3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

ARDUINO BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

SYSTEMS FOR AGRICULTURE

Kalpana Murugan

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Electronics and Electrical

Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,

Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar (Dt), (India).

E-mail: drmkalpanaece@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5121-0468

R. Alaguselvi

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Electronics and Electrical

Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,

Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar (Dt), (India).

E-mail: alaguselvir3@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7909-549X

Recepción:

16/10/2019

Aceptación:

11/09/2020

Publicación:

30/11/2021

Citación sugerida:

Murugan, K., y Alaguselvi, R. (2021). Arduino based wireless sensor network systems for agriculture.

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición Especial, (noviembre, 2021), 87-97. https://

doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

ABSTRACT

Now a day’s agriculture is the most important signicant role in the society for the last few

decades. Farmers mainly depend upon the agriculture for their daily lively hood. Main

aim of this work is to measure the various parameters of agriculture are soil moisture,

temperature, humidity and gas. This work proposes a Smart TMHG Measurement System,

to measure the values of Temperature, Moisture, Humidity and Gas. Initially soil moisture

sensor, humidity sensors, gas sensor and water pump which is connected to arduino. These

measured values are displayed in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). After detecting soil moisture

and Humidity level, dc pump will be on or o based on the measured value. Arduino

module control the ON or OFF the motor pump using an embedded c program. This

information will be send to the user with the help of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for

taking remedial action. Smart TMHG Measurement System will make farmers to increase

the crop for better yield and make them economically benet. Smart TMHG Measurement

System used to measure the parameters of soil moisture, temperature, humidity and gas in

remote location by using wireless sensor network which will help the community of farmer

on service based, to reduce the cost, rather than the other sources.

KEYWORDS

Wireless Sensor Network, Soil moisture, Humidity, Temperature, Gas, Arduino Board,

LCD display.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

1. INTRODUCTION

Water shortage is one of the major problems in world. Many dierent methods are

incorporated for conservation of water. Water is essential for each and every eld of crop,

every human being, plants, animals etc., in an agriculture water place a vital role for yield

crops. For cropping yield excess of water is given to the eld, Wastage of water is a major

problem in agriculture. So, a number of techniques are available to save or to control the

wastage of water. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a small, inexpensive, low power and

distributed devices which are capable of local processing and wireless communications are

used for various applications like environmental monitoring, habitat monitoring, seismic

detection, health care, Industrial monitoring, home automation etc.

Ditch Irrigation is the old methodology, where ditches are dug out by us and seedlings are

planted in horizontal manner aligned pattern. Water is made to move to dierent canals

via siphon tubes. These are mainly used in olden days. The water can be saved by using

this method. Water is given near the roots itself then the roots can observe the water how

much it needed. Instead of allowing water around the tree or crops up to certain distance.

Through this methodology water can be saved eectively.

It is a very tough process and also labor is more involved and investment will be high for

laboring purpose. In this process the eld is cut into the multiple steps and supported by

keeping of walls while the plain areas are used for plantation and the idea is that the water

runs down each step watering each column. If the user is in travelling, then this type of

automatic irrigation method is helpful for sending water to the land automatically and stops

sending water when the crop is not needed.

The work of Kim, Evans and Iversen (2008) represents real time monitoring and control

of variable rate irrigation controller. The sensor nodes measure environmental parameter

and transmit data to base station where base station process data through a user-friendly

decision making program and all data commands send to irrigation control station.

Nandurkar, Thool and Thool (2014) represents the design of smart sprinkler system using

mesh capable WSN for monitoring and control of eld irrigation system. This system

provides accuracy by controlling the soil moisture level between the thresholds. Sensor

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

nodes send data to base station every time the timer variable overows. Base station has

an actuator interface to control solenoid valve using Graphical User Interface (GUI).

Rinnovando group (Rgroup) is working with agriculture experts that concentrate on

monitoring microclimate in tomato greenhouse proposed in Mancuso and Bustaa (2006).

The main goal of monitoring is to measure when the crop is on risk of developing and the

farmer treat the eld with fertilizer only when needed.

Thilagavathi (2013) proposed a WSN based system that provides online system to control

and maintain the farm remotely by logging into a farming website. Cameras used to capture

live videos of the farm. By using these videos, the user able to see the real condition of the

farm and control the farm remotely from any part of the world.

Kodali and Muraleedhar (2015) represents the overall history of spices as black pepper,

cardamom and clove in dierent states where these spices are cultivated and exporters

of spices and the problem faced by farming community related to pest and irrigation.

Indigenous design and development of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network (WSAN) is

proposed in Shaikh et al. (2010).

For better control of irrigation process in third world countries like Pakistan, it is necessary

to develop cost eective hardware system. They design system using three components as

sensor node to sense data, Actuator node for switching on/o of the connected actuator

devices and sink nod for gathering data for decision- making.

Singh, Chyan and Sebastian (2010) represents the design of a system which takes soil

samples when an event triggered with an outside event such as rain event. The system has

variable sampling rates with interface to soil sensors and rain gauge. Wireless soil sensor

network monitor an event of rain and soil moisture content. Such system consists of rain

detection module and sensory module.

Martinelli et al. (2009) represents the use of WSN that provide real time data collected by

sensor node. Each node collect data concerned with the voltage of the battery, internal

voltage and current provided by solar panel and the temperature of the microcontroller to

perform real time monitoring of the network stated. After measured data, the sensor board

is switches o and RF sends the collected data over radio channel to sink node. Design of

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

water saving irrigation control system based on WSN which is the combination of fuzzy

logic and neural network. Fuzzy logic is a mathematic model and neural network that has

self-learning ability to adapt changing environment. Fuzzy neural network is an integrated

set of fuzzy logic reasoning ability and powerful self-learning ability of neural network.

Sensor nodes measure soil moisture, temperature, humidity, light intensity and through

LAN or WAN data transmitted to gateway node to upper machine and irrigation control

system control electromagnetic valve to precision irrigation according to real time feedback

information collected by measuring data.

2. RELATED WORK

Rani and Kamalesh (2014) represents the design of distributed control system of indoor

wireless temperature and humidity to improve the overall performance of the system to

detect change in the temperature and humidity. Design of an adaptive irrigation controller

using WSN for monitoring the soil moisture status and controlling the irrigation program

schedule is proposed in Shaikh et al. (2010).

Singh et al. (2010) proposes tree topology and cluster based multi-hop routing algorithm to

reduce energy consumption while data transmission of nodes uses WSN for monitor and

collect crop water requirements such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture and irrigation

volume to build the machine learning model and data aggregation.

Design of an automated irrigation system using WSN including soil moisture sensor, air

temperature sensor and air humidity sensor in order to collect environmental data and

controlling the irrigation system is proposed in Ameer et al. (2015). By using smart phone,

the irrigation system uses values to turn on/o the solenoid valve.

Wan (2012) analyses the use of Programmable System-On-Chip (PSoC) technology as a

part of WSN to monitor and control various greenhouse parameter. The author discuss

the problem faced by management server as like data, congestion and intercommunication

between nodes. WSN based applications used with a specic protocol and system on

chip-based hardware with programmable radio (Yao et al., 2010). It combines sensors and

actuators in a WSN for successful deployment of WSN for Precision Agriculture. To charge

electrical devices, it used solar photovoltaic and rechargeable batteries.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

Zhang and Chang (2011) present the implementation of GPRS communication as a

gateway between WSN and internet. Articial immune systems connected to the internet

by using GPRS. Various data transmission approaches are used to implement closed loop

Irrigation system within Precision Agriculture. Closed loop irrigation system is used to

apply correct amount of water in correct place at right time and save the natural resources.

In the work of Zhang and Chang (2011) the system is modeled in outdoor environment

using Tiny OS based IRIS motes to measure the moisture level of the paddy eld. Moisture

sensors measure the soil moisture level. The system sets a threshold value; if the voltage

exceeds that threshold then it represents the driest soil. This system has better visualization

and monitoring GUI. In order to overcome all the above drawbacks, Smart TMHG

measurement system is proposed.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. SMART TMHG MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Smart TMHG Measurement System is mainly used to measures the values of Temperature,

Moisture, Humidity and Gas. These measured values are displayed in LCD display. Initially

soil moisture and Humidity sensors are dip in to the soil, which is connected to arduino.

Measuring all the values, it will be displayed in the LCD. After detecting soil moisture

and Humidity level condition, dc pump will be on or o. This information will be send

to the user with the help of WSN for taking remedial action. To switch ON or OFF the

motor pump an embedded c program in the arduino module is used. Main objective of this

proposed method is that to help the community of people on service based to reduce the

cost rather than the other sources.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

Figure 1. Block Diagram.

Source: own elaboration.

Plant sample is xed with an individual soil moisture sensor. Each plant sample demands

dierent moisture conditions. The Arduino module is used to read the analog input values

from the four sensors placed in the samples. The pumps are switched o under normal

conditions and are programmed to operate only when the soil moisture goes below certain

threshold levels which are specic to the plant. The Arduino interface controls the working

of the pumps which continue to irrigate the elds till the moisture levels exceed the upper

threshold value. Simultaneously, the status of the active pump is indicated in the mobile

phone of the user. This is entirely controlled by the Node MCU module. The automatic

refresh feature of this module helps in continuous updating of all the three pumps on the

mobile phone screen.

4. RESULTS

SMART TMHG MEASUREMENT SYSTEM is implemented in real time. Soil Moisture,

Humidity, Temperature and gas measured by using an aurdino board. The main aim of

the project is that measuring the parameters and knowing the farmer that how much

amount should be present in the atmosphere. Wireless Sensor network is used to implement

this work. The measured values are displayed in the LCD display. Output of Real Time

Implementation as shown in Figure 2.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

Figure 2. Output for Arduino Based Agriculture.

Source: own elaboration.

5. CONCLUSIONS

This work proposes a Smart TMHG Measurement System to measure the various

parameters of agriculture eld like soil moisture, temperature, humidity and gas. These

measured values are displayed in LCD. After detecting the soil moisture and Humidity

level, dc pump will be on or o based on the measured value. Arduino module control the

ON or OFF the motor pump using an embedded c program. The pumps are switched o

under normal conditions, when the soil moisture goes below certain threshold levels the

pump goes ON, it was programmed in arduino module. The Arduino interface controls the

working of the pumps which continue to irrigate the elds till the moisture levels exceed the

upper threshold value. This information sent to the user with the help of WSN for taking

remedial action. The Smart TMHG Measurement System will make farmers to increase

the crop for better yield and make them economically (90%) benet in remote location by

using WSN.

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank International Research Center of Kalasalingam Academy of Research

and Education for providing nancial assistance under the scheme of University Research

Fellowship(URF) and we also thank the Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering of Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, India for permitting

to use the computational facilities available in Signal Processing and VLSI Design which

was setup with the support of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).

REFERENCES

Ameer, S., Chaubey, S. S., Joseph, M., Rajasekhar, P., Abhinav, S., & Ravikiran,

R. (2015). Notice of Retraction Automatic irrigation system through a solar power.

In International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and Optimization,

pp. 1-5, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EESCO.2015.7254015

Fazackerley, S., & Lawrence, R. (2010). Reducing turfgrass water consumption using

sensor nodes and an adaptive irrigation controller. In IEEE Sensors Applications

Symposium, pp. 90-94, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2010.5439386

Kaewmard, N., & Saiyod, S. (2014). Sensor data collection and irrigation control on

vegetable crop using smart phone and wireless sensor networks for smart farm. In

IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors, pp. 106-112, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/

ICWISE.2014.7042670

Kim, Y., Evans, R. G., & Iversen, W. M. (2008). Remote sensing and control of an

irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network. IEEE transactions

on instrumentation and measurement, 57(7), 1379-1387. https://doi.org/10.1109/

TIM.2008.917198

Kodali, R. K., & Muraleedhar, A. (2015). WSN in spice cultivation. In International

Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things, pp. 1173-1177, IEEE. https://doi.

org/10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380640

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

Mancuso, M., & Bustaa, F. (2006). A wireless sensors network for monitoring

environmental variables in a tomato greenhouse. In IEEE International Workshop on

Factory Communication Systems, Vol. 10.

Martinelli, M., Ioriatti, L., Viani, F., Benedetti, M., & Massa, A. (2009). A WSN-

based solution for precision farm purposes. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote

Sensing Symposium, 5, V-469. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417630

Mat, I., Kassim, M. R. M., & Harun, A. N. (2014). Precision irrigation performance

measurement using wireless sensor network. In Sixth International Conference on

Ubiquitous and Future Networks, pp. 154-157, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/

ICUFN.2014.6876771

Nandurkar, S. R., Thool, V. R., & Thool, R. C. (2014). Design and development

of precision agriculture system using wireless sensor network. In First International

Conference on Automation, Control, Energy and Systems, pp. 1-6, IEEE. https://doi.

org/10.1109/TENCON.2015.7372834

Peng, X., & Liu, G. (2012). Intelligent water-saving irrigation system based on fuzzy

control and wireless sensor network. In Fourth International Conference on Digital Home,

pp. 252-256, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDH.2012.13

Rani, M. U., & Kamalesh, S. (2014). Web based service to monitor automatic irrigation

system for the agriculture eld using sensors. In International Conference on Advances in

Electrical Engineering, pp. 1-5, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAEE.2014.6838569

Shaikh, Z. A., Yousuf, H., Nawaz, F., Kirmani, M., & Kiran, S. (2010). Crop irrigation

control using wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN). In International Conference

on Information and Emerging Technologies, pp. 1-5, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/

ICIET.2010.5625669

Singh, A., Chyan, L. S., & Sebastian, P. (2010). Sensor integration in a Wireless

Sensor Network system for environmental monitoring system. In International

Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems, pp. 1-5, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/

ICIAS.2010.5716114

https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.87-97

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue

Noviembre 2021

Thilagavathi, G. (2013). Online farming based on embedded systems and wireless sensor

networks. In International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy, Information and

Communication, pp. 71-74, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPEIC.2013.6778501

Wan, S. (2012). Research on the Model for Crop Water Requirements in Wireless Sensor

Networks. In International Conference on Management of e-Commerce and e-Government, pp.

234-237. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMeCG.2012.77

Yao, Z., Lou, G., Zeng, X., & Zhao, Q. (2010). Research and development precision

irrigation control system in agricultural. International Conference on Computer

and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Engineering, 3, 117-120. https://doi.

org/10.1109/CCTAE.2010.5544390

Zhang, X., & Chang, B. (2011). Research of temperature and humidity monitoring

system based on WSN and fuzzy control. In International Conference on Electronics and

Optoelectronics, 4, V4-300. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEOE.2011.6013489