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INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF SOLAR
POWERED HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING
PATTERN MATCHING TECHNIQUES IN LABVIEW
ENVIRONMENT
M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran
Professor, Dept. of ECE, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,
Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, (India).
E-mail: mpraja80@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-4512
N. Pothirasan
Research Scholar, Dept. of ECE, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,
Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, (India).
E-mail: gore9988@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1254-0421
V. Muneeswaran
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,
Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil, (India).
E-mail: munees.klu@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8061-8529
Recepción:
11/11/2019
Aceptación:
08/01/2021
Publicación:
30/11/2021
Citación sugerida:
Rajasekaran, M. P., Pothirasan, N., y Muneeswaran, V. (2021). Intelligent transportation system of
solar powered hybrid electric vehicles using pattern matching techniques in labview environment. 3C
Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición Especial, (noviembre, 2021), 293-311. https://
doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2021.specialissue8.293-311
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ABSTRACT
While people driving a vehicle due to the distraction of drivers many persons suer in
accidents. The main reason behind these accidents is breaking the rules and not concentrates
on the road signals. The main objective of this work is to build an IoT enabled intelligent
transportation system. In this paper presented by utilizing a function there we make
some links between the car and the signals present on the roads. The proposed system
identies the road sign with 98% accuracy. By doing this we can minimize the accident
that will happen. Additionally, by dening MPPT control algorithm we can control the
BLDC motor inside the E-vehicle to consume less amount of power. And, by using color
detection algorithm and shape algorithm, we can capture the road signal and we will save
ourselves from accidents. In calculating the census of the death rate in 2017, we came
to know that most of the people die in road accidents. They suered to a condition that
they cannot be able to lead their daily lives like normal persons. This work improvises the
current infrastructure of autonomous vehicle and removes the hurdles that people facing by
imparting automated algorithms.
KEYWORDS
Computer Vision, Road Vehicles, Transportation, Articial Vision, Intelligent
Transportation Systems, Lane Detection, Obstacle Detection.
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1. INTRODUCTION
By the survey of 2017, we came to know that most of the people died in the road accidents.
These types of accidents make them have heavier wounds and lost their organs and even
lead to death. People travel faster in road-side and are not just thinking about the eects
of the accidents and spoil their whole future and people are not following the rules and
drivers are not concentrating on the signals, these could made them lead to accidents. And,
on the other-side, we noticed that because of using vehicles that run-in petrol and diesel,
air pollution will happen and it creates pollution the environment. And people will suer
because of inhaling these polluted gases. While we are travelling in car, we could not easily
identify the signals in the road-side. So, because of this, many accidents will happen and the
people cannot be able to drive their own cars and they xed their own cars and they xed
a driver to drive it.
Now-a-days, the cost of fuel is very high and there is no possible in using the cars which
run in petrol/diesel. So, we can use E-vehicle instead of using fuel cars. By using E-vehicle,
we can avoid the supply of the external battery. E-vehicles are good because we can avoid
pollution by utilizing it. And, we can avoid the diseases caused by the environmental
pollution. We can have a safe and simple journey in E-vehicle. By using vehicle, we must
not spot on car repairs and damages because it was made by using small electronic devices.
E-vehicle made our driving safe and secured. E-vehicle can be used by any person of old-
age people, children and also by dierently-abled people. Because it was designed with that
much comfort ability. The amount of breakdown happens in E-vehicle is very low. It is
designed as there we can take external sources like battery-operator, light and horns from
the E-vehicle.
2. RELATED WORKS
This section gives a detailed description about the few notable works in the eld of power
electronics and hybrid vehicle design. The usage of computer vision is greatly emphasized
by Bertozzi et al. (2002). Bertozzi et al. (2002) detected the application of pattern detection
is being used in vital transport applications such as the detection of lanes, monitoring the
mobility, etc. In his work, Emadi, Lee, and Rajashekara (2008), provided a brief review on
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the working characteristics of the circuit system and the involvement of power electronics
systems in the construction of alternative vehicles. This conceptual analysis is helpful
for analysing the eects of intrinsic behaviour of the lithium-ion batteries. The authors
analysed the importance of parameters including the losses in the feeder, variance in load
and the load factor for a PHEV charging in coordinated system.
Based the relativeness of the above three parameters a charging algorithm which in-
turn will reduce the unwanted charging behaviour in connected system of PHEV’s was
developed. The importance of image processing was discussed in very recent works (Li et
al., 2019; Muneeswaran & Rajasekaran, 2019). Pothirasan et.al. described the logical way
interaction of Electric vehicles with the roadside signals through an ecient V-V and V-I
communication interfaces (Pothirasan & Rajasekaran, 2016, 2019). The usage of IoT in
real time environment is depicted in Ramakala et al. (2017). Hadley and Tsvetkova (2009)
described the statistical analysis of the market demand of PHEV as it provides alternative
to the fuel system. Sun, Bebis, and Miller (2006) introduced an intelligent vehicular system
by adding a pattern recognition technique that aids in detection of nearby vehicles and
their speed range in iterative manner. Based on the knowledge gathered from these works
the authors attempt to construct an intelligent transportation system with the support of
LabVIEW environment.
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
We can run the BLDC Motor through the three phase inverter by means of converting DC
(lead acid) into AC source. There are three methods available to charge the battery. 1. Solar
Panel, 2. Regenerative braking system, 3. Using Grid. The power gained from solar panel
and the power stored in the battery is given as input through MPPT Technique. Three
phase inverter is working in double direction and the boost converter working in single
phase. The overall block diagram of the proposed prototype explains the whole process.
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Figure 1. Block Diagram of Intelligent Transportation System.
Source: own elaboration.
The road side sign boards and trac signals are captured by means of a camera xed in
the vehicles and it is displayed in the monitor to create awareness to the user. When the user
failed to control the vehicle manually, the controller system itself will automatically control
the vehicle after some period.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR PANEL
There is an increment of shortage of electricity. It we use solar energy by all houses we
can reduce the scarcity of electricity. The working of solar panel (photon) or particles of
light to knock electrons force from atoms. By using this solar panel can generate power.
The combination of two or more solar cells is Calles solar panel. In photo voltaic cell two
silicones of semi-conducting material, usually by using silicon they using in microelectronics.
Generating current from photo voltaic cell is more required. Much like that magnetic
eld which occurs in conductors due to opposite poles of an electric occurs when opposite
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charges are separated. To get this eld manufactures "dopc" silicon with other materials
giving each silicon of sandwich positive or negative electrical charge. They include in to
layer of silicon seed phosphorus and add extra electrons to negative charge layer. In the
bottom layer boron and least amount of electrons are included to the positive charge. When
sunlight’s fall on photon the electron force is pushed through the electric eld and electrons
released through junction. The other components of the cell turn these electrons on couple
to make usable power and gives to us. On the side of the cell a metal conductive plate was
xed and electrons are getting and sent through wires.
The electron ow that is taken from the point is called as sources of electricity. Recent
researches told that while the manufacturing of ultrathin exible solar cells 1.3 microns
thicked 1/100th it is width of human hair, and having 20 times lesser amount of oce sheet
paper solar panel will made. In fact, the cells are so light that they can sit on top of a soup
bubble and yet they produce energy with about as much eciency as glass based solar cells.
By using this kind of exible solar cell, we can use it as aerospace technology or in wearable
electronic. By using many types of solar panel solar power technology was presented.
Solar Thermal and concentrated solar power [CSP] were designed, with dierent fashion
than photo voltaic solar panel. The energy produced from solar panel is generated through
sunlight, heat water and air. In sunlight there is a natural nuclear reactor. The tiny particles
released from these are called photons. The photons we are getting 93 million miles away
from the sun and it reaches earth in 8.3 minutes. Currently, Photovoltaic power is lesser
amount consumed in India solar energy is increasing and cost is dropping rapidly. On
coming years, solar energy becomes the required energy to lead a normal life.
4.2. BOOST CONVERTER DESIGN
A Boost converter is a DC-DC power converter. It is a step-up voltage from its solar panel
to battery. Diode and transistor acts as semiconductor devices in the boost conductor. On
the other hand, capacitor and inductor acts as energy storage element and kept as two in
combination. To reduce the voltage ripple inside and outside DC, A lter made of DC is
xed. Batteries, solar panels, rectiers and DC generator are kept as the source of boost
converter. In boost converter battery voltage is greater than solar panel voltage and in case
of current battery current is lower than the source current. Since (P=VI) must be conserved.
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Figure 2. Boost Converter Design.
Source: own elaboration.
4.3. CALCULATING THE DUTY CYCLE
Where D = Duty Cycle
V
IN (min)
= minimum input voltage (this will lead to the maximum switch current)
V
OUT
= desired output voltage
4.4. CHOOSING THE INDUCTOR
Where L = Inductance in Henry
V
IN
= Typical input voltage, here, 0.9V
f
s
= minimum switching frequency of the converter. here, 960 kHz (from datasheet)
∆I
L
= estimated inductor ripple current as discussed
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4.5. OUTPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION
C
OUT (min)
= minimum output capacitance needed
I
OUT (max)
= maximum output current of the desired application
D = Duty Cycle of the converter
f
s
= minimum switching frequency of the converter,960kHz
∆V
OUT
= desired output voltage ripple. here, 10mV
∆V
OUT (ESR)
=ESR*I
SW(max)
Where, ∆V
OUT (ESR)
= additional output voltage ripple due to ESR.
4.6. BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
The traditional DC motor has a mechanical commutated. A commutates is a suitable
(mechanical or electrical) used to change the path of the current through two or more
routes or (current through the windings) but BLDC motor seeks an external computation.
This is realized by six IGBT power semiconductor switches to rout the path of the current
through three winding in 6 directions.
Figure 3. Winding Directions.
Source: own elaboration.
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In Figure 3, Figures I and VII are one and the same. Figure VII is the start of the second
cycle and Figure 1 is the start of the rst cycle. To change this sequence path of current
(stator called as commutation). 6 IGBT switches are sequentially xed in synchronization
with the position of the poles of the permanent magnet of the rotor. The BLDC motor has
a smaller size (lighter) in comparison with traditional DC motor because of the absence of
the mechanical commutator and the electromagnetic (temporary magnets) eld windings.
Now a day’s BLDC motor used in the domestic ceiling Fans.
4.7. BATTERY CHARGING STATUS IDENTIFICATION
In this project lead-acid batteries are used. The lead-acid battery consists of a small metal
by which we can store the power through chemical reactions. Four numbers of 12V, 100
Ampere hour lead acid batteries connected in series (12V x 4=48V). BLDC main motor
has the voltage rating of 48V so, four numbers of 12V batteries are used. The capacitor
of this motor is chosen as 750Watts that is 15A at fuel rated load. If the eciency of
battery is considered as 80% than 100Ah x 0.8=80Ah. The duration of travel at fuel load
will be 1.4 hours of fuel load. In this process positively charged particles are called as ion
and negatively charged particles are called as electrons. In both cases of charging and
discharging electrons ow in the opposite direction to the ions. The lab view software is
used to identify the range of charging and discharging process of the battery. This can
be monitored in a tablet computer is operated by 5V Power supply which is another buck
converter is to be used. This tablet will have 5000mAh [5Ah] battery. This can be charged
by 1A current rating at 5 Level. During charging process of any battery, that battery must
be charged slowly (8 Hours) as per the charging time duration given by the supplier.
4.8. CONSTRUCTION OF E-VEHICLE CONTROLLER DESIGN
The myRIO controller plays a vital role in PHEV design. To safeguard the myRIO
controller from reverse power eect, a driver board (IR2110) is designed. Driver boards
are mostly used in the regulation of current owing through a circuit or controls other
factors such as the other devices or components in the circuit. The IR2110 Driver board is
used to protect the myRIO (low power) from the High power IGBT circuit. This IR2110
also separates the gate signals of the upper IGBT from the lower IGBT signals, since the
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upper IGBT needs separate grounding for its gate signal with respectively emitter terminal.
With the help of Hall Eect sensor, using myRIO controller we can identify the position
of motor. Also running process of motor live forward/Reverse/Brake can be controlled by
means of embedded “c” programming. It also consists of manual speed control device. To
run BLDC motor, a three phase inverter and a power circuit can be used. It is explained in
terms of graphical diagram in given above Figure 4.
Figure 4. PHEV Design.
Source: own elaboration.
5. CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF SOLAR POWERED E-VEHICLE
To bring the trac sign board signals to vehicle vision sensor is required. Also are wanted
to come across image pre-processing. Board captured by vision sensor are all not in a same
quantity. In image pre-processing the original image brightness, contrast, pixel of image and
set in constant quantity. By using LabVIEW icons like geometry, lookup table we can set.
Using geometry icon IV, we can propose of Re sampling technique. Also, by using lookup
table we can make pixel intensity to good quality. Because of this image can be set in same
quality and same quantity. There are four major works in intelligent transportation system
of PHEV they are Detection, Recognition, BLDC motor controlling and voice output.
Here we proposed is, by using old method of classication we detect the trac sign board.
After the recognition process, we started controlling the BLDC motor. For the unidentied
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things we used voice output. In our intelligent transportation system, the processes we
proposed are follows:
1. Trac sign board of Detection, Extraction, Recognition.
2. To recognition of some Trac sign board to control the BLDC motor.
3. Trac sign board of to deliver the voice output.
In the case, if it not been identied it makes human to deliver the voice output. In my paper
to recognize the trac sign board, I have used two techniques, one is deep learning of the
sample pattern and the other is object pattern and I approached two process one is OCR
(Object Character Recognition) and other is geometric pattern matching. The modifying
Hough transform of circular by doing detection process. Shape detection plays important
role in detecting the sign boards. We can lter the unwanted substance came inside by
utilizing colour thresholding. We, detect the sign board s are in circular and triangular
shape and in red, black and white in colour of background. So, this detection process is
classied into shape detection, colour thresholding detection.
5.1. SHAPE DETECTION
By utilizing shape detection algorithm, we can detect the circular board. In sign board the
circular diameter is 15cm-30 cm measure and it was designed by range. But some sign
boards are not detected. So, it unfortunately stopped the detection process so the undetected
sign board are detected by using colour thresholding technique triangular sign boards are
by geometric algorithm matched by changed into template create by detected. This colour
thresholding design set at a local range. This range reference is done by online image.
Segment was settled according to only red outline was designed. By using lter, we make
better quality of segmentation and equalized. After colour thresholding by shape detection
we detected to triangular shape board we applied thresholding we attained segmentation
segmented boards triangular shape was by geometric algorithm. we template created and
matched and nally detected.
5.2. EXTRACTION OF SIGN BOARDS
We set co-ordinate the detected sign board and extract sign board from over all image and
using detected boards mask location was settled and extracted.
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5.3. RECOGNITION OF SIGN BOARDS
Inside the extracted sign boards to recognize the information three types are utilized.
1. Threshold segmentation.
2. Canny edge ltering.
3. Geometric algorithm.
Using a local threshold algorithm called NI back threshold and using dark object technique
are done segment. Dark object range is locally set by the NI block algorithm. By Canny
edge ltering the applied NI block image edges are ltered and equalization is by edge
based geometric algorithm template created and by matching the edges we can recognize.
6. CONSTRUCTION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM AND HARDWARE EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS:
In the proposed PHEV vehicle, we can charge the battery, using the variable voltage and
current obtained from the solar panels with the help of boost converter. By converting a
three phase inverter, we can run the BLDC motor. MPPT control algorithm can be used for
closed loop control system. It consists of input 48V, 26Ah battery, solar panel and camera.
The purpose of the camera is to capture the roadside signals. The proposed intelligent
transportation system of PHEV is considered a battery bank of 48V; 100A/h and the solar
panel of 150W are taken place.
Power revealed from the solar panel changes according to level of sunlight passes on it. The
variable current and variable voltage derived from the PV module and the same derivation
from variable battery voltage and variable battery current both given as an input for power
control & MPPT control. By doing this, we can adjust the PWM duty ratio and we will
receive a constant voltage and constant current. To charge 100Ah lead acid battery we need
maximum 10 hours. But for charging we require 10Ampere per hour. (10Ampere x 10hour
= 100Ah).
If the current receiving by the battery exceeds 10Ampere the battery get blast or its size
become enlarged. Also, if the battery gets fully charged it was denoted in the LCD display.
In some case, if we do identify it buzzers every 30 minutes. For this identication a program
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is set. By these proper handling methods, we can increase the battery’s life. In PHEV,
myRIO controller has a unique position. PWM ratio revealed from the myRIO Controller
with the help of MPPT controller it provides constant current and constant voltage to the
battery. By this activity, battery will charge in the ecient manner.
To measure the voltage, drop in the solar panel and boost converter a potential divider
circuit is used. By utilizing this, a loop voltage is sent as an analog input for myRIO
converter. In other hand, to measure the current shunt present inside the solar panel and
boost converter 1NA168 integrated circuit is used. By utilizing this current is send as closed
loop for the myRIO controller. By giving voltage loop and current loop as input we can
receive a constant voltage & constant current. By processing this we can perfectly charge
the battery. By presenting battery power as an input to the three phase inverter we can run
the BLDC motor. Information in trac sign board changes into the way inside PHEV
vehicle is called as vehicle to infrastructure. By using of myRIO controller keeping Vision
mission inside the NI labview and using the process of image acquisition we can identify the
trac sign board and the information inside this can be captured by camera.
Figure 5. Integration of PHEV Design and V2R Communication.
Source: own elaboration.
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Lastly in PHEV by utilizing display and motor control we can prevent from accidents
because of using LabVIEW software image acquisition process is held rapidly. Information
denoted on trac sign board gives a voice alert inside the warning. A buzzer strikes loudly.
If he/she drives by not knowing this BLDC motor would be control automatically. By
displaying road signals on the laptop and driver can easily identify the signals. To bring the
trac board signals to vehicle vision mission is required. This type of intelligent PHEV
vehicle and designed of using this only on smart cities.
7. RESULTS
The front panel design for eective recognition of road sign is implemented using LabVIEW.
It recognizes the character earlier and the time taken is also reduced and it is shown in
Table 1.
Table 1. Time taken for Sign Board Recognition.
S.No Pattern Time taken (in Secs)
1 Road Sign for One way 2.031
2 Road Sign for 20 Km 1.033
3 Road Sign for U turn 2.421
4 Road Sign for Speed Braker 2.228
Source: own elaboration.
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Figure 6. Simulation experiment done in LabVIEW Environment (Block Diagram).
Source: own elaboration.
Figure 7. Simulation experiment done in LabVIEW Environment (Front Panel).
Source: own elaboration.
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8. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a brief solution to a rising societal problem in designing intelligent
transportation system was discussed. The proposed recognition system eciently recognizes
the road sign accurately with the help of thresholding and edge detection algorithm.
The dened comprehensive and integrated system approach, referred to as intelligent
transportation systems (ITS), links the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver to make
it possible to achieve more mobile and safer trac conditions by using state-of-the-art
electronic communication and computer-controlled technology. This work will be helpful
for automated vehicular transportation. The future work of this system includes building
automated decision making based on the detected and recognized sign boards.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the Department of ECE, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and
Education, for permitting them to use the computational facilities available in the Centre
for Research in Signal Processing and VLSI Design which was established with the support
of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi under FIST Program in
2013 (Reference No: SR/FST/ETI-336/2013 dated November 2013).
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