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AN EFFICIENT HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER (H-APF)

FOR HARMONIC MITIGATION USING COMPENSATION

TECHNIQUES

P. Sandhya

Associate Professor, Department of EEE, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bengaluru, (India).

E-mail: urssandhyarai@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1562-3086

Nagaraj Ramrao

Vice Chancellor, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, (India).

E-mail: nagaraj.ramrao@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2542-5999

Recepción:

29/11/2019

Aceptación:

26/03/2021

Publicación:

30/11/2021

Citación sugerida:

Sandhya, P., y Ramrao, N. (2021). An ecient Hybrid Active Power Filter (H-APF) for harmonic

mitigation using compensation techniques. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición

Especial, (noviembre, 2021), 623-643. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.623-643

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ABSTRACT

The deviation of physical characteristics like current, voltage, and frequency in power

systems aects the damage of electronic equipment with signicant power loss. Power quality

issues are resolved using lters like passive lters (PF) and active power lters (APF). The

drawbacks of the PF and APF are resolved using Hybrid-APF. In this article, the Hybrid-

APF (H-APF) is designed for harmonic reduction and power quality improvements using

current compensation technique. The proposed H-APF has of 3Ф- AC Source connected

in series with Non-linear load, Shunt-PF, and Shunt-APF. The Shunt-PF (S-PF) is connected

in Series with Shunt-APF (S-APF) to form a Hybrid-APF. The compensation techniques

include PQ-method/DQ Method and Hysteresis-Current- Controller (HCC) are used to

reduce the harmonics from the Load. The complete model is designed using MATLAB

Simulink and analyze the simulated voltage-current waveforms. The H-APF is compared

with dierent ltering technique concerning THD and reactive power with improvements.

The H-APF improves the THD of 5.76% over shunt–APF using PQ-Method. The H-APF

using PQ-Method improves the THD over 69.54% than the H-APF using DQ-method.

KEYWORDS

Hybrid -APF, Active Power Filter, Passive Filter, Harmonic Filter, PQ Theory, DQ Theory,

HCC, Simulink Modelling.

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1. INTRODUCTION

The growth and economy of the country depend on the power generation and its usage.

Due to recent advancement in technology, people demand high-quality power to their daily

need. The problem occurred in power system due to voltage, current, frequency variation

like swell, transient, harmonics, and spikes in electrical and electronic equipment’s. The

usage of the new power electronic devices starts from small non-linear load in the home to

extensive industrial applications. The power quality problems are resolved in recent years

by incorporating new techniques in power systems (Ahsan, Pan, & Li, 2018; Diab et al.,

2018). The voltage and current harmonics in power systems are solved by using ltering

methods. The harmonics are occurred by electromagnetic interference and voltage/ current

distortion. The Reactors, transformations-K-factor, Pulse and Phase shifting solutions,

Tuned, low-pass lters, active and hybrid-Harmonic lters are the dierent harmonics

mitigation techniques to compensate the current from the loads (Schwanz, Bollen, &

Larsson, 2016).

The Passive Filters (PF’s) are used to mitigate the current harmonics, but facing problems

with parallel resonance. The APF’s are used to reduce the drawbacks of PF’s and mitigate

the harmonics. The APF mainly performs the harmonics detection, reference current

signal calculation and gate pulses generation. In general, APF is classication is processed

on Topology, Converter, and Number of phases. The converter base includes voltage and

current source inverter. The Topology type includes Unied Power Quality-Conditioner

(UPQC), Series, Shunt, and Hybrid APF. The phases include single-phase, 2-Wire and

3-phase, 3 or 4 -wire. The Hybrid-APF are classied based on the topology includes Shunt

APF with Series APF, Shunt APF with Shunt PF, APF in Series along with Shunt PF and

Series APF with Shunt PF. The control strategies are used to compensate the current in

APF, which includes proper signal conditioning, reference signal generation based on time

and frequency domain, DC Link controlling using PI Controller, sliding mode, and Fuzzy

and nally ring signal generation using HCC, PWM and other Techniques (Demirdelen

et al., 2013).

Most of the existing research done is on active lters or passive lters individually. The

active lters classify as the shunt lter, which is costly and not convinced for higher energy

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systems and series lters to isolate the harmonics, but not to a great extent. Similarly, passive

lters eliminate particular harmonics but cause parallel resonance. The hybrid lter oers

ecient and cost-eective solutions with harmonic elimination with better power quality

improvements. In the proposed design Hybrid–APF is designed, is the integration of S-PF

connected in Series with S–APF. The Hybrid-APF overcomes the drawbacks of the APF.

The Hybrid-APF is designed using controlling strategies, which includes reference signal

generation with time-domain using PQ –method and DQ-Method, DC-Link controlling

using PI Controller, ring signal generation using HCC.

The proposed method has hybrid combination of Passive and Shunt active power lter,

using current compensation techniques like PQ-Theory and Hysteresis current controller.

The switching losses are controlled by PI controller and improve the APF computations.

The proposed approach is improved version of conventional methods in terms of THD

and reactive power. The proposed model is easily recongurable by replacing PQ-method

with DQ-method and vice versa. In future, by replacing the PI controller with articial

neural network (ANN) based controller to improve the THD and power.

Section 1.1 discusses the background of the previous research works of Hybrid-APF and

Shunt -APF. Section 2 describes the detailed architecture of Hybrid-APF and elaborates

the current compensation techniques which include PQ-Method, DQ-Method and HCC.

Section 3 explains the simulation results of the Hybrid-APF. Section 4 discuss the other

ltering methods with THD and reactive power comparison with improvements and also

concludes the overall work with improvements.

1.1 THE BACKGROUND

This section explains the background of existing APF and Hybrid-APF using dierent

approaches. Chau (2016) present Adaptive current control technique for H-APF, which

includes Prediction model, identication, and fuzzy neuro controller with a cost function.

The fuzzy neuro controller is working on membership function used in the fuzzy layer

and rules layer. Temerbaev and Dovgun (2014) describe the power quality in distributed

systems using H-APF, which contains load compensation with Notch IIR Filter for

harmonic mitigation. The analysis of Shunt H-APF Controller by Harmonic voltages,

Series H-APF controlled by source harmonic current and Combined H-APF controlled

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by Load harmonic current is discussed. A practical design approach for transformer-less

Shunt-APF is explained by Unnikrishnan et al. (2015) which include design procedures

for selecting the components and controlling techniques. The controlling method includes

PQ-Theory with Low and high Filter along with PI Controller for current and dc-voltage

controlling along with THD ndings for dierent harmonic orders. Das, Ray, and Mohanty

(2017) explain the RLS algorithm for harmonic mitigation using Hybrid-power lter with

better power quality, which includes shunt PF connected series with series APF. The RLS

algorithm is incorporated with DQ-theory in series AF by replacing the PI Controller and

HCC. The Shunt-Hybrid-APF is designed by Tahmid and Ahmad (2017) which includes

3Ф-4-wire -non-linear load, along with PF, DQ method, and PLL. The PLL is used to

frequency elements of Non-linear loads and generation current by HCC.

Nandankar and More (2017) present transformer-less H-APF using dierent inverter

topologies, which includes Six-switch Two-leg, Nine-Switch and Voltage-Source Inverters.

The nine-switch Two-leg inverter-based HPF achieves better THD and reactive power.

Babu, Kar, and Halder (2016) and Kar and Halder (2016) analyze the H-APF using HCC

for power quality, which includes PQ-Theory, HCC for current compensation, along with

Fryze compensation theory. The PQ method is better THD than Fryze compensation

method. Balasubramanian and Palani (2016) present Shunt H-APF using PQ Theory with

current source and voltage source type non-linear load.

The APF is designed using six Transistors are connected parallel and acts as an inverter

with DC voltage capacitance along with HCC and PQ method. Thuyen (2018) presents

improved P-Q harmonic detection technique for H-APF using Fuzzy logic controller.

The instantaneous P-Q theory is replaced by fuzzy adjustor to decreases the response

time and increases overshoot time. The same author, Thuyen (2019), extends the work by

introducing a new design based on Social Spider Algorithm (SSA), which supports multi-

objective optimization by replacing the Fuzzy adjuster with improved THD and reactive

power. Wang, Lam, and Wong (2018) present Shunt–HAPF based on Thyristor Controller

LC-coupling (TCLC) to improve the cost, reliability, and power loss of the power system.

Esfahani, Hosseinian and Vahidi (2015) describes the Fuzzy based Particle Swarm

Optimization (PSO) for HAPF for better PQ improvements. Damodhar and Kumar

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(2016) explain the hardware based (FPGA) Hybrid power generator for dierent industrial

applications. Dhineshkumar and Subramani (2018) describe the Kalman lter-based

H-APF for PQ improvements with good harmonic mitigations.

2. PROPOSED METHOD

In this section, the proposed Hybrid-APF is designed for Power quality improvements and to

mitigate the harmonics. The Hybrid-APF is an integration of S-PF connected serially with

S-APF. The primary model includes Three-Phase AC Source, RL components followed by

Non-linear Load along with S-PF and S-APF.

Hybrid-APF architecture is represented in Figure1. The Three-Phase AC mains is connected

with Non-linear Load and also to Shunt Passive lter (S-PF), Shunt-APF, Universal Bridge,

PI Controller and HCC

Figure 1. Detailed Architecture of Hybrid-Active Power Filter (H-APF).

Source: own elaboration.

The Non-linear load includes the 3-phase RL load, followed by six-diodes connected in

parallel and an unbalanced load. The unbalanced load has three resistors 2Ω,4Ω and 6Ω

in parallel. The Shunt PF is wired in series with IGBT (Universal Bridge) based Shunt-

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APF to mitigate the harmonics and ended with DC link capacitors C

and C

. The control

strategies are incorporated to compensate the voltages and currents using PQ-Method and

HCC are explained in the below section.

2.1. PQ METHOD

There are so many methods that are used to compensate the currents, in that PQ-method is

a commonly used method in power system to improve the power quality. The instantaneous

I and V waveform values are expressed by three-phase instantaneous space vectors (αβ0).

These current and voltage values of the 3-phase system are converted to αβ0 values with

the dierence of 2π/3 on each phase. The mathematical equations are expressed in a

matrix using Clark's Transformation for current and voltage conversion is below.

(1)

(2)

The three-phase instantaneous space vectors are generated using equations (1) and (2) using

abc to αβ0 or (Clark’s) transformation. The zero sequence values of equations (1) and (2)

are removed from the 3-phase systems, so V

and I

are not considered for further analysis.

The p and q values are generated using below equations (3) and equation (4) are expressed

in matrix form.

(3)

(4)

The p and q values are compensated using average and oscillator values are expressed in the

below equation (5).

(5)

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The p

and q

are oscillatory values and p

and q

are average values. The compensating

power of p and q is expressed in equation (6).

(6)

The compensating current reference generator (CCRG) of αβ is expressed in the below

equation (7).

(7)

The CCRG of αβ values are converted back to abc values using Inverse Clark’s transformation

and are expressed in equation (8).

(8)

These abc transformed values are considered as reference current and used in Hysteresis

Current Control (HCC).

Figure 2. Current Compensation Using PQ Method.

Source: own elaboration.

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The current compensation using PQ-Method is represented in Figure 2. The 3Ф Main’s

voltage (V

sabc

) and load current (I

labc

) from the 3-phase main power supply are given as input

to the abc to αβ0 transformation block (eq (1-2)) followed by instantaneous PQ calculation

using (eq (3-4)). The reference compensated current is generated by CCRG using equations

(5-7). Finally, the conversion of the αβ to ABC transformation is achieved by equation (8).

The DC link voltage is used to improve the APF computations. PI Controller achieves the

generation of the switching losses of the converters. The Hybrid-APF switching losses are

balanced by using the DC link voltage as constant.

2.2 DQ-METHOD

The DQ-Method is similar to PQ-Method and it is represented in Figure 3. The 3-phase

source voltage (V

sabc

) is applied to Phase- Locked Loop (PLL) which is used to synchronize

the dierent frequencies and voltage signals based on gains. The PLL output (k) is used to

synchronize the DQ and CCRG. The load current (I

labc

) is converted to αβ0 values with the

dierence of 2π/3 using equation (2). The DQ calculation is achieved using park conversion

below equation (9).

(9)

The rotating reference frame (RRF) – dq occurred based on DC components and harmonic

values are frequency shifted by ‘k’. The DC values are extracted by using LPF with margin

at the line frequency.

Figure 3. Current Compensation using DQ Method.

Source: own elaboration.

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The CCRG generates the αβ0 values using inverse park conversion in below equation (10).

(10)

Apply the inverse Clarke transformation using equation (8) to generate the nal compensated

current I

cabc

values and these values are processed in HCC.

2.3 HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER (HCC)

The HCC is used to obtain the pulse width modulation (PWM) signals for Hybrid-APF. The

HCC is working based on the feedback mechanism. The switching gate signals are given,

when the error limitation crosses the given tolerance value in H-APF. The architecture of

the HCC is represented in Figure4.

The PQ/DQ Method generates the compensated reference three-phase current (I

cabc

)

and measured current (I

mabc

) from the mains are inputs to the HCC model. The relation

operator (>=) acts as a switch to compare the three-phase reference and measured current.

If (I

>= I

) then g

will be activated (Switch ON) otherwise g

will be activated. Similarly,

if (I

>= I

) then g

else g

gate pulses and If (I

>= I

), g

else g

gate pulse is generated.

The switching control of the Hybrid-APF using HCC is achieved to generates the gate

pulses and input to the Universal Bridge (IGBT Inverter).

Figure 4. Block diagram of HCC.

Source: own elaboration.

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3. RESULTS

The Modelling of the Hybrid –APF (H-APF) is designed using Matlab-Simulink Tool and

by selecting the simulation type-Discrete, Solver-Tustin, and sample period of 5µsec.The

H-APF is compared with other dierent ltering techniques concerning Total Harmonic

Distortion (THD), and reactive power (KVAR) of source voltage and current. The

Modelling parameters considered as a specication for dierent ltering techniques are

represented in Table 1.

Table 1. Specication for Different Filtering Design.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS VALUES

3-Phase AC Mains Voltage, 400V

Fundamental Frequency 50Hz

Line Impendence R

= 0.01Ω, L

= 1µH

Unbalanced Load 2Ω, 4Ω, 6Ω

Coupling Inductor 1.2mH

DC Capacitance (Cdc) C

dc1

= 40 µF, C

dc2

= 40 µF,

Reference DC Voltage V

dc_ref

= 850V

Source: own elaboration.

The Schematic of Hybrid- Active Power Filter (H-APF) using Simulink Tool is represented

in Figure 5. The 3Ф- AC source voltage 400V with a frequency of 50Hz is selected for

dierent ltering techniques for harmonics reduction reactive power improvements.

Figure 5. Schematic of Hybrid- Active Power Filter (H-APF) using Simulink Tool.

Source: own elaboration.

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To compare with Hybrid-APF, other ltering techniques are designed and analyzed in this

section. The S-PF is wired to 3-phase mains, which includes three-phase RL, which is

connected in parallel. Harmonic Filter is designed separately, which includes two 5

& 7

order, 11

& 13

order are connected in parallel. Shunt-APF is connected with 3-phase

mains, which includes Universal Bride, PI Controller, followed by HCC and DQ/PQ-

Method.

The experimental setup is conducted for non-linear Load, Passive Filter with Load,

harmonic lter with Load, Shunt-APF with Load, and proposed Hybrid-APF with load to

generate the THD and reactive power results. The Hybrid-APF generates the three-phase

, I

, V

load

and I

load

waveforms, after PQ method and HCC compensation technique and

it is represented in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Hybrid –APF source and load Voltage and current waveforms Using PQ Method.

Source: own elaboration.

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The Hybrid-APF has performed the current compensation using PQ method and HCC

with the Load. After compensation, the DC Link V and I waveforms are represented in

Figure 7 and 8, respectively.

Figure 7. DC-Link Voltage Waveform after compensation.

Source: own elaboration.

Figure 8. Compensated Current Waveform after Hybrid-APF using HCC.

Source: own elaboration.

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Figure 9. FFT analysis of Source Current-THD Values for Load and different Filtering techniques.

Source: own elaboration.

The FFT analysis of percentage THD results are obtained after simulating the dierent

ltering technique models with Load is represented in Figure 9. The Three-Ф source with

only non-linear load results the 10.33 % THD for I

before ltering technique introduced

in Figure 9(a).The Shunt Passive lter with Load obtains 9.24% THD, the Harmonic Filter

with Load obtains 8.54% THD, shunt-APF obtains the 2.43% THD, Hybrid–APF using

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DQ-Method achieves 7.52% and proposed Hybrid–APF using PQ-Method obtains 2.29%

THD for source current are represented in Figure 9(b-f)respectively.

4. DISCUSSION

The THD is a central part of the electrical modules to eliminate the harmonics in main

power systems as per IEEE 519 standards. The THD calculation for H-APF using PQ-

Method for dierent Harmonics and Nonlinear loads are tabulated in Table 2 and Table

3 respectively.

Table 2. THD Calculation (%) using different Harmonics for H-APF -PQ-Method.

HARMONICS

SINGLE TUNED DOUBLE TUNED

5 7 11 5 & 7 7 & 11 5 & 11

THD 2.49 2.47 2.34 2.45 2.56 2.35

Source: own elaboration.

Table 3. THD Calculation (%) using different nonlinear loads for H-APF -PQ-Method.

NONLINEAR

LOADS

R =10Ω R= 1KΩ

(10Ω, 1mH)

(1KΩ,1µH)

RLC

(10Ω,1mh, 10µF)

RLC

(1KΩ,10mh, 100µF)

THD 2.29 3.07 2.1 3.05 3.1 3.13

Source: own elaboration.

The THD Calculation (%) of Vs and Is for Load and dierent Filtering Techniques is

tabulated in Table 4. The Non-linear Load achieves 10.33 % THD without ltering

techniques. By using Shunt Passive Filter with Load achieves 10.55 % THD reduction over

Non-linear load model. The Harmonic Filter with Load achieves 8% THD reduction over

only Passive Filter with the Load. The Shunt-APF Filter with Load achieves 45%THD

reduction over Harmonic Filter with the Load. The Hybrid Filter with Load achieves

29.78% THD reduction over Shunt-APF Filter with Load for source Current. The PQ-

Method achieves better THD 69.54% overhead than DQ-method.

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Table 4. THD Calculation (%) of Vs and Is for Load and different Filtering Techniques.

% THD Only Load

Passive

Filter

Harmonic

Filter

Shunt-APF

(DQ)

Hybrid-

APF (DQ)

Shunt-

APF (PQ)

Hybrid-

APF (PQ)

Source

Voltage (V

)

0.08385 0.08368 0.0796 0.1298 0.1308 0.2209 0.2094

Source

Current (I

)

10.33 9.24 8.5 8.3 7.52 2.43 2.29

The percentage of reactive power is generated for Load, and dierent Filtering Techniques

is tabulated in Table 5. The reactive power for a non-linear load is 12.06%, for Passive

Filter with Load is 13.08%, for Harmonic Filter with Load is 11.6%, Shunt-APF with Load

is 1.104% and Hybrid–APF uses 5.05% KVAR. The H-APF using DQ method utilizes

5.033 % reactive power.

Table 5. Reactive Power calculation (%) of Vs and Is for Load and different Filtering Techniques.

Power Only Load

Passive

Filter

Harmonic

Filter

Shunt-APF

(DQ)

Hybrid-

APF (DQ)

Shunt-

APF (PQ)

Hybrid-

APF (PQ)

Reactive

Power

(KVAR)

12.06 13.08 11.6 1.699 5.033 1.104 5.05

Source: own elaboration.

The Shunt-APF uses less reactive power than Hybrid–APF, but it utilizes more THD

and aects for harmonics mitigation. Hybrid-APF achieves the three-Phase Current

compensation for Non-linear loads.

The comparison of proposed model with similar work of Balasubramanian and Palani

(2016) of same parameters with THD improvements of 34% are tabulated in Table 6.

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Table 6. Comparison of Proposed H-APF.

PARAMETERS PROPOSED WORK

PREVIOUSWORK

(BALASUBRAMANIAN & PALANI, 2016)

Phase Voltage and Frequency 230V and 50HZ 230V and 50HZ

Load Full bridge Diode Rectier Full bridge Diode Rectier

Load resistance 26 26

THD (Current) 2.25% 3.42%

Source: (Balasubramanian & Palani, 2016).

5. CONCLUSIONS

This article presents the Hybrid-APF with modeling and simulation. The Hybrid-APF is an

integration of Shunt-PF and Shunt–APF along with 3-Phase AC Source, RL Components

and Non-linear Load. The S-APF will compensate for the voltage and currents using PQ

Method and HCC. The Hybrid-APF simulation results for Source current and voltage,

load current and voltage is presented. The Hybrid-APF is compared with other ltering

techniques like Passive Filter, Active Harmonic Filter and Shunt-APF. The Proposed Hybrid

–APF achieves better THD than other Filtering techniques. The Hybrid-APF achieves 2.29

%THD using PQ-Method which is better than DQ-Method THD-7.52%. The Hybrid-

APF using PQ Method THD improvement over Shunt-APF is 5.76%. The Hybrid–APF

utilizes less reactive power (KVAR) around 5.05%, which is quite useful for power system

networks. In the future, improve the THD and reactive power of Hybrid-APF by using

Articial-Neuro- Fuzzy Logic Controller as a current compensation method.

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Ahsan, M. K., Pan, T., & Li, Z. (2018). A Three Decades of Marvellous Signicant Review

of Power Quality Events Regarding Detection & Classication. Journal of Power and

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aspx?paperid=86408

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Babu, P. N., Kar, B., & Halder, B. (2016). Modelling and analysis of a hybrid active power

lter for power quality improvement using hysteresis current control technique.

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