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SUPERCAPACITORS AND ITS ENACTMENT FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Tanzila Younas
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SZABIST. Karachi, (Pakistan).
E-mail: tanzila@szabist.edu.pk
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-1921
Khawaja Moez Ur Rehman
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SZABIST. Karachi, (Pakistan).
E-mail: khawajamoez07@outlook.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-4436
Muhammad Taha Khan
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SZABIST. Karachi, (Pakistan).
E-mail: tahatariq64@outlook.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3843-8174
Taimoor Inayat
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SZABIST. Karachi, (Pakistan).
E-mail: taimoorinayat66@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8410-4696
Recepción: 01/09/2021 Aceptación: 27/10/2021 Publicación: 14/02/2022
Citación sugerida:
Younas, T., Ur, K. M., Khan, M. T., y Inayat, T. (2022). Supercapacitors and Its Enactment for
Renewable Energy Resources. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición Especial,
(febrero 2022), 65-95. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2022.specialissue9.65-95
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ABSTRACT
Storing energy has been one of the major issues faced around the globe. Storage of energy,
through using batteries from renewable energy is not sucient, as it has lower power density
and low life expectancy. However, in the modern as well as in coming future, supercapacitors,
are and will be capable of replacing batteries for energy storage purposes and for short term
charge/discharge cycles. Super Capacitor (SC) is a double layered capacitor having higher
capacitance with higher power density and higher energy density than normal capacitor
and battery. Preceding study on the stated purpose relied on batteries and on coupling the
batteries since higher density power capacitor was not invented. This study, examines the use
of supercapacitors as an energy storage device for renewable energy sources such as “wind
energy” and “photovoltaic (solar).” The latest advancement in this eld is the invention of
activated carbon from biomass for the electrodes for SC applications. This paper provides
the insight about the SC technology with reference to carbon and carbon-based materials
derived from biodegradable waste. In addition to this, it also provides comparison between
the storage mechanisms of the bio-electrodes.
KEYWORDS
Stabilization, Wind energy, Pitch control, Bio-electrodes, Supercapacitor, Energy density,
Photovoltaic (PV).
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1. INTRODUCTION
With the continuous rapid growth in the economy, there is an increasing demand in energy
and the quality of power. The persistent decay of the worldwide climate and the consistent
exhaustion of fossil fuel energy, economical energy sources, for example, wind and
photovoltaic energy have been given impressive regard due to its contamination free and
reusing points of interest. These renewable energy resources become alluring arrangements
to satisfy the vitality and the power quality necessity. However, SC’s not only just stores the
abundant power exibly into the electrical hardware at night or in clear events, it improves
the force nature of the sustainable power age organization, or lls in as a reinforcement
power gracefully for the quick force to uphold (Billinton, 2005). Many wind turbines produce
a lot of their energy around evening time when winds are higher and solar plants produce
power dependent on sunshine varieties. The capacity is one of the whacking problems in
the utilization of sustainable power assets such as wind turbine energy and photovoltaic
(solar) energy. The potential to store energy when it is delivered is a basic waypoint towards
transforming elective energy into normal energy (“Supercapacitors: Making Renewable
Energy Viable,” 2011).
The sustainable power age requires its energy capacity parts to take a swift reaction
trademark, high unwavering quality and adaptable energy on the board. Therefore,
many storage modules have been used like ywheels, lead-acid batteries, capacitors and
Supercapacitors. Flywheels can be nancially feasible at higher force levels, however, having
said that, they are truly huge and one must consider various wellbeing and upkeep issues
associated with their establishment. Batteries have signicant improvement and substitution
issues, and observing their condition of charge, is consistently troublesome (Schainker,
2004). Capacitors take too much time in charge and discharge cycle unlike batteries. They
cannot store more than batteries whereas batteries store thousands of times more energy
than them. In most cases, capacitors are not environmentally friendly as their life span is
very less. On the other hand, supercapacitors replacing all of the above storage devices
are faster, reliable and however durable. Analysis of lead acid batteries, capacitors and
supercapacitors is shown in Figure 1.
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The absorption of electrolyte particles onto the exterior of anode materials is employed
to hold charge in supercapacitors, also known as double-layered capacitors (Simon et al.,
2014). As another element they can give an elite and protable arrangement a moderate
force level, because of its focal points, for example, high charge/release current capacity,
high productivity and wide temperature range (Burke, 2000).
Graphic 1. Ragone plot showing the typical values of energy and power of different energy storage devices.
Source: (Castro-Gutiérrez et al., 2020).
Supercapacitors end up being better than occupant battery frameworks, performing long
ways past the batteries’ constraints. Supercapacitors provide lower voltage limits which
creates a gap between lithium-ion batteries and electrolytic capacitors. SC’s are utilized
in various sectors including automotive industry, renewable energy resources, and hybrid
transport and so on. In hybrid power systems SC’s are being used with batteries for better
achievement of mechanism working and it also reclaims energy through restoration of the
breaking system in the vehicle. In sustainable energy sources, they play a vital role in wind
thermal energy and photovoltaic energy.
Green supercapacitor (SC) technology is the voice of the new techno-world. Materials
derived from bio-products and bio-wastes, have attained a high popularity. In this paper,
formation of electrodes for SC from various green sources is discussed and compared.
This paper provides deep insight about the performance of porous/activated bio-carbon
electrodes.
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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. ULTRACAPACITORS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
2.1.1. WIND ENERGY
Wind power is one of the quickest developing inexhaustible force age innovations.
Nonetheless, wind energy is one of most ighty fuel sources, since it relies upon variable
wind speed. An adjustment in wind speed inuences the force nature of the lattice since it
produces vacillations in the turbines yield power. In recent times, wind turbines highlighted
straightforwardly movable rotors to dispense with the dynamic force vacillation. This smooths
the force yield; however, it oers restricted abilities to change power. The framework of the
receptive force variance is eliminated by utilizing power remuneration gadgets. Having
stated that, the dynamic force vacillations can’t be settled by utilizing power pay gadgets.
The voltage transport of wind homesteads can be settled by utilizing energy stockpiling
hardware. It is additionally conceivable to change the dynamic and receptive force by adding
a capacity gadget. Research shows that the force nature of the framework is signicantly
inuenced by the uctuating force at 0.01 to 1 Hz. The forcing nature of the network is
enormously inuenced by the power uctuation in this recurrence band. A momentary
stockpiling gadget can be utilized to stie the change of wind power in this recurrence
band. However, according to its capacity, a gadget which is t for understanding its energy
in a short timespan has numerous applications in wind power framework. Supercapacitors
can be utilized in wind power frameworks to address high current vacillations. It will be
highly considerable because of their high current charge and release properties. The long
existence of supercapacitors, likewise makes them an ideal usage of wind power. Energy
will be released/generated in a way in the supercapacitor when the wind is solid. At a point
when the wind speed changes, the supercapacitor will start to release and streamlining the
framework’s yield power, empowering a more productive matrix framework (Haider, 2020).
2.1.2. PITCH CONTROL OF TURBINE BLADES
Pitch control is the innovation used to work and control the position of the blades in a
wind turbine. Wind turbine pitch control is one key approach that is signicant from both
the purposes of wellbeing and eectiveness, and acts additionally where SC’s are picking
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up foothold (Pikkarainen, n.d.). An unmanageable blade pitch can swiftly transform into
calamitous collapse. Electric pitch control systems, hydraulic pitch control systems, battery
pitch control systems, and supercapacitor pitch control systems are the four types of pitch
control systems. We will discuss the SC based pitch control system in the paper. SC’s are the
principal pitch innovation utilized for turbines today, taking the main oer situation of 43%
in recently introduced turbines around the world.
The innovation of SC is known for its uncommon capacity to fuel a high ood of intensity
in contrast to batteries, supercapacitors can catch and deliver rapid productive energy. An
ultra-capacitor stores energy in an electric eld, as opposed to in a compound response,
so it endures many thousands more in charge and release cycles than a battery. Ultra-
capacitors work in much lower and higher temperatures, since they don’t contain synthetics
that are defenseless to ecological conditions. These characteristics have made them alluring,
particularly for hard-to-get to seaward turbines which work in incredibly hot temperatures.
SC’s are a basic dependability part of the turbine pitch control framework, dealing with
the pitch for every sharp edge separately and performing basic capacities by “feathering”
the blades to improve the eectiveness of wind energy change, just as closing down the
framework by contributing the edges to zero the instance of high winds or a network
disappointment for safeguard activity (Dvorak, 2016).
A pitch framework render oers the upside of killing steady battery voltage aws, and
untimely battery framework disappointments. Battery voltage blames regularly show up
when a turbine reboots itself after a utility lattice power disappointment, or when there
is a battery charger disappointment, or when the battery doesn’t charge in cool climate
conditions. In the event, the shortcoming can’t be settled distantly, so a professional should
climb the turbine to survey the issue which results in consistent extra support, and misfortune
income and the turbine stays out of activity. Untimely battery framework disappointments
are additionally normal, generally when the battery framework works in outrageous cold
temperatures.
High temperatures additionally inuence battery execution and can add to battery
corruption after some time. Changing the encompassing natural conditions makes it
harder to foresee the battery framework operational lifetime. Restoring battery frameworks,
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which is regulatory essential each four to ve years and regularly inside one to two years,
is an expensive cycle that requires more support, successive vacation to supplant batteries
or beware of battery shortcomings, and an expanded number of turbine climbs, which
builds danger to upkeep sta. Therefore, many wind farms have replaced battery systems
over ultracapacitor based systems as they work authentically for at least 10 years or more.
SC’s fundamentally diminish the expense of reinforcement parts and distribution center
endeavors, turbine climbs, and removal endeavors (Werkstetter, 2015).
2.1.3. SOLAR POWER ENERGY
Solar power energy is a sustainable free source of energy, which is feasible and absolutely
endless, not at all like oil-based products that are restricted. It is moreover, a non-dirtying
wellspring of energy and it doesn’t transmit any ozone harming substances while delivering
power (Younas et al., 2018). The variable contribution of the solar PV cells frequently
adversely inuences battery life. PV cell creation relies upon the climatic conditions, making
them truly unstable and shaky. Battery life is seriously harmed by these yield changes, which
interferes with the battery charging and releasing cycle.
In a solar PV framework, the hybrid energy storage system is planned by joining a
supercapacitor with a battery to expand the energy thickness of the framework. This
framework has a larger number of focal points than the individual utilization of a SC or
battery. The weight on batteries can be decreased by utilizing a half breed arrangement of
SC’s and batteries. The working and upkeep cost of the new framework will be less in light
of the fact which diminishes the size and pace of release of the battery and subsequently
builds the battery life. This crossbreed stockpiling framework will likewise improve the force
quality of a solar PV system (Haider, 2020). A model of solar PV system consisting of SC
combined with batteries is shown in the Figure 4 below.
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Graphic 2. Instrumented setup of photovoltaic energy storage by supercapacitors
Source: (Logerais et al., 2013).
In the above framework blocks, containing shift purposes to restore the force control of an
independent force station by considering irregularity in their recreations. The battery has
a high energy thickness and the supercapacitor has a powerful thickness, so the blend of
both will make an ideal mixture framework. At top force prerequisites, the SC’s powerful
thickness permits an adequate energy supply inside a brief timeframe. The supercapacitor
can rapidly charge after release. Then again, the battery will supply ceaseless capacity to
stack for an extensive stretch of time due to its high energy thickness. SC’s can likewise
lessen battery size in light of the fact that during top hours, the energy will be provided by
the supercapacitor, so there is no compelling reason to plan a huge battery to meet pinnacle
load prerequisites. Battery life will likewise increment on the grounds that the battery won’t
go through constant release. Accordingly, the expansion of a supercapacitor will decrease
the expense of working and keeping up the framework (Lu et al., 2010).
2.2. BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DOUBLE
LAYER CAPACITORS
Porous carbons have gained popularity in the last decade for the fabrication of SC’s. Due
to good electrical conductivity, and surface area, carbon based electrodes are widely used.
Commonly used carbon based materials are activated carbons AC (Daud & Ali, 2004; Laine
& Yunes, 1992; Wang et al., 2007), carbon aerogels (Du et al., 2019; Fang & Binder, 2007; Liu
et al., 2007), graphene (Gomibuchi et al., 2006; Ke & Wang, 2016; Wang & Yoshio, 2006;
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Guanhua, Zhang et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2010), carbon nanotubes (Honda et al., 2007;
Kaempgen et al., 2009; Katakabe et al., 2005; Liu, 1999; Lu, 2010; Ray et al., 2002), carbon
nanobers, and nano-sized carbons (Eikerling et al., 2005; Honda et al., 2004; Sivakkumar
et al., 2007) . Due to accessibility, high thermal and chemical stability, sustainability these
materials are widely used. However, among all AC’s have gained more attention due to
its high porosity ratio and surface area (Chen et al., 2017). Table 1 and table 2 summarize
the properties of various biodegradable AC’s. These properties are responsible for the
generation of electrostatic charges.
Table 1. Activated carbon electrodes derived from biowaste performance measurements.
BIOWASTE PROCESS ELECTROLYTE CONFIGURATION
OF ELECTRODES REF.
Coconut kernel
Pulp (Milk free) KOH activation 1 M Na2SO4
2 electrodes
(Kishore et al., 2014)
Corn syrup (High
fructose)
Self-Physical activated
carbon KOH (Cao & Yang, 2018)
Sugar cane
bagasse
Chemical activation
with ZnCl2 1 M Na2SO4(Rufford et al., 2010)
Bamboo carbonization and
KOH activation 3 M KOH
3 electrodes
(Zhang et al., 2018)
Corn stalk core KOH activation (Yu et al., 2018)
Fish gill Carbonization and
termal activation 6 M KOH (Han et al., 2017)
Waste tea-leaves Carbonisation and
KOH activation 2 M KOH 145
Source: own elaboration.
Table 2. Porous carbon electrodes derived from biowaste performance measurements.
BIOWASTE PROCESS ELECTROLYTE CONFIGURATION
OF ELECTRODES REF.
Leaves (Fallen) activations of
(KOH and K2CO3)6 M KOH
2 electrodes
(Li et al., 2015)
Starch (Porous)
(microsphere)
carbonisation
and KOH activation 6 M KOH (Du et al., 2013)
Corncob residue
Steam activation
without
pre-carbonization
6 M KOH
3 electrodes
Qu et al., 2015)
Gelatin
(Nanosheets) hydrothermal 6 M KOH (Fan & Shen, 2016)
Source: own elaboration.
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For sustainable energy generation, the AC production from bio-waste are preponderant
phenomena (Benedetti et al., 2018; Guardia et al., 2018; Hill, 2017; Maharjan et al., 2017;
Tavasoli et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019). AC’s are produced from dierent bio-wastes such
as animal, mineral, plant, and vegetables etc. and are used for the fabrication of electrode
coating in electrochemical energy generation systems (Gong et al., 2016; Kesavan et al., 2019;
Misnon et al., 2015; Na et al., 2018; Nam et al., 2018; Parveen et al., 2019; Sathyamoorthi et
al., 2018; Su et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2016) . Carbon-base electrodes are
easy to manufacture and have organic electrolytes.
Mi et al. (2012) has developed porous carbon from coconut shells for better performance of
SC. Porous Carbon was extracted with the help of pyrolysis and steam activation by a single
step thermal treatment process. The volumetric ratio between mesopore and total pore was
more than 75 percent. (Jain & Tripathi, 2014) has synthesized the same carbon from coconut
shells, but by using KOH-chemical activation process. The energy and power densities
of 88.8 Wh/kg and 1.63 Kw/kg were obtained by using these electrodes in combination
with polymer electrolyte. Yin et al. (2016) prepared a multi-tubular but hollow structure of
activated carbon from coconut laments while using KOH-activation. By using this, very
high-power density of 8.22Kw/kg with a high-energy density of 53 Wh/kg is obtained. As
a result, 3D porous carbon structure exhibits high capacitance among all.
Carbon can be extracted from many agricultural crops and residues for the fabrication of
various materials. Wahid et al. (2014) has produced 3D carbon nano channels from bagasse
of sugarcane. It has a high surface area and conduction ratio. The pre-processing diagram
is in Figure 3.
Graphic 3. Carbon extraction from Sugarcane bagass.
Source: own elaboration.
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Qu et al. (2015) focused on the preparation of corncob residue based porous carbon
electrodes for SC’s. They have adopted a steam activation method for the preparation,
and the results have also exhibited well-developed porosity and good conductivity ratios.
In addition to this, the researchers have also tested the corncob-based electrodes with two
dierent electrolytes. The power density in aqueous electrolyte was more than organic
electrolyte, showing the value of 8276 W/kg. However, the energy density of 15 Wh/kg is
achieved with organic electrolyte respectively.
Various researches have been conducted for the fabrication of porous carbon electrodes for
SC’s. A crab shell based multi-hierarchical porous carbon is fabricated by Fu et al. (2019).
This structure exhibits great specic capacitance even at low current densities. It was
observed that the crab shell-based electrodes showed 94.5% capacitance preservation over
10,000 cycles. It was concluded that crab shell-based electrodes are a cheap and ecient
source of green sustainable energy systems. However, an 84.21% capacitance retention is
achieved from biomass waste cotonnier strobili bers electrodes.
Ismanto et al. (2010) showed the preparation of activated carbon based electrodes from
cassava peel waste. It has a dierent range of carbon content ranges from 28.7% to 0.4%,
making it a promising candidate for activated carbon precursor. The quantity of carbon
present in dierent bio-waste materials is enlisted in Figure 4. Precursors obtained from
porous starch are used for the fabrication of porous carbon microspheres (Du et al., 2013).
The samples obtained after stabilization, carbonization and KOH activation exhibited 98
per cent capacitance retention after thousand cycles.
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Carbon Content (%)
Perentage of Carbon in Bio-wastes
Sugarcane bagasse Seaweed Pit ch Palm shell
Durian shell Coconut shell Bamboo Apricot shell
Graphic 4. Corcon Content in different Biowastes.
Source: (Alonso et al., 2006; Azevedo et al., 2007; Chandra et al., 2007; Choy et al., 2005; Daud & Ali, 2004;
Hu & Srinivasan, 1999; Kumagai et al., 2010; Li et al., 2010; Ray et al., 2002; Raymundo-Piñero et al., 2019;
Rufford et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010).
Soybean based porous carbon is derived from its roots by Guo et al. (2016). The roots
were carbonized and processed under nitrogen atmosphere and abbreviated as SRPC-nK,
whereas n represents the KOH/char weight ratio. It was observed that SRPC-4K possesses
98 per cent capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles. The energy and power densities found
to be of 100.5 Wh/kg and 4353 W/kg, respectively.
Washing
Crushing Carbonization Application
Graphic 5. Carbon activation process.
Source: own elaboration.
Nitrogen-doped activated carbon was fabricated by Ahmed et al. (2018) from orange peels.
On the other hand, Yin-Tao et al. (2015) obtained porous active carbon from fallen leaves.
The process diagram is shown in Figure 5. The doped carbon electrode exhibited better
specic energy and power densities of 23.3 Wh/kg and 2334.3 W/kg, while others show
greater retention rate.
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Dierent electrolytes were also developed from various bio sources. A carbonized coconut
kernel pulp (milk-free) is developed by Kishore et al. (2014). It was discovered that the
surface area is inversely proportional to the temperature. A gel polymer electrolyte from egg
white, and SC from its broken shells and rice husks are developed by Na et al. (2018). The
process diagram is illustrated in Figure 10. The resulting product shows a better specic
capacitance, exibility and stable cyclic performance.
Graphic 6. Fabrication of Green Supercapacitor from egg and rice waste.
Source: own elaboration.
Various bio-waste used for deriving activated carbon that nds application as an electrode
material in supercapacitors are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Physical properties of the activated carbon extracted from biowaste.
BIO-WASTE
POWER
DENSITY
(W/KG) CYCLES
ENERGY
DENSITY
(WH/KG)
PERCENTAGE
RETENTION (%) CYCLES REF.
Bamboo 2250 3.3 91 3000 (Yang et al., 2014)
Celtuce leaves 92.6 2000 (Wang et al., 2012)
Coconut shells 38.5 93 >3000 (Mi et al., 2012)
Coconut shells 69 85 2000 (Jain & Tripathi, 2014)
Coconut shell 97.2 3000 (Sun et al., 2017)
Corncob
residue 5.3–15 82 100,000 (Qu et al., 2015)
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Cotton (natural) 97 20,000 (Cheng et al., 2016)
Human hair 2243 29 ~100 >20,000 (Qian et al., 2014)
Ligno-cellulosic
waste fruit
stones
3410 13 99 20,000 (Congcong Huang et
al., 2014)
Shells of broad
beans 90 3000 (Xu et al., 2015)
Source: own elaboration.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, the benets and drawbacks of Supercapacitors are profoundly evaluated.
Two strategies for SC’s are utilized for adjusting the voltage of SC’s which are procient
and cost eective. SC’s are procient for their quick prominent charging and releasing rate,
as well as subsequently can likewise be utilized as a reinforcement power age framework
for sustainable power assets. Flywheels are reasonable as they cost less, yet they are gigantic
and cannot be utilized wherever more than one elevated level. Lead corrosive Batteries have
reliably dangerous issues with respect to charge/release rate and it radically inuences the
wind turbines, as the drive shaft of rotor edges turn conicting causing variable voltages for
producing power.
Capacitors, then again set aside a lot of eort for charge and delivery rate dissimilar to SC’s
they don’t have longer life consequently they are not naturally cordial. The pitch of wind
turbines, can likewise be constrained by utilizing a SC at the more prominent or less point
of the edges, which inuences the pivot of the sharp edges bringing out lower yield voltage
and ending in a failure of the wind turbine. In solar power plants, the conicting inventory
inuences the battery life. Batteries are seriously harmed as a result of these yield varieties
as they have low force thickness along with a high energy thickness (Younas et al., 2018).
Along these lines, utilizing a SC’s with a battery, the life of the battery will keep going long
and as it won’t release constantly and it will diminish the ideal opportunity for upkeep of
the framework.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
B anan a- pe el Oil palm
kernel shell
Pau lo wni a
flower (PF )
Rape flower
st em s
S ugar can e
bagasse
Sug ar
industry
spent wash
waste
Power Retention Percentage at 1,000 cycles
Retention (%)
Graphic 7. Power storage capacity of various biodegradable materials at 1,000 cycles (Adopted from Graphic 8
Power density of various biodegradable materials at 1,000 cycles.
Source: (Cao et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2015; Mahto et al., 2017; Misnon et al., 2015; Wahid et al., 2014; Yunya
Zhang et al., 2016).
In addition to this, power storage capacity of various biodegradable materials is compared
for 1000 cycles in Figure 7. It has been observed that oil plam kernel shows the maximum
retention of the charge followed by sugar. However, sugarcane and paulownia occupy the
moderate retention. On the other hand, sugar industry spent waste shows the maximum
energy density.
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Ban an a- pe el Pau lowni a flow er
(PF)
S ugar can e
bagasse
Sug ar i nd ustry
spent wash waste
Power Density at 1,000 cycles
Powe r Densi ty ( W/kg)
Graphic 9. Power density of various biodegradable materials at 1,000 cycles.
Source: (Cao et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2015; Mahto et al., 2017; Misnon et al., 2015; Wahid et al., 2014; Yunya
Zhang et al., 2016).
Figures 9 and 10 shows the power and energy densities and charge retention at 5000 cycles.
Figure 9 demonstrate that pea skin has maximum power density, but power retention of
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only 75 per cent as shown in Figure 10. In contrast to this, pea skin exhibits 100 percent
retention percentage.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Retention (%) Ref.
Energy Density and Power Retention at 5,000 cycles
Garlic Skin Gel at in Pea skin Soybean resid ue Sugar can e bagasse
Graphic 10. Power storage capacity of various biodegradable materials at 5,000 cycles.
Source: (Ahmed et al., n.d.; Fan & Shen, 2016; Ferrero et al., n.d.; Rufford et al., 2010; Q. Zhang et al., 2018).
Powe r Densi ty ( W/kg)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Garlic Skin Gel at in Pea skin S oyb ea n
residue
Sugar
cane
bagasse
Power Density at 5,000 cycles
Graphic 11. Power density of various biodegradable materials at ,5000 cycles.
Source: (Ahmed et al., n.d.; Fan & Shen, 2016; Ferrero et al., n.d.; Rufford et al., 2010; Q. Zhang et al., 2018).
The dierent bio-waste materials with superior qualities were discovered from further
testing. Key performances for bio-waste activated carbon electrodes are shown in Figure 11
for 10,000 cycles. It has been observed that all the materials exhibit more than 90 percent
power retention. Among all rice husk sustain maximum charge retention of 97-99 percent.
However, soya bean unveils extraordinary properties with 100.5 Wh/kg and 63,000 W/
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kg of energy and power densities, and 98 percent charge retention. The power densities as
shown in Graphic 12 are better than the materials discussed in Graphics 8 and 10.
Graphic 12. Power density of various biodegradable materials at 10,000 cycles.
Source: (Guo et al., 2016; Hou et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2016; Sathyamoorthi et al., 2018;
Teo et al., 2016).
4. CONCLUSIONS
The above paper concludes that SC’s are best for energy storage and for backup power
generation in sustainable power resources, but they do have a voltage balancing problem
which can be solved by using an active balancing method or passive balancing method.
They have fast charge and discharge ratio due to which they are considered over lead acid
batteries, ywheels, & capacitors. Wind turbines, using batteries, store much less energy
because of their charge and discharge cycle.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Coffee Bean Raw rice brans Wood sawdust Wo od sawdust
Power Density at 10,000 cycles
Powe r De nsi ty ( W/kg)
Graphic 13. Power density of various biodegradable materials at 10,000 cycles.
Source: (Guo et al., 2016; Hou et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2016; Sathyamoorthi et al., 2018;
Teo et al., 2016).
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However, on the other hand SC’s can store more energy as they charge and release faster
and can last longer than batteries. In solar power plants SC’s are combined with batteries
for better performance, as it increases the battery life, as well as costs less with minimum
maintenance. Supercapacitor pitch control system is one of the dominant pitch control
systems among other types of pitch control systems as SC’s work in both cooler and higher
temperature conditions. They not only control the pitch control of sharp edges of every
blade separately by featuring it to a certain angle, but also controls the inconsistent voltage
as lead acid battery has unsteady voltage causing the turbine blades to rotate abnormally
fast or too slow leading into a mishap or a failure. Therefore, SC’s eciently reduces the
expense of supplementing parts, maintenance which last for about 10 or more years.
Today, one of the most conspicuous trends is the colossal upsurge in the generation of
sustainable renewable energy. There is a widespread worry that this will only lead to a
myriad of concerns in the society. In my opinion, sustainable renewable energy has more
positive impacts than the negatives. In view of the arguments outlined above, one can
conclude that despite having some drawbacks, the benets of supercapacitors in society are
indeed too dire to ignore. The SCs’ obtained from bio-products can perform eciently in
extreme conditions and provide a cheap and sustainable solution to the green energy.
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