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PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATION TO LAND
MANAGEMENT IN THE SAN PABLO TOWN CENTER,
VALERA DISTRICT, BONGARÁ - AMAZONAS
Roberto Valdivia Sagastegui
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: rvaldivia@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3518-0454
Felix David Avila Arguedas
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: favila@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4232
Jorge Eduardo Injante Huarancca
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: jeduardo.arq.dis@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2299-4897
Doris Esenarro Vargas
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: desenarro@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-7832
Recepción: 01/09/2021 Aceptación: 20/10/2021 Publicación: 14/02/2022
Citación sugerida:
Sagastegui, R. V., Avila, F. D., Injante, J, E., y Vargas, D. E. (2022). Project management and its
relation to land management in the San Pablo town center, Valera District, Bongará - Amazonas.
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición Especial, (febrero 2022), 27-45. https://doi.
org/10.17993/3ctecno.2022.specialissue9.27-45
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to propose project management and its relationship with
the control of the territory, in the population nucleus of San Pablo, district of Valera,
Bongará-Amazonas, the inadequate management of the projects results in the misuse and
management of the territory, as well as in each of its specic aspects for each subzone of the
region, the research has a qualitative approach, descriptive-explanatory type. The sources
were primary, including the plan mentioned above and supporting documents. The main
instrument was a data collection table of our elaboration and based on the Corine Land
Cover model. It was also based on data collection, mapping, and measuring geographic
areas, both from documents and the eld. As a result, a quantity of territory is proposed for
each activity, delimiting it in a suitable place through projects for the adequate management
of the region. In the case of the “Agricultural and Reforestation Zone”, of a total of 1,042
Ha, 937.8 Ha (90% can be recovered, so it is emphasized that projects and their prior
management, from the planning stage at the territorial level, can give an approximation of
what is expected for its future execution and be more ecient.
KEYWORDS
Management, Projects, Territory, Ordering.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Entering the South American context, the characteristics of this territory, the predominance
of the Andes Mountains and the Amazon jungle, make favorable situations occur in many
aspects. Still, simultaneously, they make other situations with specic problems arise. This is
why Peru is no stranger to this; the issues are often accentuated even because of its location
(Alomoto, 2018).
In the contexts above, it is understood that various factors lead national or local
governments to adapt their policies, regulations, and actions to the multiple conicts and
events generated in their territories, caused by various factors, whether physical or as
part of their management. This is how situations arise, such as the management of the
region. The inhabitants themselves have been physically transforming it due to the various
activities developed throughout history. Many cases, such as those mentioned above, have
been carried out responsibly. Others have not, especially where there is evidence of natural
diversity of ora and fauna and natural resources necessary for the subsistence of human
beings. Other related activities exploit resources for economic purposes, and Peru is no
stranger to this (AMBIO, 2018).
The aforementioned corresponds to the management and use of the soil or territory.
However, it is already evident that the overexploitation of resources and soil, whether legal
or informal, leads to dramatic changes in the region. This makes the authorities look for
ways to order and manage it correctly; it should be remembered that the characteristics of
the mentioned territories often complicate that action.
It should be remembered that many of these territories are hit by the ravages of nature, even
more intensely in some seasons, aggravating the vulnerability of the land and its inhabitants.
As mentioned in the magazine “Abriendo Brechas”, regarding the relationship between
territory and society, “Territory must be considered as a multidimensional accumulation of
value capable of producing a set of economic, social, environmental and cultural benets
for an indenite period” (Abbasi et al., 2019).
Solutions that seek to control this problem, mentioned above, are projects and their
management, which intervene in specic areas and each with its problems. Still, it is not
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enough to attack in a particular way, if not most of the time; more comprehensive plans
are required to mark the path of future projects within a timeline. Land Management Plans
(POT), Urban Plans (PU), Land Development Plans (PAT), environmental, among others;
which are documents designed to manage the territories through various policies and projects,
understanding, above all, that in non-urban areas or population centers, as is the case in
many cases in the interior of Peru, they are essential. Situations that must be addressed with
solid directions by the Government in the order of complete decentralization and thinking
above all that what is at risk are human lives and the very life of the environmental nature
of the territory (Al-Hemoud et al., 2019).
In the context of this research, it is worth mentioning that the Peruvian territory is no
stranger to this; on the contrary, having the aforementioned territorial characteristics
generates a series of problematic situations that are dicult to control or mitigate. Thus,
natural phenomena and disasters are already part of the daily coexistence of these areas,
and one of the main problems is the lack of intervention by the authorities to prevent
damage or solve the problems generated after they have occurred.
The economic activities that are habitually practiced in many of these places and population
centers are related to the extraction and exploitation of natural resources without control,
such as logging and mining. It is common to observe that the exploitation activities in
these places, which are generally populated centers a little far from important cities, some
of which are even dicult to access, are carried out informally and without any control.
Thus, with the ruggedness of the territories, their climatic phenomena, the coexistence of
the inhabitants with their environment is the riskiest, aggravating the land management
problem, the central theme of this research (Arana, 2018).
Governments and authorities seek to generate projects and plans to solve part of these
problems somehow, whether they are related to natural disasters or caused by the inhabitants
themselves. The situation is that every time these are generated, they are not carried out
with adequate management or with an in-depth analysis of the real problem (Ascue, 2018).
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2. METHOD
2.1. TYPE OF RESEARCH
For the present work, the type of research is “Descriptive and Explanatory,” since it describes
and explains the causes that originate the problem and the projects that seek to mitigate it,
all about the population center, its territory, and nearby environment.
The research method is deductive since it goes from the general to the particular; that is to
say, a broad problem is observed, and the parts are analyzed step by step until specic cases
are reached (Barrionuevo, 2018). The research approach is qualitative since the indicators
depend on specialists who give it a qualitative value for its analysis.
The level presented is non-experimental research, “since the variables are not deliberately
manipulated. To observe phenomena as they occur in their natural context, to analyze
them” (Castillo, 2018).
2.2. POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The town of San Pablo and its area of inuence, which covers part of the district of Valera,
province of Bongará in the Amazon region, was selected because it is inuenced by the
activities that aect it and, in turn, its area, presents the most critical problems. This area
comprises 1,069 ha. The sample is non-probabilistic because it was necessary not to exclude
any amount of territory from the population since the relationship sought to demonstrate
that both variables are evident throughout the region and physically.
2.3. LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
Centro Poblado San Pablo in the Valera district.
The study area was located and delimited through observation and review of the plan,
according to the problems and the possible projects indicated. This led to dening the study
area, which comprises the town center and the inuence of its immediate surroundings;
then, we proceeded to measure the selected size resulting in the sample obtaining data in
hectares of territory. Figure 1 shows the location of the San Pablo population center within
the Valera district. In contrast, Figures 2 and 3 show the analysis and diagnosis in plans that
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were developed for the rural-urban plan for San Pablo. Figure 1 shows the entire territory
selected for this research (Cho & Bruce, 2021).
Figure 1. Map of Valera district.
Source: own elaboration.
Figure 2. Zoning and land use proposal map, San Pablo town center.
Source: own elaboration.
Map prepared for the San Pablo population center, detailing the information on the
projects proposed to mitigate or solve each problem or case described in the map in Figure
2 (Esenarro et al., 2021). The delimitation of the study zones for the specic hypotheses
depended on the dimensions that make up the dependent variable, for which three were
identied. Each one was also subdivided into dierent sectors, dened by the physical
characteristics of the territory and the activities carried out in it. The rst is called the
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“Agricultural and Reforestation Zone,” the second is the urban expansion zone, and nally,
the protection zone (Figure 2).
2.4. DATA ANALYSIS
Once the data collection stage was completed, the information was organized in the data
collection table to relate each area of the zones with the corresponding type of project.
For data processing, the “Excel Spreadsheet” computer tool was used. For the data
analysis, as shown in Table 4, the resulting areas were taken from the overlapping plans in
the study zones, which generated a percentage of inuence on them when the respective
projects were applied. The analysis of the results obtained was developed using counts and
qualitative verication according to each case, where the most relevant aspects of each
zone, representative information of each variable, and in particular of each situation were
evidenced (Etsay, Negass, & Areay, 2019).
Table 1. Distribution of areas.
VARIABLE OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION
INDICATORS
(V.D.)
AREA
(Ha)
Territory
management
Agricultural and
reforestation zone
Qty of area for cultivation 521
Qty area for reforestation 521
Urban expansion
zone
Qty area for buildings 11
Qty area for roads 3
Qty area for parks,
squares, and gardens 3
San Pablo
protection zone
Qty area at risk for
landslides 8
Qty area affected by
ooding due to rains 2
Source: own elaboration.
3. RESULTS
Project management is related to the control of the territory in the town of San Pablo,
Valera - Bongará - Amazonas district. When relating the variables and reviewing the analysis
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results, the validity of the proposed general hypothesis is demonstrated since a substantial
percentage of territory inuenced by the projects is observed. Thus, the management of
the projects suggested in the research has a signicant relationship proposal about their
actions in the environment when comparing the region’s total recovered area (Femenia-
Ribera, Mora-Navarro, & Martinez-Llario, 2021).
Throughout the research development, there was constant advice from professional experts
who participated in the development of the plan and external experts, such as architects,
engineers, and geographers (Hernández, 2018).
Figure 3. Map of geographic zones.
Source: own elaboration.
Map showing the amount of area delimited for each study zone. The delimitation of the
study zones depended on three dimensions. Each one was subdivided into dierent sectors,
dened by the physical characteristics of the territory and the activities carried out in it. The
rst is called the “Agricultural and Reforestation Zone,” the second is the urban expansion
zone, and nally, the protection zone (Tafur et al., 2020).
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Figure 4. The ratio between % areas to be recovered and total areas per sector.
Source: own elaboration.
Project management is related to the direction of the agricultural zone and reforestation in
the San Pablo population center, Valera - Bongará - Amazonas district.
The amount of land for cultivation is 521 ha, of which 90% will be recovered through
productive plot projects. The amount of territory for reforestation is 521 Ha, of which
90% was identied, will be retrieved by reforestation projects with native species. The
percentages of the area not recovered or not intervening in the territory were placed in the
eld because they are not accessible and include complimentary or road areas (Hinojosa et
al., 2021).
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Figure 5. The ratio between % areas projected for expansion and the total regions per sector.
Source: own elaboration.
Project management” is related to the “Management of the urban expansion zone” of the
San Pablo population center, Valera - Bongará - Amazonas district.
The amount of land for buildings is 11 hectares, of which 90% will be used as a possible
projected area for that purpose. The amount of land for roads was 3 hectares, of which
90% was used as a projected area for sidewalks, trails, and tourist corridors. The amount of
territory for parks, squares, and gardens was 3 Ha, of which 90% was used as a projected
area for that purpose. In this case, since the urban expansion projection works as a block,
it was distributed proportionally for each indicator, being aected in the same way by the
resulting remaining area, which is made up of a ravine and other irregularities typical of
the area, where it will not be possible to project (López, 2018).
Figure 6. The ratio between % of protected areas and total areas by sector.
Source: own elaboration.
The “Project Management” is related to the “Management of the Protection Zone” in the
town of San Pablo, Valera - Bongará - Amazonas district. The area at risk of landslides is
8 hectares, 60% of which is protected by projects for the treatment of slopes, ravines and
containment elements, which denes a specic intervened area and one that is protected
from the town center. The non-intervention area is the area above the slope and the
projects. The area aected by ooding due to heavy rains was 2 hectares, which will be 70%
protected when developing projects for possible road channeling, paving, and treatment
of the Choropampa stream, depending on the analysis of future projects (Ministerio de
Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento (MVCS), 2018).
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The possible interventions given by the projects proposed in this research are based on
projects that recover and improve the territory and its future management, as evidenced by
the proposed reforestation of a forested area that deteriorated by indiscriminate logging and
inclement weather, as well as the transformation of part of this area into productive plots
with traditional crops in the study area. For the urban expansion zones, planned growth
projects are proposed in their area, considering all the critical distinguishing factors, such as
roads, recreation areas, meeting places, and buildings. For the protection of the town center,
it should be understood that the deteriorated state of its facilities and roads was evidenced,
generally due to the heavy rains and the little intervention of the streams, surrounding
hillsides, and within the same urban area of the town center itself.
Figure 7. Image of the ood zone.
Source: own elaboration.
The image shows the typical balcony, characteristic of the place, which is deteriorated, and
the wall, a specic characteristic of the buildings exposed to the area ooded by rains.
Figure 8. Intervention project in the ood zone.
Source: own elaboration.
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The image shows the intervention proposal for a road in San Pablo aected by ooding,
referred to in Figure 8, using the urban architectural perspective technique.
Figure 9. Image of the Plaza de Armas, south side.
Source: own elaboration.
The image shows the deteriorated Plaza de San Pablo, as well as the surrounding buildings.
Figure 10. Intervention project in the Plaza de Armas, south side, in perspective.
Source: own elaboration.
The image shows the proposed intervention in the San Pablo square and the surrounding
buildings, using the urban architectural perspective technique.
At a general level and by way of analysis, in the present study, the observation allowed
a verication and review of the study area, being the eldwork of vital importance,
which was made compatible with the information collected in the oce, both of the plan
taken as a reference and its related documents such as regulations and zoning. Thus, a
data collection table was used as an instrument for data collection, which allowed relating
the data obtained from the geographic zones, which, in the plan, responded to a specic
problem to be solved, which will be done with careful project management applied to each
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one of them. This leads to the reection that, since in many cases plans have been carried
out at the national level that are eectively proposed for specic territories, their correct
application will depend on how each type of project is managed, starting with the creation
of the plans and considering a timeline according to their possible inuence during and
after their execution (Sobrino, 2018).
The relationship between the independent variable, “Project management” and the
dependent variable, territory management, was achieved by superimposing the spots as
shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, which represented various sectors with specic
characteristics and percentages of related areas. Some of the selected territories, others,
indicating the inuence of the projects on these areas, and other spots indicating the rest
of the data. These are handled horizontally to relate them in the data collection table,
calculating percentages that dene the relationship sought through the hypotheses.
4. DISCUSSIONS
According to the results obtained from the research and compared with previous research
studies, it can be observed that the use of the territory is gradually aected and inuenced
by the accelerated urban growth, thus agreeing with the present research when talking
about the urban expansion zone, which forces within the plan to change the existing uses
of the territory. While it is true that it agrees with the above mentioned, in contrast to
the mentioned study, a land-use plan helps or seeks to reorganize the management of the
territory in the most coherent way. In the case of the present research and that of Arana,
the data collection table tool is used, which generates a conclusion referring to its powerful
utility for analysis of the territorial type or referring to geographic areas with determining
land uses (Perez, 2018).
We agree with Alomoto’s work (2018) in that territorial planning seeks to mitigate the eects
caused by various geographic factors. We are even using the TO as an entire governing
body. However, in this thesis, we do not propose a POT but methodological guidelines or
directives that can be annexed or complemented.
In the case of Hernández, the ZEE is a preponderant factor for the TO, as well as for the
methodological process proposed in the case of the present research, even though it does
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not generate a POT, it could be a guiding component to generate the predictions expected
from the plan (Sroorvogel & Mulder, 2021).
Proposal for a methodology to evaluate the eectiveness of Natural Protected Area (NPA)
management to measure the level of establishment and management of NPAs administered
by the National Service of Natural Protected Areas (SERNANP).
Castillo (2018) focuses mainly on the management of green areas and its strong relationship
with tree planting, agreeing with the present thesis, in the sense of starting with initial project
management, seen in its content and the necessary processes, which also start with projects
for the subsequent action in a given place, focusing or oriented more to the “Management
and Arborization of Green Areas” of a given sector. It diers from the present research
because the study area is closer to a large urban area such as Lima. It starts from the analysis
of the territory, as the current investigation, but focuses it, a little dierent and not less
important, to the sustainable development of a population with a persistent social problem
(Vargas et al., 2021).
Barrionuevo (2018) proposes concepts and theories necessary to strengthen TO in Peru.
While it is true that the primary source of this thesis is a Rural-Urban Plan, based on the
ideas of POT, the purpose of seeking a result through a methodology of its aims is to
contribute a theoretical part to the already existing at the TO level (Xie et al., 2020).
For Ascue, the territories’ vulnerability is one of the essential points to attack, which is
essentially in agreement with the present thesis. In both, the behavior of society and its
eects is highly crucial (Xie et al., 2021).
5. CONCLUSIONS
The 1,069 hectares of the study area show the total territory aected by the problems
described, and specic projects are suggested to mitigate them as appropriate. Although the
jurisdiction of the geographic zone in which this research was carried out corresponds to
the entire Valera district, the specic area of the study is strongly inuenced by the presence
of the San Pablo population center and its area of inuence, which is the capital of the
district.
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There are areas used for agriculture in the study area that is not clearly delimited or
adequately managed. There is also evidence of indiscriminate and informal logging and
deforestation in the area. The revised “Urban-Rural Plan” proposes a certain amount of
territory for each activity, delimiting it in a good place through projects for the proper
management of the region. In the case of the “Agricultural and Reforestation Zone,” out
of a total of 1,042 ha, 937.8 ha (90%) can be recovered.
There are areas where the population has been settling and building without considering
the dangers that this entails, as there are risk areas identied in the evaluated plan.
Therefore, the projects to delimit the dierent proposed areas observed in the Plan are
dierentiated by the characteristics of each of the components that will make up a future
urban expansion, noting that they are located correctly in the proposed area. Therefore,
in this urban expansion zone, of 17 hectares, 15.3 hectares (90%) are oered for planned
expansion projects.
With its rugged geography and rainy climate, the protection zone creates a series of
problems for the town center and its surroundings. Therefore, the plan delimits protection
zones and proposes possible projects to mitigate each case. The proposed projects have a
strong inuence on the aected areas as they seek to protect a large percentage of their
territory, safeguarding the lives of their inhabitants. Unlike the previous cases, there are
no percentages of protected areas that reach or approach 90%. However, it is justied
that 60 and 70% of the 10 Ha have a substantial impact relationship because the possible
projects in these cases do not cover the total mapped territory, but limits where the barriers
are placed, protection elements or modication of the environment and also the areas that
would be aected and with the projects are protected.
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