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ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF VITAL SIGNS
OF HUMAN BEINGS USING IOT ARCHITECTURE
R. Raja Sudharsan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Electronics and Electrical
Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil,
Virudhunagar (Dt), (India).
E-mail: rajasudharsan@klu.ac.in
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-9774
Recepción: 28/11/2019 Aceptación: 17/03/2021 Publicación: 30/11/2021
Citación sugerida:
Sudharsan, R. R. (2021). Assessment and measurement of vital signs of human beings using IoT
architecture. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición Especial, (noviembre, 2021),
491-511. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.491-511
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ABSTRACT
The concept and architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) is getting progresses every day.
This is proposed to various objects globally which is accessible from the internet and gets
integrated to many dierent portable devices. This Paper presents the four-layer architecture
of communication protocols in which it is oriented to medical applications. Dierent
portable devices (Sensors) of medical application have been used for measuring vital signs
(Temperature, Blood Pressure, Respiration rate, Pulse rate and Electrocardiogram, etc.,)
of human body, these sensors will give series of information or data about the vital signs
measured. This Measured data (information) is transmitted to Android based mobile
application (Mobile App) through which the data can be monitored via Bluetooth (IEEE
802.15.1) at 2.4 GHz and the device is controlled by the single board computers. The
Middleware services for maintaining (Collecting and retrieving) of databases in the server
are studied.
KEYWORDS
Internet of Things (IoT), Four-layer Architecture, Vital Signs, Android Mobile Application,
Middleware Services.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The importance of Internet of Things (IoT) has become vital to the society, since its rapid
growth in the Internet technologies and communication systems. In the current scenario,
we get access to internet via Smart Mobile phones, Computers, Tablets, Televisions etc.,
at anytime and anywhere. In the similar fashion, the Internet of Things (IoT) is being
developed which is not used only “human” but also “things”. It is used various elds
of applications such as the Home Appliances, Agriculture, Medical Devices and so on.
The internet is applied in various elds, it conveys an idea in which the “things” is well
communicated and interconnected or interrelated with dierent solutions. Mainly, internet
for communication to other devices, over the cloud and some eld of services (events,
database, semantic, service based and application specic). This IoT can communicate
with various sources developed. They are, Bluetooth, Wi-, Zigbee, Radio frequency
Identication, Near Field Communication, Lo-Ra etc., these mediums are used depending
on the application requirement.
It may be Short-range, long range, low power, high data rate, security (secured data transfer)
and also type of portable devices (Sensors and Actuators) used in the application. For very
long range and higher bandwidth “TV Whitespace” can be used for data transfer, even the
target device is very far away from the source operating device. In other-words, this IoT
denotes the worldwide network connections and its addressed devices. According to Gubbi
et al. (2013), the IoT connects to various sensors and actuators components, providing the
ability to them for transmitting the information from one host to other host using various
mediums. This will lead database collection and management, big data analytics, cloud
computing, etc.
It is may be contemplated that evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) will plays a vital role in
the near future. So, more investments have been made in the Research and Development,
thus, public and private investments have been made in R&D, Prototype demonstration
and various deployment activities. There are various architectures and communication
technologies have also been emerged since last decade for performing the portable devices
and its communication to server using various resources.
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In this paper, we present an architecture for a Health Care Application, taking into
considerations of Various sensor (portable devices), Protocols, Communication medium
along with the study of Middleware services. In SECTION-II, related literature survey
was discussed. In SECTION-III, four-layer architecture has been discussed along with its
Protocols and Portable devices. In SECTION-IV, studied the various Middleware Services
and in the SECTION-V, the results have analyzed and discussed. Finally, this paper is
concluded with a Conclusion in the SECTION-VI.
2. RELATED WORK
Fatmi, Hussain and Al-Rubaie (2017) proposed a remote monitoring system in which a
mobile app running on a smartphone platform reads patients’ vital signs such as blood
pressure signal, blood saturated oxygen (SpO2), and temperature using single board
computers. The app transports the data to a server located in a cloud or to a corporate
data centre. Misbahuddin et al. (2018) proposed a patient monitoring system in which the
patient’s vital signs (e.g) ECG, temperature, etc., are measured using the wearable sensors.
This information is transferred to the Doctor’s Server/database using Internet of Things.
(i.e) transferring the patient’s vital signs via ESP8266 to the Server/Database.
Ren et al. (2010) proposed a mobile healthcare system. In which the EEG, ECG, Pulse and
blood pressure are measured using wearable sensors and transfer those measurements to
mobile phones. Patients can measure their vital sign round the clock and get to know the
conditions of their Body and also can prescribe medicines from doctors accordingly. These
data are made secured and privacy from various attacks. This system enhances the secured
data and telemedicine systems.
Banuleasa et al. (2016) proposes the design of a wearable electronic system, which is
independent, aggregates and processes data from a diverse network of sensors that measure
the body's vital signs and aggregate that data into a microcontroller driven platform, which
is connected to a remote gateway for uploading the data. The remote gateway will be the
subject's smartphone that keeps alive the communication through GPRS (General Packet
Radio Service) to an internet available server or cloud service. Both the electronic system
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and the remote service (server/cloud) that receives the data, in the end, can generate social
alerts and initiate various actions, server side, gateway side or even IOT device side.
Swaroop et al. (2019) proposed the design of a real-time health monitoring system which
can store a patient’s basic health parameters (vital signs parameters). The data can be made
available to a medical practitioner as an alert and for monitoring by multiple means of
communication. The data from the health monitoring system transfers to doctors or any
medical practioner’s server using multi node communication. (i.e) transfer the data using
Bluetooth (BLE), sensing SMS (messaging services) using GSM module and though internet
using Wi, which enhances the multimode communication for health care systems.
Prakash, Girish & Ganesh (2016), in their work, propose a human vital sign monitoring
system which includes measurement of pulse rate and body temperature of patients using
wearable sensors from remote locations. The network processor CC3100 and Computational
processor MSP430 is interfaced with sensory components and made to communicate the
emergency signals through Global System for Mobile (GSM) like messaging service and
SMTP server. This Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server can be achieved by
implementing a TCP/IP stack and Ethernet interface in a MSP430 controller.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
There is no single agreement on architecture for IoT, which is accepted universally. Dierent
architecture has been proposed by several researchers. There are two main architectures,
they are: Three layer and Five-layer architecture. Among these, three-layer architecture
is more basic one which has perception layer, network layer and application layer. This
Perception layer is commonly known as Physical layer. In which, it has sensors for sensing
the information and gathering it related to the application environment. In other-words,
the sensors will sense some physical parameters. The network layer is responsible for
connecting to smart devices (Single board computers) as a gateway. It adds the features,
that it can transmits the data and process the data from the sensors in the physical layer.
The nal layer will be the Application layer, in this layer it delivers the application explicit
administrations to the client (users). Three-layer architecture has been overcome by the ve-
layer architecture since it focuses on only few aspects of Internet of Things (IoT).
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The Five Layer architecture has the additional layers such as transport layers processing
layer and business layers being both Perception and Application layers are common for
both Three and Five layer. This (i) Transport layer will send the Sensors data to Processing
layer from the perception layer using Wireless via Bluetooth, Wi, LAN, NFC, RFID etc.,
(ii) The Processing Layer will do the job of Middleware services. This Middleware services
will Manage, store, analyze and process very huge amount of data from the transport layer.
It employs various databases, Big Data Analytics and Cloud Computing. (iii) The Business
layer which included the entire Internet of things (IoT) module, Prot models and User’s
privacy. In a classic social IoT setting, we treat the gadgets and services as bots where they
can set up connections among them and adjust them after some time. This will enable us
to consistently give the gadgets a chance to collaborate among one another and accomplish
an intricate undertaking.
To make such a model work, we need numerous interoperating parts. 1) Require a “Unique
technique of object Identication”. (i.e.) an ID has been assigned to every device or object
based on the Classical parameters namely: UUID, MAC ID, product code or other custom
method for object identication. 2) The second will be the “Metainformation” which comes
along with ID of a device/object. The Metainformation will gives the description of the
device’s development and operation. 3) After Metainformation, “Security Control” plays a
vital role in object communication which is much similar to “Friend list” setting in Facebook
(Social Application). 4) Next is “Service Discovery”, similar to service cloud in which have
to store the data in the dedicated directories commonly termed as Database Management
System (DBMS). It is very important for devices to keep up-to-date information/data for
future services. 5) The nal part will be the “Service Conguration”, the goal of this part is
to provide better integration, services to new users.
Based on these dierent Components, the IoT architecture are classied based on the
communication network (Personal Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN),
Wide Area Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) etc.). In general, the IoT
architectures will have set of protocol layers diers majorly on the applications (Home
appliances, Medical, agriculture etc.,). These layers can be related to Internet Protocol
(IP) layers. There are totally four layers in which the complete set of devices can be ready,
they are: Sensing layer (Physical layer), Network Layer (Gateway layer), Transport layer
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(Management Layer) and Application layer (Data Server). These layers follow a set of
protocols to execute the necessities.
Physical Layer
(Sensors, Bluetooth,
Wifi, etc.)
Network Layer
(Gateway layer)
Transport Layer
(Middle-ware
Services)
Application Layer
Figure 1. Four Layer Architecture.
Source: own elaboration.
3.1. PHYSICAL LAYER
This layer which contains dierent sensors for measuring major vital signs of Human Body.
This Sensors will measure the parameters and gathers information about the vital signs.
The major vital signs measured is temperature, blood pressure, Electrocardiogram (ECG)
and Electromyogram (EMG) from a human body using the corresponding sensors such as
(i) DS18B20 (water proof) by Maxim Integrated – This sensor will measure human body
temperature which has the accuracy of about 0.5 0C (-10 – 1000C), operating temperature
ranges from -55 0C to 125 0C and operating voltage is 3.0 to 5.5 V.
Moreover, this sensor is Water proof. (ii) AD8232 module by SparkFun electronics – This
sensor will measure Electrocardiogram (ECG) of human being, which has supply voltage
of 2.0 V to 3.5 V, operating temperature is about -65 0C to 125 0C, Gain Error is 0.4%,
CMRR is 80 dB. (iii) MyoWare Muscle Sensor by SparkFun Electronics – This sensor will
measure the Electromyogram of a human being, which has the operating voltage of about
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2.0 V to 5.7 V, CMRR is 85 dB, Gain is 1000 and bandwidth of 25 Hz to 480 Hz and
(iv) ASDXACX015PAAA5 by Honeywell – This sensor measures the Blood Pressure of a
human body, which has the accuracy deviation of about 1.5 %, operating voltage of 3.3
V to 5.0 V, operating temperature is about 0 0C to 85 0C and it has the response time of
1ms. These sensors measure the corresponding Physical parameters and identies the smart
objects such as low power embedded devices with more security control, low power and
high data rate (Proper Gateway) in order to transfer the gathered information.
3.2. NETWORK LAYER (GATEWAY)
This Layer will act as a gateway, in which the data from physical layer can be transmitted
to the network layer by various medium such as Bluetooth, Wi-, Zigbee, Radio frequency
Identication, Near Field Communication, Wireless Sensor Networks to the Single Board
Computers. Here, the data from the sensors are transmitted via Bluetooth (HC-05/ HC-
06) to the Android based Mobile Application. This data can also be transmitted to the
single board Computer via Wi module (ESP 8266 or Node MCU). The Internet Protocol
version 4 (IPv4) is used as the main protocol for Network layer. It transmits the packets
(Data) from host to host (i.e.) transmits data from source to destination. This achieved by
using logical address (32 bits of integral values). The IPv4 is a connectionless protocol and
used for packet switched networks. It operates on best eort model delivery model, but it
does not assure a proper sequencing of data. This aspect includes the will leads to Data
Integrity which is addressed to the next layer named Transmission Control Protocol in the
Transport layer.
Sensors
Gateway
Figure 2. Controller to Gateway Communication.
Source: own elaboration.
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3.3. TRANSPORT LAYER
This layer uses Transmission Control Protocol for data the data to be transported from
network layer to the Application layer. The TCP denes the establish a data and maintain
a network communication which application layer programs can exchange data (packets).
The TCP has maximum of 60 bytes of data sequence. The main concept of TCP such
as Byte Streaming, Connection oriented, Full duplex, Piggybacking, Error Control, Flow
Control, and Congestion Control. The data from the Network layer is given to TCP layer,
using IPv4 the data is sent to the application layer
i. Byte Streaming: This Byte Streaming is one of the major advantages of Transmission
Control Protocol in which the data from Application layer to transport layer and vice
versa send continuously without any losses of data (packets) in array format. The
Data will be in terms of bytes (Collection of bits) which altogether form a segment
ii. Connection Oriented: This protocol is a Connection oriented unlike Internet
Protocol (IP) which is connectionless. The purpose of connection oriented is
reliability (added feature). In other words, the data loss or packets loss is very less
while transmitting and receiving the data (packets). If the data loss is predicted,
then the same data (packet) is retransmitted to the receiver. Whereas, in User Data
Protocol (UDP) the reliability was not guaranteed. In TCP, 3-handshaking protocols
takes places. They are: 1) Request, 2) Response and 3) send data (data transmission).
iii. Full Duplex: As known, the full duplex, will send and receive data from one device
to other devices at the same time which is an added a feature of TCP.
iv. Piggybacking: It is similar and continuity of handshaking protocol. In which the data
send to the receiver, the receiver sends the acknowledge that the full data (packet)
are received without data (packet) loss. Once the Acknowledge receives to sender, it
transmits another segment of data to receiver. Two steps of Sliding Window Protocol
used, namely: “Go Back” and “Selective Repeat”.
I. Go-Back: It retransmits all the frames in which alteast any one of the frames
is damaged or lost.
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II. Selective Repeat: It retransmits that only frame which is damaged or lost.
v. Flow, Error and Congestion Control: This ow, error and congestion control
mechanisms plays a vital in transmitting a from sender to receiver because the ow
control is used to restrict the amount of data (packets) that the sender can send
before waiting for acknowledgment and it (Flow Control) is based on two categories.
They are feedback-based and Rate-based ow control. Whereas, the Error Control
ensures the reliable communication of message by providing the sender with some
positive and negative feedback or Acknowledgment about what is happening in the
other end (receiver). In case of congestion, decides the capability of data (packets)
can be sent at a time in a same network. In other words, if innite data (packet) are
sent at a time in a single network, that leads to congestion. These actions can be
controlled in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) of Transport Layer (TL).
Node-RED
Controller
Raspberry pi
ESP 8266/
NodeMCU
Output
Figure 3. Flow of MQTT protocol.
Source: own elaboration.
3.4. MIDDLEWARE SERVICES
The Middleware Services provides interconnectivity to all the devices around us. In other
words, the omni-present computing is the core of IoT (Internet of Things). The Middleware
services is mainly used for dierent requirements of varied applications in order to make it
more standard. This service will act as a software bridge between things and applications. In
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outline, the middleware conceptualizes the hardware and provides an integration between
the hardware and application which is commonly termed as Application Programming
Interface (API). This API, not only used for communication but also database management,
Security control and privacy. In general, the middleware services are based on their design.
They are:
(A) Event Based: in event based, all the elements of device or machines can communicate
with each other through dierent events. Each and every event has a type and few parameters.
This Events are generated or produced by producers and received by consumers. This is
commonly considered as a Publish/subscribe structure, which is depicted in the Figure 3.
Device-1
Publish
Controller
(Raspberry Pi)
Publish
Device-2
Subscribe
Device-1 sends (publish) a message
Device-2 subscribes the same message in which
the same messages publishes in Device-1
Device-2 receives the message
Figure 4. Publish/Subscribe Event.
Source: own elaboration.
(B) Service Based: the Service based Middleware which is mainly a kind of Service
Oriented Architecture (SOA) that support for networked services. The important feature
of SOA is that oerings are unbiased entities, with well-dened interfaces, which can be
invoked in a general manner, without requiring the consumer to have expertise about how
the service actually plays its responsibilities. This SOA rely on three main components.
They are: (i) Service Registry, (ii) Service Provider and (iii) Service Consumer. This Service
based middleware is wholly responsible enabling and development of services for these
three conceptual key components.
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Service
Provider
Service
Registry
Service
Costumer
Publish Discover
Figure 5. Three key parts of SOA.
Source: own elaboration.
(C) Database Based: in this method, the network of IoT systems/devices is considered
as a digital relational database system. The database can then be queried by using the
packages the usage of a query language. There is smooth to apply interfaces for extracting
the records of data from the database. This approach has issues with scaling due to its
centralized model.
(D) Semantic Based: this Semantic based middleware services are focused on
interconnection of dierent types of systems or devices, in which it can communicate with
various forms of data in the database. For this type of action, a separate framework has been
used. In the case of common format of data, this middleware uses N adapters for N amount
of data of same format in order, that the adapter to map N number of standards. In other
words, the semantic based middleware services are used for mapping each resource with
software layers for those corresponding resources. This software layers then communicate
with each other by using their language which is based on semantic web.
(E) Application Specic: this application specic middleware services are mainly
used for corresponding application which developed based on the whole architecture in
the application layer. It is more coupled with the application layer. Comparing to other
middleware services, this application specic middleware is not general purpose.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As the sensors are xed to the human body in their respective location in order to measure
its physical parameter. The sensor data are transferred from Physical layer to the mobile
app using Bluetooth (i.e.) the physical parameters are measured by using the corresponding
sensors and monitored using the mobile app (Android Application) as discussed in
SECTION II. The Bluetooth module used here is HC-05/HC-06. This HC-05 send data
using Serial port Protocol (SSP) at 2.4 GHz, low power, with Enhanced data rate. The
hardware basic setup for the health care system for vital signs of human body is illustrated
in the Figure 6.
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
Wireless Sensor Network
Zigbee
Radio Frecuency Identification (RFID)
Near Field Communication (NFC)
Health and Fitness Care
Application Layer (Data Server)
(4)
Network Layer (Gateway)
(2)
Four Layer Architecture
(3)
Transport Layer
(1)
Physical Layer
DS18B20 (Temperature Sensor)
AD8232 (Electrocardiogram)
MyoWare Muscle Sensor
ASDXACX015PAAA5 (Blood Pressure Sensor)
Heart Beat Sensor
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Middleware Services
Services Based
Event Based
Database Based
Semantic Based
Application Based
Figure 6(a). Taxonomy of four Layer Architecture.
Source: own elaboration.
Heart Beat
Sensor
Temperature
Sensor
Electrocardiogram
Sensor
Encephalogram
Sensor
Power Supply
Mobile
Figure 6(b). Hardware setup of health care system for Vital Signs.
Source: own elaboration.
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Figure 7. Layout of the device (Health Care System).
Source: own elaboration.
This system is controlled by a Single board computer (Arduino (Uno, Mega, Nano)/
Raspberry Pi), in which the power supply given to the system is 5V (2.5A).
Figure 8. A Patient measuring his Temperature.
Source: own elaboration.
Figure 9. A Patient measuring his Heart Beat Rate.
Source: own elaboration.
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The Figures 8 and 9. shows that the patient is measuring his body temperature and heart
beat rate by griping the corresponding sensors. His results can be viewed in the mobile
phone, provided the Bluetooth (HC_05/HC_06) should be paired with mobile on order to
receive the data from device (Health care System).
Figure 10. Temperature and Heart Beat Rate in Mobile.
Source: own elaboration.
The Figure 10 shows the graph of body temperature represented in Red Color and the
reading is measured as 98.9 0C (latest value in the graph) whereas, the heart beat rate is
represented in Grey Color and it is measured as 79 BPM (latest value in the graph) of a patient
using a mobile phone. By using this device (Health Care System) vital signs (Temperature,
Heart beat rate, Blood pressure, ECG, EEG) can be measured with corresponding sensors
integrated to the single board computer which is programmed accordingly and can use the
same this Android based Application (Mobile App) for monitoring the measurements. Even
the Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) can be measured with corresponding sensor,
which measures the glucose level in blood of a human beings.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The Proposed architecture is designed based on extracting the various architectures by
identifying the best one of each those architectures in order to meet the objective specied.
The Bluetooth is used as transferring medium from a device to a Mobile app (Android
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Based mobile Application). It can able to transmit the data on real time for the vital signs
measured in human body. This architecture is proposed for medical application, sensors
are selected based on certain parameters as discussed in SECTION- II. The Bluetooth is
preferred over other medium of data transmission because of its less energy consumption
and secured data transfer over Zigbee, Wi. In near future, this architecture can be used
with many portable devices (Sensors) for measuring many more physical parameters of
human body and even this architecture can be used for measuring Diabetes (Continuous
Glucose Monitoring) according to the sensors used.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank International Research Center of Kalasalingam Academy of Research
and Education for providing nancial assistance under the scheme of University Research
Fellowship(URF) and we also thank the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering of Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, India for permitting
to use the computational facilities available in Signal Processing and VLSI Design which
was setup with the support of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
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