of geological environmental protection strategy (see Figure 2(b)), it

can be seen that before the implementation of geological environmental protection

strategy, the geological environmental level grades of the five mining areas were class

Ⅳ, Ⅳ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ

and V, with poor ecological and environmental benefits. And one year

after the implementation of the geological environmental protection strategy, the level

of geological environmental level in the study area increased dramatically to class II,

II, II, I, II. It shows that the protection strategy has given full play to its effectiveness

and has excellent protection and restoration effects. It has greatly improved the

ecological environment of the mine and brought the ecology into balance gradually.

For example, the No. 1 mine area has a high number of mining pits, resulting in low

vegetation coverage, serious soil erosion and high content of heavy metals in water

and soil. By implementing the annual treatment plan, a sound monitoring network of

mine geological environment is established. Dynamic monitoring of the geological

environment of mines, regular to the mine location of the county-level natural

resources authorities, report the geological environment of mines, submit real

monitoring information. Using the remote sensing monitoring data of mine geological

environment, illegal mining behaviors are detected and disposed of in a timely

manner. It not only effectively protects the geological and ecological environment of

mines, but also makes the mining and other activities of mines more standardized, so

that the level of geological environment level rises from class Ⅳ to class Ⅱ.

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In dealing with the geological environment of No. 2 mine, we based on the results

of the surface engineering treatment. Considering the mineral resources planning,

mine geological environment protection and treatment planning, ecological

environment planning, etc., the geological environment treatment of the mine within

the visual range of "three zones and two lines" was completed as a priority. The

geological environment level of the mine has been upgraded from class IV to class II.

The heavy metal pollution of water and soil in No. 3 mine is more serious. On the

basis of the project to raise and reinforce the tailing reservoir dike, the tailing sand

was covered with soil 0.5~0.8m thick. Then trees, grass and crops were planted, so

that the ecosystem of the mine was well protected. And gradually restored to a benign

ecological level, so that the level of its geological environmental level rose from IV to

II.

In response to the low vegetation cover in mine 4, the same conservation strategy

as in mine 3 was adopted. Trees, grass and crops are planted in the 0.5~0.8m thick

overburden. After mining, treatment and protection at the same time, the mine is

reclaimed and re-greened in time to change the vicious ecosystem structure, restore

the ecological function and stabilize the ecological balance. Make the ecosystem

structure of the mine more reasonable, more efficient in function and more

coordinated in relationship. Eventually, the level of geological environment will be

upgraded from V to I.

For mine site No. 5, the accident pond is used for primary sedimentation treatment

of mine pit wastewater. The suspended mineral dust in the water is retained and the

pollution of surface water is reduced. A water purification system is also specially

designed for the drainage outlet of the tailing pond to realize the recycling of water

resources and the recovery of residual gold. Through the treatment of the three

mining wastes and waste recycling, the purpose of protecting the geological

environment has been truly realized, and the level of geological environment has been

upgraded from V to II.

6. DISCUSSION

The geohazard prevention and control measures and geological environment

protection strategies proposed in this paper for the geological features of mines,

although certain research results have been achieved, there are still many

shortcomings, mainly containing the following points.

(1) Only the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the study area

were analyzed, which is not comprehensive. In future research, it is necessary to face

several mines, summarize the geohazard prevention and control measures and

geological environment protection methods of different mines, and propose

remediation strategies suitable for universal mines.

(2) The geohazard prevention and control measures are mainly based on the

management of geological hazards such as landslides, landslides and debris flows,

and the geological environment protection strategy is mainly based on restoring the

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quality of water and soil, expanding vegetation coverage and improving resource

utilization. Although the ecological environment of the mine is protected to a certain

extent, the ways and means are too single, so in the future research, we should

consider many aspects and integrate multiple perspectives to explore a more

systematic protection scheme.

7. CONCLUSION

The large-scale development and utilization of mineral resources has made human

beings enjoy the benefits brought by natural resources while also suffering from a

series of bitter consequences such as environmental pollution, resource destruction

and ecological degradation. Especially, some local mining areas with large-scale

predatory mining have caused serious geological disasters and geological

environment problems. Therefore, the research on the prevention and control of

geological disasters and the protection of geological environment seems to be urgent.

Therefore, based on the geological features of the study area, this paper formulates

the details of the prevention and control measures for mine geological hazards and

the protection strategy for mine geological environment, and uses the hierarchical

analysis method to obtain the index weights of the utility evaluation system. The utility

of the proposed measures and strategies was verified through the scoring results and

ranking of the linear weighted average method, and the following research findings

were obtained.

(1) According to the needs of mine geological environment monitoring, use

reasonable and effective monitoring technology, develop mine terrain monitoring

instruments, and introduce advanced mine geological environment monitoring

technology, which can effectively monitor and prevent mines geological disasters.

(2) For the collapse phenomenon of geological disasters, the ground collapse

magnitude can be greatly controlled by reducing the height of steps, intercepting

rolling rocks, using slope residual cracking blasting and hole-by-hole seismic

reduction control blasting technology, and preventing the occurrence of slope erosion,

slope debris flow, tailing sand spill and dam failure. The volume of landslide is less

than 10m3 and the ground collapse area is less than 6m2.

(3) the establishment of a sound mine geological environment monitoring network,

regular to the county-level natural resources departments in charge of the mine

location, report the mine geological environment. It can obtain the impact of mine

development on the geological environment in real time and take relevant initiatives in

time to increase the greening coverage of the collapse area, protect the ecosystem

and restore it to a benign ecological level, and optimize the geological environment

level from class Ⅳ, Ⅳ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅴ to class Ⅱ, Ⅱ, Ⅰ, Ⅱ respectively. Raise the water quality

index and soil quality index to above 7.9 and 8.2 respectively.

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8. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/

supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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10. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any

commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of

interest.

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