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VULNERABILITY OF THE SOILS OF METROPOLITAN
LIMA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH URBAN
SUSTAINABILITY
Raúl Méndez Gutiérrez
National University Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: rmendez@unfv.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5644-483X
Doris Esenarro Vargas
National University Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: desenarro@unfv.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-9614
Pedro Amaya Pingo
National University Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: pamaya@unfv.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-0124
Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
National University Mayor de San Marcos, (Peru).
E-mail: crodriguezro@unmsm.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-1349
Recepción:
13/11/2020
Aceptación:
13/11/2020
Publicación:
13/11/2020
Citación sugerida Suggested citation
Méndez, R., Esenarro, D., Amaya, P., y Rodriguez, C. (2020). Vulnerability of the soils of
Metropolitan Lima and their relationship with urban sustainability. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación
aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Noviembre 2020, 161-177. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2020.
specialissue6.161-177
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ABSTRACT
This research work has a great inuence on the physical security of the urban infrastructure
and the citizens of our capital city, that is why it is necessary to apply prevention strategies
since our city is located in a very vulnerable area to seismic events, mainly huaycos, oods and
landslides, settlements, landslides and other supercial mass movements, so it is necessary
to have knowledge of the causes and eects of these phenomena, the dierent types and
carrying capacity of soils in the districts of Metropolitan Lima, in order to contribute to
the knowledge of the degree of vulnerability in which urban areas, marginal urban areas,
human settlements are exposed. In conclusion, surveys of public servants allowed us to
determine that only 55% of them know the meaning of risk and vulnerability, so 45%
are totally unaware of these terms. Likewise, surveys of the general public on the lack of
a prevention culture, 83% indicated that they did, hence the need to apply a course or
training on disaster risk management issues at all educational levels.
KEYWORDS
Metropolitan Lima, Urban sustainability, Bearing capacity, Soil vulnerability.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The present work called “Management of the Vulnerability of the Soils of Metropolitan
Lima and its Relationship with Urban Sustainability” has been developed considering the
importance of providing real theoretical, practical and statistical knowledge of the risks
of disasters resulting from the vulnerability of soils and the latent threats or hazards in
our community, which due to the lack of knowledge and implementation of preventive
measures have caused a high rate of deaths and injuries, aecting the physical infrastructure
works and socioeconomic activities of our capital city.
Metropolitan Lima is a city that is immersed in a process of urbanization having as factors
the economic, social and environmental aspects, without considering a true urban planning
that allows its integral development. The process of disorderly growth conditions the factors
of vulnerability in the urban space which gives rise to a risk of disasters due to the dangers
of earthquakes, oods, huaycos, etc., which threatens the physical safety of the population,
urban infrastructure and the socio-economic development of the city (Alvarado et al., 2020).
It is important to consider an integral approach that contemplates the factors of vulnerability
of our city considering the studies of grounds where the buildings are founded (Hospitals,
schools, residential buildings, houses, etc), road infrastructure, water and drainage networks,
electrical and gas installations, reservoirs, etc., because it allows us to design the foundations
where the civil works are going to be built considering the aspects of seismicity and others
that allow a capacity of response before a seismic event of great magnitude. Knowing the
vulnerability of the soils in our capital city will allow us to have a better knowledge of the
risk levels in which it is found and thus give greater importance to soil studies in accordance
with the National Building Regulations (Centro Nacional de Estimación, Prevención y
Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (CENEPRED), 2015).
The study of Soil Mechanics becomes a necessary and essential element through which it
allows us to know the bearing capacity of soils, settlements, etc., for the purpose of building
foundations in areas of urban expansion as well as in places of building renovation. In the
developed work, it has been taken into account the analysis of the causes that originate
the vulnerability of the soils, for which eld works (Trial pits), laboratory and oce are
indicated, as well as statistical data of the last years, conceptualizations referring to risk,
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vulnerability and danger are discussed, for the obtaining of results taking into consideration
the stratigraphic proles, Results of the calculations of bearing capacity and settlement of
soils, as well as the chemical analysis of soils in most districts of Metropolitan Lima, whose
signicant results show the importance of soil studies to know the resistance and response
to mainly seismic and other hazards, which will allow the reduction of vulnerability and
therefore mitigate the risk of future disaster events. Surveys have also been carried out
in various districts of the capital in which the current situation of soil knowledge and its
relationship with urban sustainability is analyzed. The main objective is to establish how
the management of soil vulnerability in Metropolitan Lima and its relationship with urban
sustainability will implement physical safety in our capital city, to nally reach conclusions
and recommendations for a better culture of prevention against future disaster risks in
Metropolitan Lima (Ramos, Esenarro et al., 2020).
2. MATERIALS Y METHOD
Due to the proposal to apply, verify and test the eectiveness of a Training Program on
Disaster Risk Management Issues, which involves vulnerability, a “quasi-experimental”
research design was applied, which corresponds to what is known as “design before and
after with a non-randomized control group”.
Both the Pre Test and the Post Test will be applied to the Experimental Group as well as
to the Control Group, however the application of the Disaster Risk Management Training
Program only to the Experimental Group, which will allow us to verify the eectiveness of
the program directed to central government ocials and municipalities to know the degree
of knowledge and in this way to contribute to the reduction of the levels of the disaster
risk according to the vulnerability of the soils of the capital city. Initially the Pre Test has
the purpose of determining that both groups are similar or equivalent at the beginning of
the application of the program. The Independent Variable, that is to say, the Training in
Disaster Risk Management, will be applied only to the Experimental Group, therefore the
Control Group will not be applied to this Program (Rodriguez et al., 2020).
The objective of the Post Test is to establish if there are signicant dierences between
both groups at the end of the training program. If the Disaster Risk Management Training
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Program has been eective, there must be statistically signicant dierences between both
groups in the Post-Test, which obviously must favour the experimental group. At the end
of the application of the training program the Experimental Group will have to present a
greater knowledge of the levels of risk, danger, vulnerability, resilience and environmental
impact, related to the vulnerability of the soils of Lima. Finally, it is tried to determine, that
if the Training Program in Disaster Risk Management is eective to obtain a reduction of
the level of vulnerability of the soils of Lima and the relation with the urban sustainability.
For the population where 180 people will be considered among ocials and servants of the
Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, of the districts of greater vulnerability of their soils
and institutions of the central government that have to do with the vulnerability of our
country.
Table 1. The distribution of the study population.
N°
Entities
N° de Servers
1
Central Government
100
2
Metropolitan Municipality of Lima and District
80
Total
180
It will be formed by workers whose ages uctuate between 25 and 55 years, being 55 % of
the masculine sex and 45% feminine (see Table 1) (Esenarro et al., 2020).
Considering a non-probabilistic sampling of the criterion type, it is determined by applying
criteria who will make up the experimental group and who will make up the control group.
Table 2. The distribution of the research design.
Group
Central government
MM de Lima y Distritos
Total
Experimental
30
30
60
Control
30
30
60
Total
120
Therefore, 120 workers from both the central and local governments are considered for
the research sample, where 60 will belong to the experimental group and 60 to the control
group, which is equivalent to 66.67% of the total population considered. (See Table 2).
2.1. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
The main technique considered for this work are the surveys that were carried out in the
state entities as well as to the general public. The same applies to the data on soil bearing
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capacities that are the subject of the research.
2.2. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
The main instrument applied is a training program in disaster risk management aimed at
workers of the Central Government and Regional Governments, which will be applied to
the Experimental Group and will not be applied to the Control Group under consideration.
(Esenarro et al., 2020).
As a contribution for greater knowledge in training topics related to vulnerability, the ones
carried out by CENEPRED (2015).
2.3. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
• It is considered an orderly sequence for obtaining the expected results.
• Collection of updated documentary and statistical information.
• Critical analysis of the documentation.
• Application of the Training on the National System of Disaster Risk Management
(SINAGERD).
• Analysis of the results of the application of the SINAGERD training.
• Appropriate corrective measures.
• Approach of alternatives tending to improve the Risk Prevention Culture.
• Analysis of the results of the surveys
• Analysis of the results of soil bearing capacities.
• Regarding the statistical technique, descriptive statistics are applied considering
measures of central tendency such as
• Mean, dispersion measures such as variance and standard deviation, use of tables
and statistical histograms, among others.
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Trial pits:
Center cone
East cone
West cone
Southern cone
Figure 1. Trial pits of Metropolitan Lima.
In the Figure 1 it can see the photos with the dierent types of soil, which are found in the
Lima cones.
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3. RESULTS
Elaboration of cartography of the study of the ground of Metropolitan Lima and its
relationship with the urban sustainability (Guerra et al., 2020).
Legend
Calicata point
District boundary
Figure 2. Trial pit location in Metropolitan Lima.
Figure 2 shows the location of the pits that have been taken as study points, the points are
also observed on the map.
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Legend
Calicata point
District boundary
North cone section line
Center cone section line
East cone section line
Center west cone section line
Southern cone section line
Figure 3. Cross section of Trial pits in Metropolitan Lima opia.
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Figure 3 shows the location of the holes identied with their respective colors and reference
points as well as north, east, south and west, as can be seen in the graph, Zoning according
to soil bearing capacity of Metropolitan Lima.
Figure 4. Soil prole south cone N-N’.
The Figure 4 shows the prole of the soil in the area of the south cono N-N.
Figure 5. Soil prole north cone N-N’.
The Figure 5 shows the prole of the soil in the area of the north cono N-N.
Figure 6. Soil prole cone C-C’ Center.
The Figure 6 shows the prole of the soil in the area of the center cono C-C.
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Figure 7. W-W’ West Cone Soil Prole.
The Figure 7 shows the prole of the soil in the area of the West Soil prole.
Figure 8. Soil prole north cone N-N’.
The Figure 8 shows the prole of the soil in the area of the north cono N-N.
Figure 9. Anova test. (Bearing capacity = Kg/cm
2
).
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In the Figure 9 The anova test (statistical) was used to compare the means of the bearing
capacity of the soils of the northern, central and southern cone. it is the one that concludes
that the means of the north and south cone are statistically equal. on the contrary, the mean
of the center cone turned out to be signicantly higher, which is observed in the bar graph.
With the results obtained with the studies of Mechanics of Soils, the Map of Zoning of Soils
according to Bearing Capacity has been elaborated - Metropolitan Lima, where districts
have been grouped by cones and considered a general classication of the soils that are
included from very good, good, regular, bad and very bad, according to the average values
of bearing capacity obtained of the districts matter of the investigation. For the purpose
of preparing the Zoning Map, Table 4 has been considered, which presents a range of
referential values of Soil Bearing Capacity.
Table 4. Comparison of the level of knowledge in the control group and the experimental group at the beginning
of the experiment (pre-test) for resilience Test of independent samples.
Pre-test
F
Sig.
t
Test T
gl
Sig.
(bilateral)
Equal variance has been assumed ,006 ,938 -,119 118 ,905
Equal variance has not been assumed 0 0 -,119 117,604 ,905
The results of soil proles grouped at the level of 5 cones, after their interpretation, show
us the stratigraphic sequence, being the districts of the central cone those that have mostly
gravelly soils which indicate us to be good soils for foundation purposes, with respect to the
northern cone and the southern cone that have mostly sandy soils of less stability.
4. DISCUSSION
The present research, in accordance with the application of the Training Program in
DRM, which involves vulnerability, seeks to contribute to the knowledge in matters of risk
prevention culture, and to promote the active participation of the organizations involved
in safety issues in the face of events that cause disasters in our capital city, which, despite
some not being predictable, can be mitigated and reduce the risks of disasters. In order to
face the problem, it is necessary to have an integral and multidisciplinary coordination and
participation of all the sectors of the state and private institutions (Chu et al., 2020).
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At present, there are several institutions that carry out research studies related to vulnerability,
hazards and risks, whose information is widely dispersed and there is no specic data bank
that articulates them, which is considered a future task to incorporate research sources to an
institution or central entity where information is available to all stakeholders. Likewise, there
are institutions whose specic function is disaster preparedness and rapid response with the
main task of saving lives. Therefore, the importance of political will and commitment of
those who lead the institutions must be kept in mind. In addition, they are necessary for the
implementation and enforcement of regulations in an eective and timely manner since
citizens living not only in Metropolitan Lima. But throughout our territory, have the peace
of mind and security that we are prepared to respond to a future disaster (Ascue et al., 2020).
The research shows very important results with respect to vulnerability, where the value can
be observed (Sig= 0.00<0.05) and it can be said that the Experimental Group (to which
the training program was applied), showed a higher level of knowledge in vulnerability
than the control group (to which the training program was not applied), those before and
after the experiment remain statistically the same. That is, after two years of applying the
training program to the experimental group, they are better prepared in knowledge. The
signicant dierence allows us to reject the Null Hypothesis H0, therefore the Alternative
Hypothesis H1 is accepted, with a condence level of 95%, considered in the proposed
research (Lohani et al., 2020).
The surveys to the general population of our capital city have determined the little
knowledge in risk, danger and vulnerability issues, so 83% responded that a greater
education is required from the institutions and organisms responsible in the fulllment of
the norms of the Law of the National System of Management of the Disaster Risk, since
these do not fulll their functions, at the moment there is very little progress in training
on these subjects being a main problem of security in our city the lack of conscience and
culture of prevention to face the future events that cause disasters in our city.
In 2010 the Geophysical Institute of Peru - IGP, conducted the study “Seismotectonic
Zoning for 7 districts of Metropolitan Lima” (Pucusana, Santa Maria, San Bartolo, Punta
Negra, Punta Hermosa, Santa Rosa and El Agustino), in order to obtain results from the
dynamic behavior of the soil for the seismic part and the soil analysis for the geotechnical
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part, following the procedure provided by CISMID in the “Study of Vulnerability and
Earthquake Risk in 42 districts of Lima and Callao”. Making the comparison with the
present research work, 36 districts are being considered from which their soil analysis and
the consequent classication and bearing capacity of the soils for foundation purposes have
been made, in order to determine the level of vulnerability of the soils of the districts,
grouping them by cones according to their geographical location and better approach for
their interpretation, which allows to indicate that in spite of the existing risks, the central
cone of Lima is the one with the lowest degree of vulnerability according to the results of
soil bearing capacity.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The results of the application of the training program in disaster risk management, to
public ocials, show us a Sig in the experimental group is 0.00, less than 0.05, and it can
be concluded that the risk in terms of the score in the experimental group is directly and
signicantly related to urban sustainability in terms of knowledge.
To compare the means of soil bearing capacity in the northern, central and southern cones,
we used the ANOVA test and as a complement the Tukey test, which allowed us to conclude
that the means in the northern and southern cones are statistically equal. On the contrary,
the mean for the central cone was signicantly higher than the other two cones, which can
be seen in Figure 10. Therefore, it can also be concluded that the soils of the central cone
are better than the soils of the northern and southern cones, which are from regular too
bad, respectively.
Surveys of public servants allowed us to determine that only 55% of them are aware of
the meaning of risk and vulnerability, therefore 45% are totally unaware of these terms.
Likewise, surveys to the general public about the lack of prevention culture, 83% indicated
that yes, hence the need to apply a course or training on disaster risk management issues at
all levels of education.
The dangers or hazards in Metropolitan Lima are extremely complex, mainly earthquakes,
huaycos, oods and others, which aect the physical, social and economic environment of
our capital city according to the degree of vulnerability. Therefore, in order to achieve a
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resilient capital and to face adverse events, a greater knowledge of the physical reality of
our city is required. This allows us to respond in a timely manner to the occurrence of any
disaster or emergency.
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