ENGINEERING APPLICATION OF BIM IN

SAVING WATER AND ENERGY

CONSERVATION

Xiangbin Wen*

Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006

wenxiangbin2022@163.com

Zhenghui Wang

Guangdong Teachers College of Foreign Language and Art, Guangzhou,

Guangdong, 510640

Reception: 06/11/2022 Acceptance: 06/01/2023 Publication: 28/01/2023

Suggested citation:

W., Xiangbin and W., Zhenghui (2023). Engineering application of BIM in

saving water and energy conservation. Journal, Volume (Numer), 133-163.

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ABSTRACT

With the improvement of living standards, people are more and more eager to

improve the efficiency of energy conservation and emissions reduction of buildings.

Pursuant to this, the application of BIM technology in the water supply and drainage

engineering of green buildings is proposed. Firstly, the BIM model is built to draw the

axis network and axis height and transform the spatial position of family components,

which is conductive to addressing the problem of the loss of engineering information.

Then, the energy-saving pathways of green building water supply and drainage

projects are analyzed, Concretely, the drainage energy consumption can be reduced

by decreasing the overall head of the water pump. The pipe resistance and drainage

efficiency can be respectively reduced and improved through reasonable selection of

parallel drainage pipelines. Also, the principle of "avoiding the peak and filling valley"

can be adopted to reduce pump operation in peak period and water draining in valley

period, thereby saving drainage cost. By optimizing the control strategy of the

drainage system and improving the utilization rate of water resources, the final results

of the study show that BIM technology can realize 69% energy saving of the total

savings in water supply and drainage engineering of green buildings, decrease cost

consumption and improve the quality of water supply and drainage system, so as to

make full use of limited water resources to achieve the effect of energy conservation

and emission reduction.

KEYWORDS

BIM technology; Green building; Energy conservation and emissions reduction;

Drainage engineering; Avoidance peak and fulling valley

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PAPER INDEX

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BIM DESIGN

2.1. BIM model

2.2. Layout of model axis network

2.3. Spatial position transformation

3. APPLICATION OF ENERGY-SAVING AND WATER-SAVING IN WATER

SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING OF GREEN BUILDING

3.1. Analysis of energy-saving approaches for drainage engineering

3.2. Drainage system optimization control strategy

3.3. Avoid over-pressure flow

3.4. Avoid excessive ineffective cold water produced by hot water system

3.5. Avoid water waste caused by secondary pollution

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5. DISCUSSION

6. CONCLUSION

7. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

8. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

REFERENCES

10. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

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1. INTRODUCTION

Under the promotion of vigorous economic development [1], China's urbanization

process is accelerating thereupon, and there are more and more high-rise buildings

in the city [2]. In the construction of high-rise buildings, generally speaking, the funds

used for water supply and drainage projects only account for about 10% of the overall

investment funds [3], but the construction of water supply and drainage projects is

crucial for high-rise buildings [4]. To evaluate the grade of a building, the planning and

construction of its water supply and drainage system is a vital criterion [5]. Usually, the

requirements for water supply and drainage pipelines depend on whether they are

planned and arranged reasonably and whether they have an impact on the overall

aesthetics of the building [6]. In addition to aforementioned requirements, the basic

requirements for the design and arrangement of water supply and drainage pipelines

are to be able to meet the requirements of safe water use for all residents, as well as

the economic and energy-saving requirements of water supply and drainage pipelines

[7].

However, there are also a lot of problems in the design of the water supply and

drainage pipelines at the present stage [8]. For instance, the software commonly used

by designers is two-dimensional CAD design software, which itself increases the

difficulty in the design of water supply and drainage pipelines [9]. Designers, in this

regard, need to conceive the three-dimensional structure of pipelines [10], and then

express them through two-dimensional drawings. Again, the design of water supply

and drainage pipelines generally involve in all kinds of basic Settings, but designers

primarily have complicated work, and do not have enough time to optimize the design

[11]. In addition to the difficulties in design, the fact that the data and specifications

designed can only be completed by manpower, and a unified management system

cannot be established also increases the difficulty in data management [12]. At the

same time, the waste of resources in the construction of water supply and drainage

engineering is extraordinary serious as well [13]. In 2000, some economists surveyed

the waste of the global construction industry, and found that the waste of resources in

the construction industry reached 30% [14].

Building information modeling (BIM) technology, as a fast-developing information

technology can better solve these problems, which is mostly used in project

management, known as the construction industry model of the rule changer [15], and

capable of assuming a role in all phases of an engineering project (design,

construction, operation and maintenance) [16]. According to 2015 Autodesk survey

report [17], over the past three years, the use of BIM in the United States has

increased by 35%[18], the use of BIM among engineers has increased by 64% [19],

and the use of BIM technology in countries around the world has being on the rise. As

a modern and efficient building construction technology, the application of BIM

technology has a profound impact on the quality of architectural engineering design

and construction quality [20]. Precisely, for the construction of energy-saving design,

the application of BIM technology can not only achieve the improvement of its energy-

saving design effect and level, but also have a significant impact on the green and

sustainable development of the building field [21].

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With the improvement of urbanization development efficiency, water supply and

drainage engineering has played an increasingly prominent role and gradually

become the core element of urban development, attracting widespread attention [22].

In the construction process of water supply and drainage engineering of green

buildings, it is necessary to carry out the construction without affecting the surrounding

environment [23]. This is because the construction scope of water supply and

drainage engineering is wide, and once it affects the surrounding environment, it will

affect the urban development [24]. However, with the increase in the number of urban

construction projects, water supply, and drainage projects also increase, resulting in a

large consumption, and a desperate shortage of water resources [25]. Under such

context, in order to reduce the consumption of water resources, it is urgent to apply

energy-saving and water-saving technology to the construction of water supply and

drainage engineering [26].

Literature [27] describes the characteristics of hydrogeology in rainy areas, points

out the current situation of hydrogeology in rainy areas, and explains the main

damage types and causes of the drainage system, including that water erosion

causes structural damage, soil collapse at the outlet of drainage ditch causes damage

to drainage structures, the overall instability of the jet channel slides along the bottom

contact surface under the action of gravity, etc. Finally, the engineering prevention and

control measures are given, including paying attention to adding stilling pool,

emphasizing the comprehensive consumption of various forms along the stream

channel, strengthening slope scatter flow drainage and vegetation ecological

regulation, enhancing the canal seepage prevention and safety design, as well as

reinforcing the natural slope ditch, and appropriately constructing sand dam, and flood

peak retention pond. Through the research and analysis, some references and

guidance may be brought about to the highway-related workers in rainy areas, so as

to guarantee the good maintenance of the highway in rainy areas, promote the good

use and operation of the highway in rainy areas, and bring better traffic conditions in

rainy areas. Literature [28] puts forward a three-year action plan for improving the

quality and efficiency of sewage treatment, focusing on the sewage collection system,

that is, based on in-depth investigation, it focuses on solving the problems such as

direct sewage discharge, indiscriminate sewage removal, full pipe flow of drainage

pipes in dry days, low concentration of sewage treatment plant inlet water, and

excessive mud accumulation in pipes, so as to ensure that sewage does not enter

rivers, clean water does not enter pipes, overflow causes less pollution, and the

control and elimination effect of black and smelly water bodies in cities and is

improved. In literature [29], it is expounded that the installation and construction

technology of water supply and drainage systems affect the service function of

buildings, especially high-rise buildings, which is related to the construction cost and

determines whether the construction plan can be carried out smoothly. Therefore,

according to the actual requirements of the building, it is necessary to clear water

supply and drainage system installation points, and improve the relevant technical

level. Wherefore, this paper analyzes the installation of the water supply and drainage

system and the problems of the construction clock, and puts forward

countermeasures, hoping to provide help for the relevant personnel. Literature [30]

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comes up with a double-membrane water treatment technology, which is widely

applied to the making of soft water and desalted water relying on the advantages of

steady water quality, small environment pollution, small coverage area and high

degree of automation. Generally, due to the limitation of process conditions, system

water consumption will become the key to decrease the water consumption of per ton

steel in steel industry. For this, combined with the water quality of water supply and

drainage system, the double membrane water treatment technology is adopted to

optimize water supply and drainage system, recycle ultrafiltration backwash water,

reverse osmosis concentrated water and other kinds of drainage according to the

water quality, which not only reduces the treatment cost, but also reduce the system

water consumption, achieving a good performance..

At present, people's living conditions are getting better and better, making people

more and more aware of the significance of energy conservation and environmental

protection. In order to meet the needs of social and economic development and

people's requirements for green building, this paper proposes the application of BIM

technology in water saving and energy conservation of green building water supply

and drainage engineering, and constructs a BIM model, aiming to effectively analyze

the energy-saving ways of green building water supply and drainage engineering, and

greatly improve the water resource utilization rate and work efficiency of the whole

drainage engineering by avoiding waste and optimizing control. Rational use of BIM

technology is able to achieve the purpose of energy conservation, and environmental

protection, and improve the overall efficiency of construction.

2. BIM DESIGN

2.1. BIM MODEL

From the present stage of water supply and drainage pipeline design and

management, the most important design of water supply and drainage is to meet the

needs of the owners, which lacks the optimal selection of water supply and drainage

design and construction, so it often leads to the waste of cost and energy

consumption in the actual construction of water supply and drainage design scheme.

With the continuous development of The Times, the water supply and drainage

system is more and more complex, pipeline equipment involved in water supply and

drainage system is more and more increasing, and the connection between these two

is more and close. However, local optimization of water supply and drainage systems

cannot ensure the optimization of the whole system.

In addition, with the continuous development of productivity, the social division of

labor is becoming more and more obvious. From the perspective of the construction

industry, the most important problem is the separation of design and construction. In

the present stage of the construction industry, the designers mainly act as the

providers of technology and drawings in the project, and the construction party

generally serves as the executor of the design Party 's thinking. Due to the above

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reasons, there are a lot of problems in the actual production, such as the difficult

implementation of the design scheme or increased project costs.

BIM is an important platform that can provide an advanced platform for all project

participants to collaborate and communicate with each other. In order to demonstrate

the superiority of BIM technology in water supply and drainage management of high-

rise buildings, this paper takes a project as an example [31]. Figure 1 is the flow chart

of BIM 3D modeling.

Figure 1 Flow chart of BIM 3D modeling

The establishment of various pipeline models of BIM technology is based on

buildings and structural models, so is the establishment of water supply and drainage

pipeline models used in this study. The assembly and construction of the model is the

last step of the whole BIM model creation, as well as a specific application of the

previous creation family. Since Revit family components are parameterized

components, the transformation of family components can be realized only by calling

the family components in the family library and modifying the parameters of family

components or directly editing the model, so as to meet the requirements of the model

construction.

2.2. LAYOUT OF MODEL AXIS NETWORK

After building the family components of each hydropower project, it is necessary to

create a "construction sample" project in Revit and load the required family

components to assemble and build the model. In the process of model assembly, the

first thing is to build the axis pairs and elevations of the building in the Revit "structural

template" according to various drawings, so as to determine the exact spatial position

Two-dimensional CAD drawings

BIM building modeling

BIM strong and weak

current modeling

BIM structural modeling

BIM water supply and

drainage modeling

BIM HVAC modeling

Other professional modeling

Modeling of BIM professional models

Consistency check of professional BIM models

Are there any errors in

the drawings?

Is there an error in modeling?

Post-audit BIM model

Yes

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of each pressure pipe, corridor, control gate, workshop, and other auxiliary

constructions in the whole model [32]. For this, the first is to find "axis network" option

in the "baseline" menu under the "construct" tab. Then, it is to click the "modify/place

axis network" tab, and draw the required axis network in the working interface

according to the type of surface axis network in the "draw" tab, as shown in Figure 2.

Similarly, elevations are drawn on the working interface according to the drawings, as

shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2 Model construction project axis network

Figure 3 Model construction project axis height

Later, Revit will number each axis as a form of number. If a form of letter is

necessary, it just needs to change the number of the first axis to a letter, and then the

other axis will automatically be represented as a form of letter. When drawing a grid,

you can enable the heads and tails of the axes to be aligned with each other, so that if

you move the grid, all the aligned axes will move thereupon.

2.3. SPATIAL POSITION TRANSFORMATION

1 2 3 4

1600 2200 3400

1900 1500 2400

4.480

Elevation 4

2.300

1.440

Elevation 2

±0.000

Elevation 1

-0.700

Elevation 5

21808601440700

Elevation 3

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When loading families or making nested families in the Revit project, it is

sometimes necessary to change the spatial position relationship between them to

complete the model construction. At the same time, there are also various constraints,

such as alignment, rotation and movement. Using these constraint relations, different

family components can be nested or assembled to appropriate positions quickly, and

the changes of components can be realized through digital drive and constraint

transmission.

In principle, the construction and nesting process of family components in the

project is the process of exchange between the coordinate system of assembly space

and family components, which can be obtained by a 4x4 pose matrix transformation:

(1)

where, is the global coordinate position of space, and

is the

local coordinate position of space. The transformation matrix is .

In translation change, the transformation matrix is expressed as:

(2)

where, , , and all are translation variables.

The expression of the rotation matrix around the

-axis in the rotation

transformation is:

(3)

The expression of the rotation matrix around the

-axis in the rotation

transformation is:

(4)

The expression of the rotation matrix around the

-axis in the rotation

transformation is:

( ) ( )

1 1 1

, , ,1 , , ,1

T T

x y z A x y z=

( )

1 1 1

, , ,1

x y z

( )

, , ,1 T

x y z

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

0 0 0 1

Adz

⎡ ⎤

⎢ ⎥

=⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

1 0 0 0

0 cos sin 0

0 sin cos 0

0 0 0 1

Aα α

α α

⎡ ⎤

⎢ ⎥

=⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

－

cos 0 sin 0

0 1 0 0

sin 0 cos 0

0 0 0 1

β β

⎡ ⎤

⎢ ⎥

=⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

－

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(5)

The above formulas are the matrix of rotational transformations around the , ,

and

axes in a rotational transformation. Any spatial transformation of family

components can be obtained by a certain amount of translation and rotation

transformation combination. Concretely, firstly, it is to classify the family components

to be applied to the "construction template" project of the elevation and axis network

created, and formulate the name and number of the family in the project. Then, it

comes to determine the position of each dam section in space according to elevation

and shaft network, and place it in the appropriate position by changing the direction of

family components (translation, rotation), aligning the shaft network and setting it at

the appropriate elevation and elevation view. Next, it is to adjust position to align and

lock the network. Precisely, according to position of the dam section placed before, its

corresponding equipment family (such as generator factory family") is respectively

placed. If it can't be moved in the project, you can adjust the start and end points in

properties through digital elevation to control the upper and lower position of families,

so as to make the model to accurately position, and lock alignment. Finally, after all

the assembly is completed, it is to check whether the components of each family are

aligned and locked and whether the logical relationship of each family member is

correct.

3. APPLICATION OF ENERGY-SAVING AND WATER-

SAVING IN WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE

ENGINEERING OF GREEN BUILDING

3.1. ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-SAVING APPROACHES FOR

DRAINAGE ENGINEERING

The total amount of electricity consumption by green building drainage is

determined by the total amount of drainage and the efficiency of equipment operation.

The level of energy consumption can be measured by operating efficiency such as

water pump efficiency, transmission efficiency, motor efficiency, etc. Also, the circuit

power factor can be improved by using reactive compensation capacitors, and the

motor's performance can determine the motor efficiency. Therefore, the main factor

affecting the drainage operation efficiency depends on the water pump and pipeline

[33]. The drainage pump is connected with the motor by the shaft joint, and its

efficiency is as follows:

(6)

cos sin 0 0

sin cos 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

θ θ

⎡ ⎤

⎢ ⎥

=⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

－

d g s

η η η η=⋅ ⋅

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Where, represents the system efficiency, represents the motor efficiency,

represents the pipeline efficiency, and represents the pump efficiency.

It can be seen from the above analysis that the efficiency of pipeline and pump

mainly affects the efficiency of system operation, and the peak-valley division of

industrial electricity consumption will also affect the consumption of the drainage

system. Generally speaking, the consumption of electricity in the valley period will be

much smaller than that in the peak period.

There are six basic elements in the centrifugal pump, namely flow , head

power , speed , efficiency and suction height , of which

is usually set as a

constant, and all the parameters taken have a certain relationship with each other.

This relationship is expressed by curves , and

as the pump

characteristic curve.

The pump head is expressed as:

(7)

The liquid flow power of the pump is expressed as:

(8)

The pump efficiency is defined as:

(9)

In the actual operation of the water pump, when the water flows through the

pipeline, there will be mechanical losses due to friction and diffusion of the guide, as

follows:

(10)

where, represents the flow rate and

represents the friction diffusion

coefficient. Again, in the process of water flow, there is a deviation between the flow

direction of liquid flow and the flow direction of water wheel blade design, thus

resulting in impact loss, which is shown as follows:

(11)

H Q−

N Q−

Qη −

2 2

cot

t A

u u Q

Hg gA β=−

s t

P gQHρ=

gQH

η=

m mq

h k Q=⋅

( )2

g g e

h k Q Q=−

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where, is the theoretical flow rate and

is the impact loss coefficient. It can be

deduced that the actual head of the pump is directly proportional to the square of the

flow rate:

(12)

where,

is the sum loss coefficient. When the water flows through in the pipe

network, there is a certain resistance of the pipe network needing to be overcome.

The pipeline characteristic equation is:

(13)

where, is the pipe network resistance coefficient. When

is constant, the

resistance is proportional to the square of the flow rate

. Flow regulation has a

serious effect on resistance. Among them, the loss of pipe network includes local

resistance loss and resistance loss along the pipeline, for which the reduced value of

is needed to improve the operation efficiency.

After the selection and installation of the pump unit, the basic parameters have

been determined. The operation condition of the pump can only be adjusted by

adjusting the valve opening, but this way increases the additional power loss. The

analysis shows that there are several ways to improve the working efficiency of

drainage projects through optimization control:

(1) High-level drainage

Water pump drainage energy consumption is closely related to the head, the higher

the head, the more work the pump does to lift the same amount of water inflow, and

the greater the energy consumption is. Therefore, it is necessary to try to reduce the

operating head when the operating conditions permit.

It can be concluded from Formula (8) that water pump drainage energy

consumption is related to flow rate and head

. If the drainage flow rate is

fixed in unit time, then the head is an important factor affecting energy consumption. If

conditions permit, reducing head can reasonably reduce energy consumption. The

pump head is mainly composed of pump head and pressure-head head, so reducing

the pump running head can be considered from these two aspects, that is, changing

the inherent parameters of the pump (speed, impeller, etc.) to adjust the size of the

pressure-head, and raising the water level of tank operation.

For the former idea, after the installation, the pump parameters has been shaped,

and can’t be adjusted through optimization control. Instead, pump motor frequency

control operation can better adjust the operation performance, the feasibility of which

will be dedicated to exploring in the following chapter.

Increasing the water level of the tank is also an effective way to improve the

operation efficiency of the unit. Under the condition that working conditions permit, the

storage water can be fully used to reduce the suction head by increasing the working

t m g

H H h h KQ=− − =

H R Q=⋅

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water level, thus reducing the overall head of the pump and reducing the energy

consumption of drainage.

(2) Reasonable optimization of drainage pipe combination

According to the pipeline characteristic equation (13), the head loss of the pipeline

is proportional to the square of the flow rate, so, the greater the displacement of a coal

mine, the greater the energy consumption. In this regard, the standby pipeline can be

put into parallel operation to increase pipeline diameter and reduce pipeline

resistance.

Figure 4 Pipeline parallel characteristic curve

It can be seen from Figure 4 that curves 1, 2 and 3 are performance curves of

drainpipes, and other curves are pump head curves. Moreover, curve 3 is the parallel

superposition of one pipe characteristic curve 1 and another pipe characteristic curve

2. The working point of the pump changes from or to

, and the flow rate of

the pump increases from or to . When the actual pump head

is constant,

the efficiency of the pipeline is improved, and the useless energy consumption to

overcome the pipeline resistance is reduced.

According to the above analysis, when a single pump is running, a reasonable

selection of drainage pipes in parallel drainage can effectively reduce pipe resistance

and improve drainage efficiency.

(3) Avoidance peak and fulling valley

In the past few years, many buildings have focused on the drainage system

optimization and energy saving on the operating efficiency of the system, looking for

the optimal coordination among the factors that affect the efficiency, so as to achieve

the purpose of reducing drainage electricity consumption. Currently, because the

power supply department has adjusted the peak and valley price in some areas, the

price difference varies widely thereby, and even in some areas, the valley price is only

1/5 of the peak price. Therefore, when draining water, it is best to try to avoid the peak

period and make full use of the valley to drain water, which has been strongly proved

that this method is an effective way to save energy.

Qʹ

Qʹʹ

Mʹ

Mʹʹ

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3.2. DRAINAGE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION CONTROL STRATEGY

In commonly used control systems, controllers are established in accurate

mathematical models, but in practical industrial applications, there are many factors

affecting the operation of the system, and not all systems are linear, so it is quite

difficult to establish an accurate model [34]. Aiming at this, the application of BIM

technology can not only realize the improvement of its energy-saving design effect

and level, but also have a significant impact on the green and sustainable

development of the construction field.

The drainage system mainly controls the water pump unit, and the control

parameters include the water storage quantity and the water inflow rate

, in

which the water storage quantity is a function of the water inflow rate . Therefore,

during control, attention should be paid to water storage and water inflow rate at

that moment. In addition, the randomness of the water inflow rate is very strong, so

the appropriate control strategy should be selected based on the change in the water

inflow rate .

When the water inflow rate

is very small, it is necessary to fully combine high

drainage with peak avoidance and valley filling, and dynamically decide the optimal

pump opening time through optimal control theory, so as to reduce the consumption of

drainage.

In the rainy season and peak season, or the process of mining, the water inflow

rate is large. When the water inflow rate is greater than the drainage capacity of

one pump, the drainage in the valley section can no longer meet the needs.

Sometimes, multiple pumps are required to work 24 hours a day underground. Under

this circumstances, the optimization control should focus on how to select the number

of pump openings and determine the high drainage target water level. For the

randomness and nonlinearity of the system, fuzzy control is chosen in this paper to

realize optimization.

The drainage system is generally equipped with multiple water pumps. According to

different water inflow conditions, it is necessary to determine the number of operating

units, so as to improve the pump efficiency, as well as adopt the principle of "avoiding

the peak and filling valley", reducing pump operation in peak period and draining

water fully in valley period, so as to save drainage cost.

The research object of dynamic programming is the optimization of the decision

process. According to the principle of optimality, regardless of the initial state and the

initial decision, the remaining decisions must constitute an optimal strategy for the first

decision. Combined with the drainage characteristics of the drainage system, the

drainage process can be divided into several interrelated stages, in which decisions

need to be made to achieve the best dynamic effect of the whole drainage process.

The choice of decisions at each stage depends on the current situation and also

affects future development. When the decision of each stage is determined, the

decision sequence is thereby formed.

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Each drainage cycle is divided into sections

, and the operation of units

in each section remains unchanged. Assuming that the water level of the tank in

section is , and

is a discrete-time variable. The function

relation between water inflow and water level of the tank is:

(14)

Suppose the water pump room has

pumps working in parallel, and the running

state of the pump at time is , where means shutdown, and

means operation.

Then, the control decision vector of the water pump room is:

(15)

The drainage capacity vector of the water pump is:

(16)

The power consumption vector of the pump in each period is:

(17)

The electricity price

within a cycle (24h) is a function that changes with time,

so the formula is:

(18)

The optimal control of the water pump room can be described as that in the

drainage cycle, the optimal control vector

is selected to

minimize the electricity expense in a cycle, then, the cost function is:

(19)

(20)

The optimal performance functional expression is described as:

( )

: 1o N −

( ) ( )

( )

X k X X k X≤ ≤

( ) ( )

f k F X k=⎡ ⎤

⎣ ⎦

( )

i k

( ) 0

u k =

( )

u k =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

{ }

1 2

. , n

U k u k u k Lu k=

{ }

1 2

, , , n

γ γ γΓ =Λ

{ }

1 2

, , , n

θ θ θ θ=Λ

( )

c k

( ) ( )

c k c k N= +

( ) ( ) ( )

{ }

* * * *

0 , 1 , 1U U U U N=−

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1 1

0 0 1

N N n

k k i

J c k U k c k u kθ θ

− −

= = =

⎧ ⎫

= = ⎨ ⎬

⎩ ⎭

∑ ∑ ∑

( )

0,1, 1, 1,k N i n=Λ − =Λ

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(21)

The optimal control process of drainage is regarded as a multi-order decision-

making process, and then the multi-order decision-making process is shown as

follows:

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of a multi-decision process

According to the optimality principle, the process of implementing an optimal

decision by dynamic programming method is as follows. First of all, multi-stage

decision problems are transformed into a series of single-stage decision problems,

starting at the last state and ending till working backward to the beginning state.

With respect to drainage strategy, the system takes the tank water volume, water

inflow rate and peak-valley period as dynamic variables of the dynamic programming

method, and the working condition, efficiency and flow rate of the pump unit as static

constants, where the dynamic variables refers to variable parameters of the control

vector determined by the principle of optimality, and the optimal solution is to

constantly optimize the control strategy through the change of variables. When the

security conditions are met, the solution of the optimal control function is to minimize

the energy consumption of the drainage system.

In connectiont o calculation of water inflow rate, considering that water inflow is a

nonlinear function, the solution method of water inflow rate in the linear equation is not

applicable here. Then, the piecewise method can be used to approximately fit the

change curve of water inflow into a combination of countless linear curves, so as to

solve the change rate of water inflow in a single period, which can be used as the

prediction parameter of dynamic programming.

Figure 6 water inflow curve

( ) ( )

0 1

min

N n

k i

J c k u k θ

−

= =

⎧ ⎫

=⎨ ⎬

⎩ ⎭

∑∑

1 2 K+1 N

u(0) u(1) u(k)u(N-1)

X(0) X(1) X(2) X(k)X(k+1)

X(k-1)

X(N)

0 t1 t2 4 8 12 16 20 24 t

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As can be seen from the figure, the variation of water inflow between and

can

be approximately regarded as a short straight line, and the water inflow rate at

approximately .

Then, in terms of control logic, the optimal control process takes into account the

present value of variables and the stored value of the previous moments, and makes

a reasonable prediction, so as to give the optimal strategy. The underground drainage

system is different from other units, which is mainly reflected in the uncertainty of the

task (nonlinear change of water inflow and the limit of water level safety, etc.).

Therefore, the system adopts multi-level decision-making and judgment step by step

to give a reasonable strategy.

Layer 1: security

Coal mine safety production is the premise for the reasonable implementation of

other optimization strategies. In order to ensure the normal discharge of water inflow,

the upper limit of the water level is set. In this way, no matter in peak or valley period,

as long as the upper limit is reached, the water pump will be started for drainage to

prevent accidents.

This decision is an unconditional interrupt decision. If only the condition is met, the

system will transform to the control interruption of water level over limit, and other

control strategies will not override this decision.

Layer 2: warning

The estimated value of the water inflow rate is updated every 20 minutes during the

operation of the system. If there is a sudden increase in water inflow rate, the system

will transform to the corresponding interruption to determine the number of pumps that

need to be started according to the water inflow volume and water inflow rate, and

start the corresponding pumps to drain water in advance, so as to prevent accidents

caused when the water volume suddenly increases and the personnel on duty cannot

find it in time.

Layer 3: economic drainage

On the premise that the control policies of the first two priorities are met, the system

is in a normal economic drainage state, revising the control strategy according to the

updated tank water volume and water inflow rate every 20 minutes and giving the

optimal control scheme.

Concretely, when it is at peak time, the electricity price is the highest, so it is better

to try to store water.

When it is at a normal time, the first is to make a logical prediction, and then

according to the current water inflow volume and water inflow rate, predict whether it

is enough to drain out the water inflow in the tank within the valley time.

Then, when it comes to valley time, after reaching valley time, an appropriate pump

start time shall be selected, and the best pump start time shall be calculated every 20

minutes, so that it is feasible to open the corresponding pump according to the

( ) ( )

2 1 2 1

/v q q t t=− −

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principle of uniform wear, and drain out the water inflow before the end of the valley

time.

For this, assume that the time required to start the drainage of water inflow in the

tank at is , then:

(22)

Where, is the drainage time, is the water volume in the water tank, is the

water inflow rate, and is the time difference between 7 o 'clock and the end of

valley time. Then, a judgemnet for is performed, in which indicates that if two

water pumps run together in the valley time, they cannot drain out all the water inflow,

so it is necessary to start the water pump to drain water in advance, specifying the

drainage time is at the moment when , that is, starting to drain water 30

minutes in advance. To ensure that the water inflow is drained out before the arrival of

the peak time, it is better to store water as far as possible at the peak time.

means that the water inflow can be discharged out within the valley time, without the

need for drainage in advance.

The optimal pump starting time can be obtained by substituting into the

above formula, where is judged according to the water inflow rate. When the water

inflow is small, a water pump is started. Taking into account the power supply

capacity of the pipeline and substation, a maximum of seven water pumps can be

installed in parallel operation.

In order to increase the drainage rate of the drainage system, in the process of

automatic control, the system can choose the pump with the highest efficiency to drain

water. The real-time operating efficiency of pump during pump operation is defined as:

(23)

During each operation, the system should store the current operating efficiency of

the pump to ensure that the results of the comparison are updated in real-time, and

that the whole system can run efficiently.

3.3. AVOID OVER-PRESSURE FLOW

Over-pressure flow refers to the hydrostatic pressure generated by the water

supply components exceeding the water inflow head, so that the actual flow is much

larger than the rated flow. The flow beyond the rated flow will not bring normal

benefits, only a waste. At present, more than half of the ordinary faucets have the

problem that the actual flow exceeds the rated flow, that is, the over pressure flow,

where the maximum of the actual flow of ordinary faucet can reach more than two

V v t

tnQ

+Δ

tΔ

7t>

0.5t tΔ − <

7t≤

V v t

tnQ

+Δ

3600

N Q

η=



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150

times of the rated flow [35]. In this regard, the following techniques can be adapted to

address it.

Limit the actual water pressure at water distribution point. Precisely, over-pressure

flow may cause water resources and there is no attention on it. Although current

specification provides the maximum pressure limit, it is only to aim at the point of view

that too much pressure will cause damages, without attaching real importance to over

pressure flow. Less strict demands for over pressure flow can not have a expected

restriction effect. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly limit the pressure according to

the specific conditions of the water supply system.

Adopt decompression technology. Installing decompression device to the existing

water supply system can realize effective control of water pressure, and enable the

water pressure to be in an allowable range, so as to avoid the occurrence of over

pressure flow phenomenon. The pressure-reducing device comprises a pressure-

reducing valve, a pressure-reducing orifice plate and a throttle plug. Among them,

pressure reducing valve is generally installed in the household branch pipe. After its

installation, the actual water output of each floor is reduced, and the flow and water

pressure of each outlet point are also maintained evenly. Installation of pressure-

reducing valve can play a significant decompression effect so that the flow on the

basis of meeting the requirements is significantly reduced. Compared with the

pressure reducing valve, the pressure reducing hole plate is simpler to reduce

investment and easier to manage. Practice shows that its installation can bring

remarkable water-saving effects. However, it can only reduce the dynamic pressure,

where static pressure remains unchanged, and the downstream pressure changes

with the change of upstream pressure. It lacks stability, and its structure is also prone

to blockage. Now it is mainly used when the water quality is good and the water

supply pressure remains stable.

Set water-saving faucet. When the pressure is the same, using a water-saving

faucet can effectively improve the water-saving effect, such as touching-type water-

saving faucet. Its switch control is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Touch-type water-saving faucet switch control

The maximum water-saving amount can reach 50%, generally being kept in the

range of 20%~30%. If the static pressure is high, the use of an ordinary faucet will

TWH8778

12345

Input circuit

Output circuit

Input and output

protective circuit

Output current limiting

circuit

Output thermal cut-off

circuit

Input control circuit

Input terminal

Control end Diduan

Output terminal

2、3

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have a large amount of water, and at this time switching to water-saving faucet, will

bring a huge amount of water saving.

3.4. AVOID EXCESSIVE INEFFECTIVE COLD WATER

PRODUCED BY HOT WATER SYSTEM

Nowadays, people's living standards are getting higher and higher, and the

functions of buildings are gradually improved. Hot water supply has become a basic

function and even needs to be regarded as an important part of the water supply

system. The results of the survey show that most hot water supplies have water

wastage, `manifesting itself as that a lot of cold water is drained before hot water flows

out. The cold water discharged has no benefits and belongs to invalid cold water,

resulting in water waste [36]. Its causes include many aspects, which need to be

considered from different links, so as to reduce its generation and emissions.

For new buildings, a branch pipe and riser pipe circulation model shall be chosen.

Current specifications state that hot water circulation should be selected from the

following modes, main pipe, riser pipe and branch pipe. At the same time, in the public

bathroom, it is unnecessary to set circulating pipes. The choice of circulation mode

largely determines the amount of invalid cold-water production. The water-saving

amount of the riser pipe is less than that of the branch pipe, but its water-saving effect

is better than that of the main pipe, and its investment can be recovered in 12.5 years.

Pursuant to this, the use of riser pipes provides better water-saving effect than main

pipes, and is more economical than branch pipes[37-38].

Although the main pipe has relatively low cost in terms of a backwater, its water-

saving effect is not obvious, and its investment needs to be recovered after 12.7

years, longer than that of the riser pipe. Therefore, main pipes are not recommended,

either with respect to cost or water-saving effect.

When the circulating pipe is not used, a lot of invalid cold water will be produced,

which not only fails to meet the requirements of water-saving and energy-saving, but

also affects the normal use, so it should be eliminated in the future design.

Based on the above analysis, and in view of the basic national conditions of China,

the hot water system must adopt the circulation mode and abandon the main pipe

mode for green buildings, and the existing hot water system without circulating pipe

should be rapidly transformed. Now, there is still the phenomenon that the bathroom

of a lot of buildings has no circulation mode in China, needing to produce and waste a

lot of invalid cold water every day. The main reason for this is that the circulation - free

systems are relatively simple and can reduce the cost, but in fact, they will increase

the operation cost, reduce the service effect, and leads to the loss is outweighed by

the gain. In this regard, we should speed up the transformation, and generally, there

are the following solutions.

First of all, shorten the local pipeline length and do a good job of pipeline insulation.

In current green building projects, local hot water supply is designed to have no return

pipe in the system. When the distance between water heater and toilet is relatively far,

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before using hot water, a lot of cold water in retention at pipeline will be discharged. In

addition, the hot water pipe lacks insulation measures, so that the water in the pipe

quickly dissipates heat, and a lot of lower temperature water is releases when the

water heater is started once more after a period of time of shutdown. On this

account, ,the longer the length of the hot water pipeline is, the more the water wastes.

To cope with this, the following measures can be adopted. Firstly, in the design

process, not only the use function and layout of the building should be fully

considered, but also the water-saving factors should be paid great attention to, and

the hot water pipeline should be shortened on the basis of meeting the basic

requirements. Secondly, a good job of thermal insulation of hot water pipeline is done,

configuring backwater system.

Then, strictly implement the relevant technical specifications and design

requirements, and build a sound management system. In addition to the suitable

circulation mode, design, construction and management will also affect the discharge

of invalid cold water. For this, during the design process, circulating pipes should be

arranged in parallel, and when the project is a high-rise building, cold and hot water

systems need to be zoned.

In order to avoid the waste of water caused by temperature regulation, it is

recommended to set up a single system for bathrooms in public areas, and enable the

temperature control installation assume a key role in water temperature control.

Currently, many temperature-controlled units lack sensitivity, causing hot water to be

too cold or too hot, and thus leading to a waste.. In this regard, it is recommended to

popularize the use of new faucets with thermostat elements, so as to ensure that

users can obtain the water meeting their requirements in the shortest time and to

avoid water waste in the process of temperature regulation.

3.5. AVOID WATER WASTE CAUSED BY SECONDARY

POLLUTION

Once secondary pollution occurs, not only the operation of the water supply system

will be affected, but the entire system structures will also be affected by sewage.

Coupled with, that a lot of tap water is used when cleaning the water supply system, it

will inevitably leads to the waste. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to

avoid secondary pollution.

For instance, to introduce variable frequency speed regulating pump, as well as

pool, water pump and high-water tank,realizes water supply in a high-rise building, as

shown in Figure 8. Pressurized water supply is the most commonly used water supply

method for high-rise buildings at present, but the water quality of this method is poor

because the water will be polluted during storage and transportation. After the

introduction of frequency conversion speed regulating pump, pump can be directly

sent to the users, without setting water tank, so as to avoid secondary pollution. The

details are shown in Figure 9. At present, many areas in China have adopted this new

measure, and the effect is very remarkable, being favored by owners.

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Figure 8. high-water tank

Figure 9. Simplified circuit of frequency conversion speed regulating pump

Separate living pool and fire pool area. Previously, many buildings prefer to merge

two pools, which will make the volume of the pool become larger, and the actual water

use volume is less than 1/5 of its total use volume. In this way, a large amount of

domestic water will be stored for a long time, resulting in water quality changes. The

results show that the water temperature is relatively high in summer, and the residual

chlorine in the water will become zero after the water is stored in the water for more

than 12 h, which enables the rapid breeding and reproduction of bacteria. Therefore, it

is necessary to separate the living pool from the fire pool. For the volume of the pool,

it is determined according to the actual water use situation.

Although the water supply mode of pool coupled with pump and tank has the

problem of secondary pollution, the water quantity and water pressure are relatively

stable, and the technology is mature and experienced, so it is impossible to abandon

such mode. In this case, as long as the current standards and provisions having put

forward are strictly implemented, we can effectively control the secondary pollution,

ensure water quality, avoid waste, and achieve the effect of energy-saving and water-

saving. These specifications primarily include material selection, piping design,

construction design, backwash pollution control, etc.

123.20

118.60

1.10

Head tank

Pressure

stabilizing

pump Gas filling tank

Air pressure

tank

Fire hydrant for house test

Top fire hydrant

Connect the

spraying alarm

valve

PID

Transducer

Water pump

Pressure

transducer

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In summary, energy saving and water saving is the main goal of green buildings,

which should be used in practical work to avoid over pressure flow, avoid excessive

ineffective cold water in the hot water system and prevent waste of water caused by

secondary pollution, so as to improve the utilization rate of water resources and get rid

of energy waste on the basis of meeting the requirements of water supply.

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The construction engineering industry is an important support for China's economic

development. In recent years, the number of green building projects has been

increasing, and the scale of construction has been expanding, which has effectively

driven the development of the regional economy. However, in the construction

process, due to the influence of factors such as design and construction concepts,

environmental pollution and waste of resources, the issues of construction

engineering are becoming increasingly prominent. And also, in the new era, the

improvement of energy-saving design quality of green building projects has become

an inevitable requirement for the development of construction industry. Therefore, in

this paper, combined with the existing literature and the current situation of water

resources in a city, a risk evaluation system is established on the basis of hierarchical,

systematic, representative and scientific principles, as shown in Table 1.

The development and utilization of water resources is a multi-level and complex

problem involving ecological, economic and human activities. Therefore, the selection

of evaluation indicators should not only consider the quantity and social economy of

water resources but also involve the efficiency and level of development and

utilization of water resources. Based on the existing literature and the current situation

of water resources in a city, this paper establishes a risk evaluation system based on

the principles of hierarchy, systematicness, representativeness and scientificity, as

shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Risk evaluation system of water resources development and utilization

Target layer Criterion layer Index layer Index connotation Attribute

Risk evaluation of

water resources

development and

utilization A

Current situation

of water resources

C11/mm Annual average

precipitation

C12/(m3/people) Per capita occupancy +

C13/(m3/m2) Water consumption

modulus

Development and

utilization level B2

C21/% Development and

utilization degree

C11/(m3/people) Water consumption per

capita

C11/(m3/mu) Irrigation water

consumption per mu

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At present, since there is no systematic and perfect risk evaluation standard for

water resources development and utilization, this paper divides the risk level into five

standard systems, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Risk grade standards of water resources development and utilization

According to the water resources report, government work report, statistical

yearbook and other data in a city, initial values of the above indexes are extracted,

and then based on the basic connotation and its properties, the corresponding formula

is respectively adopted for the normalized processing, which is as follows. For the

positive indicators, that is, the larger the evaluation value, the lighter the risk of water

resources development and utilization, the normalization processing formula is:

(24)

For the negative index, that is, the smaller the evaluation value, the lower the risk of

water resources development and utilization, the normalized treatment formula is as

follows:

(25)

Where, represents the standard value of the evaluation index in the

evaluation sample, and and

are the maximum and minimum values of

the same evaluation index in different evaluation samples respectively.

The initial values of each indicator are normalized by using Equations (24) and (25)

respectively, and the membership degree of the risk indicators of water resources

development and utilization in each region of a city can be obtained, as shown in

Figure 10.

C11/(m3/GDP) Water consumption per

10000 yuan GDP

Socioeconomic

level B3

C31/% GDP growth rate _

C32/% Population growth rate _

Risk level I II III IV V

comprehensive

value

<0.3 0.3~0.5 0.5~0.8 0.8~0.95 >0.95

Risk level micro degree light moderate high extreme

( )

( ) ( )

min

max min

ij ij

x x

rx x

−

=−

( ) ( )

max

max min

ij ij

x x

rx x

−

=−

( )max

( )min

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Figure 10. Membership degree of risk index of water resources development and utilization

According to the correlation and importance criteria between indicators , recursive

calculation is carried out in the order from bottom to top to obtain the risk degree of

each level of the evaluation system. The results are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Evaluation results of development and utilization risk value

It can be seen from Figure 11 that the evaluation index C12

is 0. 971 in Area 2,

which is extremely risky, indicating that the per capita water resources in this region

are low and the level of development and utilization is weak. This index is in the range

of 0. 548 ~ 0. 830 in other areas, which is wholly in the moderate level. Similarly, the

level of other indicators in each region is analyzed successively. The index A, namely

risk evaluation of water resources development and utilization is in the range of 0.88 ~

0.91 in the whole evaluation samples, with that of Area 2 of the most prominent one,

indicating that it is in a high-risk state. Besides, the comprehensive risk evaluation

value in the citywide is 0.905, also indicating a high risk.

In order to better illustrate the application value of BIM technology in water supply

and drainage management, this study evaluates and analyzes the application of BIM

technology in water supply and drainage management. The project of this study is

mainly based on the data of an engineering project. In order to protect the investment

data of the project, percentage method is used in the analysis. After obtaining the

summary of effective collision reports, in-depth analysis is made on all kinds of

C11 C12 C13 C21 C22 C23 C24 C31 C32

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Risk Indicator

Indicator layer

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

Area 4

Citywide

C11 C12 C13 C21 C22 C23 C24 C31 C32 B1 B2 B3 A

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Risk Indicator

Indicator layer

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

Area 4

Citywide

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collisions, mainly analyzing their impact on the project cost, and finally, the cost loss

caused by the collision is summarized and counted. Through the study of statistical

data, it is found that if each detected collision can be solved perfectly, the return rate

of investment of BIM technology in water supply and drainage management is higher.

The figure below shows the proportion of cost savings for four different types of

collisions involving water supply and drainage pipes.

Figure 12. Cost saving ratio of four different types of collision

From Figure 12, it is not difficult to find that the collision cost saving of water supply,

drainage and HVAC is the highest, accounting for 69% of the total savings, and the

cost saving ratio of other collisions is similar. This also indicates that the design of

water supply and drainage pipes should be strengthened in collaboration with HVAC

professionals, so as to reduce costs and improve the quality of water supply and

drainage system of the project.

BIM technology can play a optimization role at all life stages of green building

projects. For this, we mainly divide the optimization analysis of BIM technology to

water supply and drainage management into four stages for comparison. The first

stage is the design phase, the second phase is construction deepening stage, the

third stage is construction preparation stage, and the fourth phase is maintenance

stage after operation.

In the first stage, BIM technology is mainly applied in the design of water supply

and drainage project. To guarantee the valve of BIM technology in the first stage, after

this stage is optimized, if there is still collision in other several stages, the value

optimized will not be recorded in this stage.

The second phase is essentially a further deepening design with construction as

the purpose. To further eliminate the collision problem of water supply and drainage

pipes, the statistics still follow the principle in the first stage, that is, if the subsequent

construction is affected, the value optimized will not be recorded in this stage.

The third stage is to formally perform construction management of water supply

and drainage engineering after the optimization of the first two stages. In this stage,

BIM technology is not only the collision optimization of water supply and drainage

pipeline, but also includes the cost management and schedule management of water

supply and drainage construction, and the optimization of construction scheme.

69%

13%

Water supply and drainage - electrical

water supply and drainage - water supply and drainage

Water supply and drainage - HVAC

Water supply and drainage - structure

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The fourth stage is the management optimization of BIM technology in the

maintenance stage of the overall operation of the building, including the optimization

of data monitoring of all kinds of pipeline information.

5. DISCUSSION

This paper simply studies and analyzes the use of BIM technology in water supply

and drainage management of high-rise buildings, and obtains the value of BIM

technology in water supply and drainage management of high-rise buildings.

However, there are still many applications of BIM technology to be studied and

discovered.

Water saving and energy conservation is a major goal of green buildings. For this, it

is recommended to feasible new technology and new measures to address the issues

such as over pressure flow in the actual work, excessive invalid cold water caused by

hot water system and the secondary pollution, so that on the basis of meeting the

requirement of water supply, the utilization of water resources is improved, and the

waste is avoided. Today, green building has become a major trend in the construction

industry, but there is still a long way to go before it is truly universal.

6. CONCLUSION

Based on relevant data and regional water resources states, this paper establishes

an evaluation system from the aspects of development and utilization, current

situation of water resources and social and economic level, and applies catastrophe

theory to perform scientific research on the risk of water resources development and

utilization. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn:

(1)

By studying the cost consumption at various stages of water supply and

drainage engineering management of high-rise buildings pursuant to BIM technology,

it can be drawn out that BIM technology has a great use value and assumes a

significant optimization function in the water supply and drainage engineering

management of high-rise buildings, where its cost saving accounts for 69% of the

total.savings.

(2) By optimizing the design having been completed, it is found that the evaluation

index C12 is 0.971 in Area 2, which is extremely risky, indicating that the per capita

water resources in this region are low and the level of exploitation and utilization is

weak. This index is in the range of 0.548 ~ 0.830 in other regions, which is wholly in

the moderate level. Besides, the comprehensive risk evaluation value in the citywide

is 0.905, indicating a high risk, and the index is in the range of 0.88 ~ 0 in other

regions.

(3) Water saving and energy conservation is an important part of green building

engineering design, and the deep application of BIM technology in its design process

not only helps to improve the quality of energy-saving design, but also has a

significant impact on the economic benefits of construction enterprises and the

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sustainable development of the construction industry. Additionally, in the process of

practice, the maximum volume of and energy conservation of green buildings can

reach 50%. In this regard, designers should fully recognize the advantages of BIM

technology design, and do a good job in the specific application of BIM technology in

the design process, so as to achieve the improvement of BIM technology application

level, to ensure the quality of energy-saving design at the same time, and to promote

the further development of construction projects.

7. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/

supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

8. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Wei Zheng, Yong Ye and Hongbing Zang conceived this idea. Wei Zheng established the

BIM model, conducted data analysis with Yong Ye and Hongbing Zang, and then wrote a

paper. All authors read and approve the final draft.

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10. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any

commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of

interest.

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