WATER - FOOD AND ENERGY NEXUS
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS INTEGRATED POLICY
MAKING TOOL
Noor Sabah
PhD student, University of Technology, Iraq.
bce.19.59@grad.uotechnology.edu.iq
Mustafa Al-Mukhtar
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Iraq.
mmalmukhtar@gmail.com
Khalid Shemal
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Iraq.
KhalidShemal@gmail.com
Reception: 05/11/2022 Acceptance: 13/01/2023 Publication: 31/01/2023
Suggested citation:
S., Noor, A., Mustafa and S. Khalid. (2023). Water - food and energy nexus
systems: analysis integrated policy making tool. 3C Empresa.
Investigación y pensamiento crítico, 12(1), 324-344. https://doi.org/
10.17993/3cemp.2023.120151.324-344
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ABSTRACT
This research discusses and analyses cutting-edge applications for water-energy-food
nexus system analysis. It is axiomatic that substantial data should be acquired for a
comprehensive model. The WEF nexus simulator may therefore be built to any extent
by using simulated data future integral field spectroscopic (IFs and THENs) for WEF
nexus interaction. The required data was then organized, and interactions (IFs and
THENs) between the three subsystems were investigated. These IFs and THENs aid
in our understanding of and ability to address the intricacy of the WEF. Given that the
present study’s objective is to review various solutions for WEF Nexus
We can now use these classifications to simplify the WEF nexus idea. In other words,
the relationship between the three subsystems is demonstrated by the IFs and THENs
variables. It would make sense to remove one of the following THEN variables from
one subsystem if one of the IF variables in another subsystem remained. Because
earlier Nexus initiatives did not provide information on how to initiate and discover
interactions, it will be simple to determine interactions. This study demonstrates how a
thorough nexus simulation model can access and communicate a wide range of data.
The nexus model's interrelationships and interactions with other subsystems can be
easily recovered thanks to this classification approach, and none of them will be
missed because of ignorance of the nexus system. These IFs and THENs variables
are also seen to be an excellent way to simplify the implementation of the Nexus
system. The overall score for each project was then calculated by adding the
weighted scores, which provided a methodical and objective way to rank the 29
irrigation and hydroelectric dam projects. This study is the first study in Iraq about
water-energy and food nexus and helping to streamline decision-making at the nexus
due to the size of the several sectors in the Iraqi human society
Following input from NWDS stakeholders, three new factors to take into account when
deciding which irrigation project options to pursue were identified: a) Fighting poverty;
b) Building irrigation projects close to Iraq's borders to ensure border security. 3) Rural
Population Decline or Poverty Exodus. It's important to note that the nation places the
highest priority on these three factors (Key Priorities National). Irrigation projects may
now be planned in a deliberate manner that takes into account the observations of the
relevant authorities thanks to the adoption of these aims together with the strategic
assessment criteria. It takes scientific input to create "resource indexes."
KEYWORDS
Water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus; Sustainable livelihoods; policymaking, Food
security
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PAPER INDEX
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. METHODOLOGY
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. NEXUS TOOL
3.2. ELEMENTS OF THE WEF NEXUS
3.3. SUSTAINIBILITY INDEX
3.3.1. ENERGY ACCESS AND DEFORESTATION
3.3.2. BIOFUELS (AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS)
PRODUCTION
3.3.3. IRRIGATION AND FOOD SECURITY
3.3.4. HYDROPOWER
3.3.5. DESALINIZATION
3.3.6. HOLISTIC WEF NEXUS SIMULATOR FRAMEWORK
4. CONCLUSION
5. RECCOMENDATION
REFERENCES
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1. INTRODUCTION
Currently, a number of interconnected, challenging concerns that pose major
threats to human civilization must be addressed by the entire human society
must be addressed by the entire human society (Diamond, 2011). Several of these
concerns are directly tied to the production, distribution, and use of food, energy, and
water, especially in developing countries (WEF). According to Hague (2010), there are
four resource pillars that underpin global security, prosperity, and equality. Despite
this, little research has been done on how to streamline decision-making at the nexus
due to the size of the several sectors and the challenge of weighing all three at once.
As a result, laws and regulations frequently transmit mixed messages regarding
problems with the economy, national security, or the environment. Also, when policy
has been established by addressing more than one area, it is often done with a
concentration on just two areas (Winpenny, 1992), and few methods have completely
addressed the interdependencies in a larger context (McCornick et al., 2008).
The need for systems thinking is difficult to translate into government policy-making
procedures (Forrester, 1994). The benefits of a more comprehensive approach to
policy and regulation are anticipated to include economic efficacy, resource efficiency,
enhanced livelihood possibilities, and public health. Negative outcomes may involve
effects on communities, commodity pricing, sub-optimal infrastructure design, or
environmental damage.
access to electricity, water, and food services of high quality. Over the past few
years, the number of those adversely impacted by this has stayed mostly constant,
and this trend appears to be expected to continue (at least in some areas). Security,
economic, and social problems are only a few of the repercussions of this situation.
Security, economic, and social problems are only a few of the repercussions of this
situation. The problem of access is evident in both rural and urban contexts (Decker et
al., 2000), and thus uses it as one lens through which to examine the WEF nexus.
Throughout this 2008 Worldwide Economic Forum annual conference (Forum),
2011), a "nexus" connecting water, energy, and food was established, and the WEF
nexus has been classified as a global risk in 2011. (Hoff, 2011). "Initiating Generally
Characterized by some combination for the Green Economy" marked a turning point
by suggesting the energy security, food, and integration of water. The purpose of the
conference was to ensure that the relationship between food security, energy, and
water was "explicitly addressed in decision-making." Three years later, at the
'Sustainability in the Water–Energy–Food Nexus' meeting (Mohtar and DIE, 2014),
policy and scientific communities from throughout the globe issued a call to action to
create policies addressing a holistic nexus approach. Additionally, a nexus strategy
that connects the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is required (Weitz et al.,
2014). Last but not least, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon emphasized the
significance of a "nexus" approach and suggested that environmental, social, and
economic factors be combined (Caputo et al., 2021). The main forces behind the WEF
nexus discussion are the strains currently affecting our global civilization along with
new, related, and anticipated challenges. Due to population increase, the agricultural
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industry will need to treble its present food supply by 2050. (Wichelns, 2010).
Currently, agriculture uses around 71% of all water withdrawals worldwide (Young and
Esau, 2015) (Choudhari et. al, 2022). By 2050, the world's water consumption is
expected to need to increase by 55% in order to keep up with expanding industry,
power production, and home usage. The world's population is expected to grow by
more than 40% while experiencing significant water stress (Zhongming and Wei,
2014). Finally, almost 15% of the world's water flows were utilized by the energy
sector in 2010 (Van der Hoeven, 2013) and generated two thirds of the world's GHG
emissions (Olejarnik, 2013). Techniques like desalination, pumping, and purification
require a lot of energy to ensure alternative water supply. Between 2007 and 2013,
the quantity of power used for desalination in the Middle East and North Africa region,
which accounts for 38% of global desalination, quadrupled (IRENA, 2013). The
development of biofuels accounted for two-thirds of the increase in worldwide maize
production between 2003 and 2007 (Bank, 2008), which acted as a trigger for the
2008 jump in food prices, which were mostly brought on by subsidies for biofuels
(Rudaheranwa, 2009).
Water, energy, and food security for the present and future generations is a
challenging undertaking. Policymakers have a lot of power and duty when it comes to
regulating the various pieces of the jigsaw puzzle. Although the scientific community
has made progress in understanding and predicting future challenges, questions still
exist regarding the most efficient way to convey this knowledge to the community of
decision- and policy-makers. Lack of appropriate tools prevents decision-makers from
taking into consideration different
resource allocation plans and understanding trade-offs between different systems.
Existing tools handle certain nexus elements. Weap (Mroue et al., 2019), LEAP (Hoff,
2011), and MuSIASEM are a few examples of this (Giampietro et al., 2013) , and
CLEWS (Ramos et al., 2021). WEAP (Water Evaluate and Plan) employs an
integrated strategy to plan water resources. LEAP (Long-Range Energy Alternatives
Planning System) is geared towards energy policy analysis and the assessment of
climate change mitigation. MuSIASEM (MultiScale Integrated Analysis of Societal and
Ecosystem Metabolism) is a technique for describing the fluxes of various societal
systems. In order to determine the connections between interdependent sectors,
CLEWS (Climate, Land, Energy, and Water Strategies) develops an integrated design
methodology.
2. METHODOLOGY
A database was created that included publications that were published all across
the world and were pulled from Google Scholar and the Web of Science. The
following keywords were used as search terms: "water-energy nexus," "water-food
nexus," "water-energy-food nexus," "climate change & food energy-water nexus,"
"bioenergy & water," "water-energy nexus & modelling." To pinpoint nexus applications
in natural resource management, policy-related research has also attracted a lot of
attention. We supplemented papers on environmental issues, resource recovery,
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water footprints, energy generation, and food consumption patterns in order to cover a
broad spectrum of pertinent studies. Then, we weed out irrelevant studies by
reviewing their conclusions and abstracts. The final sample included a large number
of publications that provided rationale for addressing the nexus quantitatively and
proposed a modelling methodology that would aid in the creation of effective laws and
regulations. Brief case studies that highlight the need for this kind of research and the
required institutional changes are also included. The current political focus on access
issues offers an opportunity to reevaluate the requirement for successful inter-
disciplinary assessments. The objective of this effort is to provide groundwork for
more in-depth future research. As a result, we provide in-depth citations from the
pertinent literature.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There are other clear links between food and energy; consider biomass production,
which uses plants a source of energy and has grown in popularity in countries such as
Argentina and Brazil in recent years. This "new renewable" energy source uses water
that would otherwise be used for irrigated agriculture for food production and relies on
plant growth to produce energy, which could lead to a decline in food production
(because of associated decreases in agricultural land for the production of food). The
biological function of the forest may have been impacted by the biomass created from
the forest waste. As a less anticipated result of using plants for energy, food prices
could rise.
3.1. NEXUS TOOL
There are tight links between the food sector, energy, and water. As demands on
these resources continue to rise, there is a rising necessity to develop, quantify, and
comprehend the trade-offs involved with the future management and planning of
these systems [Figure 1]. Water has been utilized to generate hydroelectricity and
cool thermal power stations. Hydraulic fracturing has an effect on groundwater: gas
and oil extraction pose the risk of polluting surrounding aquifers and reducing the
availability of potable water or agriculture. Energy, on the other hand, is required for
extracting groundwater and current irrigation methods, as well as for the whole urban
water cycle, from transportation to delivery to treatment. The close relationship
between water and food is most evident in agriculture's requirement for water and
irrigation, in which the share of water utilized by the agricultural sector ranges from
70–80 percent to 80–90 percent. In many nations, the priority of water usage is
regulated by law, and irrigation is often placed second to home consumption.
Food, energy, and water seem to be interdependent resource systems that confront
several difficulties, such as a growing world publication, economic crises, hunger and
poverty, and climate unpredictability. To address these issues, our traditional resource
allocation model must undergo a paradigm shift to account for their intricate
interdependencies. In pursuit of this objective, the authors have created a resource
allocation plan evaluation platform (WEF Nexus Tool 2.0) that intends to assist
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decision-makers in establishing water-energy-food-informed sustainable resource
management techniques.
Figure 1. The resource management strategy Guiding Tools
The WEF Nexus Tool 2.0 is a shared platform that brings together scientific
knowledge and policy input to detect present and predicted bottlenecks in resource
allocation patterns, as well as potential trade-offs and possibilities to address resource
stress concerns. The scenario-based approach aims to clearly quantify the
relationships between the three sources while taking into account the consequences
of population increase, climate change, changing policies and economies, and other
stressors. It allows the user to construct scenarios for a certain nation by specifying
the following parameters:
a)
Water portfolio: identifying various water sources and the quantities needed for
each.
b)
Food portfolio: Assessing local food production vs. imports, as well as
agricultural production technology.
c)
Finding forms of energy for water and agricultural output as part of an energy
portfolio.
Despite the fact that the water-energy-food framework seems general, the tool's
situations seem to be location-specific and specified by the local variables of the
research location. Local food yields, energy and water availability and needs,
accessible technology, and land demands are only a few examples. The user defines
the attributes, which allows
for the production of country-specific identities. The WEF Nexus Tool 2.0 allows
users to view and evaluate resource needs across scenarios, as well as compute
each scenario's sustainability index. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Acceleration Tool Kit from the United Nations Development Organization just included
the tool. With the use of the application, users can simulate a variety of situations with
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varying degrees of food self-sufficiency, access to water and energy sources, and
imports and exports. There is a description of the output, including the amount of
water needed (m3), the amount of energy needed locally (kJ), the amount of carbon
dioxide that needs to be released locally (tonne CO2), the amount of land needed
(ha), the amount of money needed (QAR), the amount of energy needed to be
imported (kJ), and the amount of carbon dioxide that needs to be imported (ton CO2).
The user can look up and check how many resources are used in each of the
available situations. The user might also be able to determine the relative relevance of
each system (carbon through import, energy through import, financial, land, local
carbon, local energy, and water).
3.2. ELEMENTS OF THE WEF NEXUS
The descriptive elements of the EWF nexus contain various elements that are
simple to recognize, like (Global Risks, 2011):
a)
Several billions of people lack access to all three factors (quality, quantity, or
both).
b) All elements are in high demand across the world.
c) All elements are limited by resources.
d)
All elements are "global goods," implying worldwide commerce and having
global consequences.
e)
All elements have variable geographical accessibility and supply and demand
fluctuations.
f) Global warming and the environment are intertwined in all of them.
g) All these elements have serious security concerns because they are essential
to society's functioning.
h)
All of these elements work together in highly regulated markets. All of these
things need the clear identification and handling of hazards.
3.3. SUSTAINIBILITY INDEX
Different scenarios can be created with the programme. For example, despite the fact that
one scenario uses the least amount of land, it simultaneously uses the most water. The
scenario that consumes the least amount of water is also likely to be the costliest. One of the
most energy-intensive scenarios, for example, could be a less expensive option financially.
How do we decide which scenario to pursue? What factors do we consider? How can we
determine how much of the various resource demands we can handle? How may the tool's
output be used to evaluate potential techniques? The answers aren't easy to find. To examine
and compare conditions, the following aspects should be included in the construction of a
sustainability report: (1) scientific data to aid in the quantification of system links and physical
capabilities; and (2) policy input outlining policy options and strategies.
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The multidimensionality of the framework and instrument necessitates a deeper
understanding and investigation of the results. Despite the conceptual framework's apparent
scope, evaluations and solutions should be adapted to the specific problem at hand. The
same outcomes and expenses for an idealised scenario are seen from varied perspectives by
numerous governments, ministries, or decision-making organisations, and each must supply
their own data. Each of the variables (carbon, energy, finance, water, or land) varies in
relevance or sensitivity depending on the location. It may go beyond selecting the least
resource-intensive solution to one that can be transformed into a cost-independent national
goal or vision. A scenario's localized sustainability would be determined by figuring out its
sustainability index using the two-step procedure shown below.
Iraq, on the other hand, the most difficult task at SWLRI is to find projects that maximize
not only water and land utilization, but also food security, energy efficiency, and environmental
conservation. These four areas — water, food, energy, and the environment – are so
intertwined that every change in one has a direct impact on the others. The connection or
interaction between these sectors emphasizes the importance of striking a delicate balance
between competing uses of water, which is what this approach aims to achieve. The strategy
is built around these four connections and examined in light of their interconnections. The
following are the relationship categories. The water category encompasses the allocation of
water across a variety of sectors, including municipalities, industry, agriculture, and the
environment, as well as the numerous social and economic benefits that come with its use.
Food: The food category represents the interdependence of water and food production, as
well as agriculture's involvement in soil and river system health. Water and energy production
in various forms, such as oil production and electricity generation in power plants, are all
included in this category. The Statements Vision highlights the priorities, goals, and objectives
of the ten ministries who participated in each of the four areas in the NWDS manifesto. The
future vision statements (one for each of the following sectors: water, food, energy, and
environment) describe the Iraqi government's goals for this sector on the page. They appear
at the beginning of each chapter in this strategy. Not every chance can or should be taken. As
a result, it was important to condense the lengthy list of possibilities into a more manageable
set of priorities. To do so, a preliminary assessment was conducted to identify projects that
are in the works or those are deemed critical to public safety. In actuality, it made sense to
start with the ready-to-go projects, which are meant to be of the utmost significance to the
Iraqi government. Both are established as constraints during the selection process, which
means they are immediately added to the list of selected projects. The water dams and
irrigation projects on the list were then evaluated using a multi-criteria screening approach.
For a numerical representation of the technical, social, environmental, and economic aspects
of opportunities, "strategic evaluation criteria," which are physical-factor-calculated values for
hydroelectric dams and irrigation projects, were developed. The weights for each of the
criteria were then determined based on the priorities specified by the NWDS stakeholder
committees.
Finally, the sum of the weights was used to generate the total score for each project,
providing an objective and systematic manner to rank the 29 hydroelectric dams and irrigation
projects. Following feedback from NWDS stakeholders, three new elements to consider when
selecting irrigation project possibilities were identified: a) Poverty alleviation 2) Developing
irrigation projects near Iraq's borders to maintain national security at the border 3) The
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Exodus from Poverty: Rural population exodus or reduction. It's worth noting that these three
criteria are the top priority for the country (see Key Priorities National). The adoption of these
goals in conjunction with the strategic assessment criteria has allowed irrigation projects to be
organised in a way that is both intentional and reflective of the appropriate authorities'
observations. Creating "resource indices" requires scientific input as follows:
The index of Water (WI) = Wi/Wa,
The index of Land (LI) = Li/La,
The index of locally energy (EI) = Ei/Ea,
The index of locally carbon (CI) = Ci/Ca,
The index of financial (FI) = Fi/Fa,
The index of Energy IMP (EIMP I)=EIMPi/EIMPa, and
The index of Carbon IMP (CIMP I) = CIMPi/CIMPa.
Where index = resource amount essential by scenario/allowable capacity or limit.
Resource indices are computed to normalise the tool output and detect any exceeding
local limitations. Each index represents the percentage of resources that the suggested
scenario is allowed to use. Because they are unfavourable in terms of local input needs,
scenarios with resource indices greater than 1 are less likely to be accepted. The 'local
characteristics' of the territory under investigation include the local bounds. For example, the
acceptable water limit (Wa) is a percentage of all available water resources that are allocated
for agricultural production; similarly, for La, the percentage of arable land. This process
depends on a combination of scientific inputs and an understanding of the available
resources; part of this process may involve consultation with stakeholders (i.e., ministries,
governmental organizations, etc.). Acceptable energy (Ea) is a measure of the amount of
energy allotted to the agriculture industry and its related activities. A national commitment to
reduce carbon emissions and corresponding quotas within the agricultural sector may have
an impact on an acceptable carbon limit (Ca), which is a maximum ceiling on emissions
connected to agriculture and activities associated with it (such as the use of water for
agriculture).
The allowed financial limit serves as a representation of the state budget amount for the
scenario (Fa). EIMP and CIMP are less relevant and might be more arbitrary when it comes to
how they relate to energy consumption and carbon emissions in a global setting through the
transportation of products. One step toward determining specific acceptable bounds would be
done by cross-sector stakeholder engagement, representing diverse resource-consuming
sectors with the use of scientific information. The precise amounts of resources that ought to
be provided for carrying out diverse development plans across industries would be simpler to
ascertain as a result of this.
Policy preference is shown in the identification of the importance coefficient.
Combining scientific knowledge with policymaking is essential in order to establish
sustainable policies. Both contributions must be taken into consideration. After
determining the amount of resources needed for each scenario, policy-makers must
provide their feedback. This entails determining the proportional value of lowering
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each resource need (water, energy, carbon, land, and financial). In other words, which
expenses associated with a certain situation should be reduced more than others?
Through focus groups, stakeholders would rank the relevance of each resource
demand according to what their policies and plans thought should be decreased the
most. This would be a reflection of governmental plans and objectives. The more
important it is to choose a scenario with fewer required resources, the greater the
significance coefficient. If minimizing water footprint is a higher priority than other
footprints, Iw (importance of reducing water need) would be greater. The sustainability
index of each scenario that is suggested is then determined. This index is the result of
adding the "resource indices" and the "importance coefficients" that were given to
them. The scenario is more beneficial if the assessment parameter index is lower
since it shows how far the parameter is from the maximum specified limit. The
relevance (and sensitivity) of the provided parameter decreases as the importance
coefficient does. According to the decision-maker, the scenario with the lowest score
is the most sustainable.
Scenario i:
‘I’ is the importance factor assigned for resource, which reflects the relative
importance of reducing the consumption of this resource in a scenario.
Examples from an energy perspective-
It's difficult to address all three challenges without repeating popular statistics on
growth, access, and so on, or without providing confusing recommendations. We
briefly discuss a few particular domains where the EWF nexus is obvious yet
underutilized by systems thinking at the moment. These are not case studies, but
rather sections of the EWF nexus with distinct system boundaries on which future,
more extensive research could be focused.
3.3.1. ENERGY ACCESS AND DEFORESTATION
For example, only 9% of Ugandans have access to electricity, a scarce resource
(Taylor, 2010); and significant environmental issues, such as overgrazing,
deforestation, and (typically) low-productivity agriculture practices, all contribute to soil
erosion, a major barrier to growth. 93 percent of the nation's energy requirements are
met by wood. Although the rate of ensuing deforestation has decreased significantly,
from 67 percent loss of forests and woods between 1962 and 1977 to 7.7 percent loss
between 1983 and 1993, it remains a serious issue (including effects on water
systems) (Biswas et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2008; Viswanathan and Kumar, 2005; Zahnd
and Kimber, 2009). Ethiopia experiences a lot of the same issues as well. Only 3% of
natural forests are still intact due to extensive exploitation. Pressure has been put on
S.I
i
=[WI
i
(100 −I
W
)+ LI
i
(100 −I
L
)+ EI
i
(100 −I
E
)+ CI
i
(100 −I
C
)
+ FIi(100 −IF)+ EIMPIi(100 −IEIMP)
+CIMPIi(100 −ICIMP)] ×100
IW+ IL+ IE+ IC+ IF+ IEIMP + ICIMP = 100
where
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particular basins as a result of the government's initiative to supply power to all
inhabitants. The Awash Basin contains mixed crop and animal farming in its higher
reaches; a mix of crops, livestock, and pastoral production in its middle region; and a
nomadic pastoral system with some irrigation in its bottom segment. This is similar to
how much of Ethiopia's highlands are farmed. The basin generates significant
hydropower with 110 MW total at three plants, or 14% of the country's capacity, and a
sizable tract of arable land. The basin must make severe trade-offs since there isn't
enough water to fully support agriculture and power generation demands (McCornick
et al., 2008).
3.3.2. BIOFUELS (AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS)
PRODUCTION
It is evident that initiatives to create bioenergy substitutes for fossil fuels have
frequently been implemented without a thorough knowledge of the costs and benefits
from a variety of viewpoints, including: deforestation, biodiversity, water, energy,
lifecycle emissions, and land use change. Many factors contributed to recent food
price increases, including increased fertiliser and fuel prices, and thus transportation;
increased demand for biofuels driven by energy security and climate change
concerns; and changing consumption patterns (Galan-del-Castillo and Velazquez,
2010; Kaphengst et al., 2009; Lange, 2011; Méjean and Hope, 2010; Peters and
Thielmann, 2008; Schut et al., 2010; UN, 2007). Although there are some price
consequences, there appears to be sufficient land and water available globally to
cultivate a sizable amount of biomass for the production of both food and bioenergy.
Natural resources are distributed unevenly, leading to significant regional inequalities
and severe land and water shortages in crucial places. For instance, more than 35%
of the world's population resides in China and India, both of which have fully utilized
the land and water resources available for agriculture. On the other hand, a significant
portion of sub-Saharan Africa and South America still have the potential to increase
areas used for agricultural production in addition to experiencing significant
productivity gains for current land use. This is due to the availability of suitable land
and exploitable water (Müller et al., 2008). Similar problems arise with unconventional
sources of oil and gas. The exploitation of tar sands (Wu et al., 2009) and shale gas
(Lee and Koh, 2002) utilizes a lot more water than traditional oil and gas, respectively,
and can seriously pollute water.
3.3.3. IRRIGATION AND FOOD SECURITY
The connection between energy, irrigation, and food security in South Africa has
become a serious issue (SA). Electricity rates increased by 31% between 2009 and
2010, and another 25% increase is anticipated over the next three years (Botterill,
2012; Setlhaolo et al., 2014). The agriculture industry, with its high energy
requirements for irrigation, could be one of the most affected by rising energy prices.
Irrigated land produces 25% of South Africa's main foods. Reduced irrigation and a
move to rain-fed agriculture may jeopardise national food security, particularly during
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droughts. South Africa was a net food exporter from 1985 to 2008, but has since
become a food importer due to population expansion and a slower increase in
agricultural output. Another illustration would be Punjab, which barely makes up 1.5%
of India's territory but produces 50% of the rice and wheat the government buys and
distributes to feed the more than 400 million undernourished Indians. Farmers are
"mining" (pumping) aquifers more quickly than they can be replenished, which is a
significant problem. Since electricity is subsidized, this is partially due to insufficient
price signals. As water levels drop, increased pumping is taxing an already brittle and
overburdened electricity grid. In total, irrigation consumes between 15 and 20% of
India's total power. Using distributed photovoltaic-powered water pumps, which can
improve price signals, is one solution. PV irrigation systems are successfully used in
this region when the right circumstances arise (Hussain et al., 2010; Purohit, 2007;
Sallem et al., 2009).
Iraq, on the other hand, is a country wealthy in oil, with a medium income from the
high law and a population of 36.4 million people in general in 2015, with 30.1 million of
them living in refined regions. Despite the fact that it does not form until 5.7 in the
water from local produce, the agricultural land sector is vital to the economy's survival.
because of rapid urbanization, conflict, and the safe execution of execution.
Furthermore, the cause of the colour shift is a reduction in water and a speeding up of
the process. And these works are combined until the possibility of a distinct
agricultural product is eliminated and the collection's ability to create a steady income
is increased. Despite this difficulty, the country has a wonderful place for it. And, in
Iraq, the national dominance line is being cultivated with the credit of the unit from the
head parts in order to accelerate non-oil output, raise the distribution of the unit, and
study gender equality.
3.3.4. HYDROPOWER
Hydroelectricity will continue to be the main source of power in Iraq and the
Kurdistan Region. By 2030, the Kurdistan Regional Government wants to supply 15%
of the region's electricity needs using hydropower. One percent of the rest of Iraq's
electricity demands should be satisfied by hydropower. Five new medium-sized dams
will be constructed in the Kurdistan Region by the year 2030, while ten new dams
(ranging in size from small to medium) will be constructed throughout the remainder of
the nation, largely along the Tigris River. Since the majority of these dams are
primarily made to generate hydroelectric power, they will help conserve water and
somewhat lessen floods. Some of them like the Taq Taq Dam on the Lower Zab will
provide multi-purpose services. The construction of 30 new dams will increase the
water storage capacity in Iraq by about 11 billion cubic meters by 2030.
The strategy's suggested dams represent Iraq's complete capacity for medium and
large-scale reservoir construction. Alternative technologies, such as hydroelectric,
solar, and wind energy, are another possible source of energy in Iraq. Iraq now
generates electricity from hydroelectric power stations all around the country, despite
their tiny output. According to the Ministry of Electricity MoEl in Baghdad, the
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production of hydroelectric power in Iraq in 2012 was the Republic of Iraq-Ministry of
Water Resources Strategic Study of Water and Land Resources in Iraq 179 (excluding
the Kurdistan Region) was 757.4 GW/year, or 1% of the total energy generated during
the same year (2001; 21 GW/year). The average daily production of hydropower was
102 MW. Existing hydroelectric power plants can produce more, but it is limited by
lower water levels at the top of the reservoirs, as well as the constraints imposed by
the need to match irrigation expenses. The Ministry of Electricity estimates that power
generation in Iraq, without the Kurdistan Region, for the year 2013 will be 46757
GWh/year.
The amount of water that is affected by the production of electricity is minimal (it
only affects the amount of water lost through evaporation in the dams), but it may
affect the timing of stream flows, both seasonally and hourly, because the timing of
water releases is typically determined by the demand curve for electricity, subject to
engineering and environmental limitations. Hydropower and downstream uses, such
as irrigation, in-stream usage, and supporting ecosystems, may potentially conflict
(Briscoe, 1999). A prominent instance of this type of conflict may be seen in Central
Asia, where the Kyrgyz Republic must release water during the winter to produce
energy, but South Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan want water during the summer for
irrigation projects (Schmidt-Soltau, 2004). Jordan offers yet another intriguing
scenario. The Jordan River and a few other river systems provide the country with the
scant water it needs. Lifting, transferring, and purifying surface water—especially
water from the Jordan Valley—requires energy. Importing energy has a substantial
cost from a financial and foreign policy viewpoint (Scott et al., 2003). The cost of
energy and water is another serious problem. Jordan is said to have utilized 25% of its
power, which was mostly produced from imported oil, even before the current spikes
in energy costs to manage its meager water supplies (McCornick et al., 2008).
3.3.5. DESALINIZATION
Several island communities, desalination is essential for agricultural and drinking
water for large populations in North Africa and the Middle East. Desalination will
become more necessary as subsurface water sources are exhausted and the human
population grows. Reverse osmosis and thermally driven Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) are
the two most used desalination techniques (RO), which, respectively, make about
44% and 42% of the world's capacity. Under the correct conditions, thermal
desalination devices might be powered by solar energy, use distillation to separate
fresh water from saline water. The brine is created when salty feed water is heated to
Vaporization, enabling fresh water to steam off, leaving a highly salinized solution
behind. The MSF technology has the ability to use extra thermal energy. As a
consequence, huge volumes of energy and water may be produced at one station,
thus meeting demand for both. Desalination energy demands are expected to rise
substantially, particularly in dry areas. In the MENA area alone, water desalination is
expected to increase from 8 million m3 currently to over 15 million m3 in 2030.
According to research, integrated electricity and water plants might account for 33–
67% of new power capacity expansions, depending on the nation (Blanco et al., 2009;
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Othmer, 1975; Peñate and García-Rodríguez, 2011; Publishing et al., 2005; Siddiqi
and Anadon, 2011).There appear to be a number of alternate options, but the most of
them still focus on the EWF nexus in two dimensions. The difficulty will almost
probably be to create system limits that are large enough to handle the enormity of the
interaction vectors while still being small enough to allow for realistic analysis. It's
tough to locate examples of this approach in policy and regulation.
3.3.6. HOLISTIC WEF NEXUS SIMULATOR FRAMEWORK
Through the use of simulated data (IFs and THENs) for WEF nexus interaction, the
WEF nexus simulator is scaleable. It's possible to alter the system boundaries and
nexus elements by choosing various spatial sizes, but it's also crucial to keep in mind
that shifting the spatial scale could result in altering nexus elements over time. All
design factors would therefore overlap as the geographical scale is increased. The
system borders of the WEF subsystems, which include a watershed, differ even
though they confine the geographical scale to smaller limitations, with the energy
subsystem's border being the greatest and the water subsystem's boundary being the
lowest. Due to the significant physical constraints, each national WEF subsystem
consists of its own components. Energy production is not limited to a single energy
subsystem the size of a watershed or to a particular watershed, as it is in a
watershed. Typically, it is made elsewhere and imported into the watershed. As a
result, unless bigger geographic scales that encompass a variety of energy
components could be included, it is hard to examine all of the interrelationships in the
energy subsystem merely at the watershed size. Surface water and groundwater, on
the other hand, are found in plenty in the watershed. As a result, these differences
must be taken into account after setting system boundaries on a small spatial scale.
Examining all of the linkages between WEF subsystems was the aim of this
investigation. [Figure 2] depicts the WEF nexus simulator's IFs and THENs. The
interactions in the WEF nexus system were given the names IFs and THENs because
the output of one subsystem is thought of as an input for another subsystem. For
instance, deep percolation appears to be an output of the food subsystem (THEN)
that the water subsystem uses as an input (IF). Every simulation model in this class
has independent THENs that are stand-alone outputs (THENs) that are not used by
other subsystems. Non-nexus demands are met by the water subsystem's
environmental water requirements, and non-agricultural byproducts have evolved into
an example of independent outcomes in the WEF nexus system.
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Figure 2. The interactions between the WEF nexus system (Afshar,A et al ,2012)
4. CONCLUSION
Energy modelling may benefit from a model that expands capabilities to other
Nexus regions, but doing so would involve rigorous modelling concept design and the
use of widely used tools. The present tools also have a lot of model overlap. These
overlaps are not always bad because they allow for comparisons between different
tools, shedding light on the significance of various presumptions or methods and
enabling the risk/uncertainty evaluation of the model's output. In a number of
European policy situations, this way of comparing model results is becoming more
popular (Europea, 2015). The following are the consequences of the Nexus on energy
modeling:
In the first place, to address cross-sector interdependence, resolve conflicts, and
boost synergies between the energy sector and the nexus areas of climate, land,
food, and water. By learning more about land markets, one can improve energy
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modeling, such as the solar and wind power potential. We need some form of
creativity in food technology, engineering, and hydrology.
In order to resolve trade-offs and/or improve synergies amongst Nexus domains,
governance is essential. Last but not least, transdisciplinary approaches enable the
Nexus to be handled in a fashion that is driven by the needs of stakeholders (Siddiqi
et al., 2013). Participatory approaches that unite business, government, academia,
and civil society groups may enhance the relationship between science and policy.
Comparing model results and setting a shared baseline could lead to model
improvements. It is necessary to assess integrated modelling frameworks used at
various scales. Nexus analysis is applicable to industrial processes as well as local,
national, and international research. Increased modelling capabilities and the
foundation for stronger policy recommendations could result from more Nexus
research on the topic of energy modelling. If initiatives to encourage interdisciplinary
team integration were coordinated, the development of spatial analysis consistency
would be feasible.
5. RECCOMENDATION
There is little consensus on the most effective methods and tactics to utilize at
various sizes and, most importantly, as more conferences concentrate on the
complicated, developing issue of the WEF nexus, to achieve different goals. Without a
doubt, there was a pressing need for fresh tools and procedures that could give
personalized insights. In contrast, there are currently available technologies, such as
those mentioned above, that provide in-depth analysis and critical insights for specific
sectors or between any service areas in the nexus, such as water for food and energy
for water. Connecting outputs and inputs among well-known models, followed by an
analysis of the results at an integrated water-energy-food layer, was arguably the
most difficult difficulty and demand. The water, energy, land-use, and climate
strategies (CLEWS) framework is a step in the right direction and is now being tried in
several locations. It entails the use of freely available technologies such as LEAP and
WEAP from the Stockholm Environment Institute (respectively, the Long-Ranging
Energy Alternative Planning Process and the Water Assessment and Master Plan).
Integration of models across scales is also necessary to allow decision-makers to
extract information and examine consequences at several scales. In order for the
tools and approaches to be used in a range of global settings by informed (but not
necessarily professional) practitioners, they must be readily accessible.
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