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SMART DRIVING SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC DRIVER
ALERT AND BRAKING MECHANISM
P. B. Dhanusha
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering,
SAINTGITS College of Engineering Kottayam, Kerala, (India).
E-mail: dhanusha.pb@saintgits.org ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-168X
A. Lakshmi
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Kalasalingam
Academy of Research and Education Tamil Nadu, (India).
E-mail: lakshmi@klu.ac.in ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-7048
K. Saravanan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
SAINTGITS College of Engineering Kottayam, Kerala, (India).
E-mail: saravanan.k@saintgits.org ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6160-3601
Recepción:
05/12/2019
Aceptación:
19/12/2019
Publicación:
23/03/2020
Citación sugerida:
Dhanusha, P. B., Lakshmi, A., y Saravanan, K. (2020). Smart driving system with automatic driver
alert and braking mechanism. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Marzo
2020, 287-299. http://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2020.specialissue4.287-299
Suggested citation:
Dhanusha, P. B., Lakshmi, A., & Saravanan, K. (2020). Smart driving system with automatic driver
alert and braking mechanism. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Marzo
2020, 287-299. http://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2020.specialissue4.287-299
288 http://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2020.specialissue4.287-299
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue Marzo 2020
ABSTRACT
Driving is one of the most important job for almost all people. Person use their vehicle
to travel from one place to other. The count of automobiles is increasing every day. It
increases the risk to accident. Currently, percentage numbers of accident are increasing
drastically. One of the main reason for accident is the failure in concentration of the driver
due to which he/she may fall asleep or sometimes due to the delay for applying the brake.
A new system is developed that can solve these problems where an alert is given to the
people present inside the vehicle to indicate that the driver is falling asleep and a co- system
which can automatically stop the vehicle even if the driver may not brake manually due
to obstacles. Our aim is to make a smart driving system with automatic waking alert and
automatic braking system to ensure the safety of driving.
KEYWORDS
Smart, Automatic, Braking.
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1. INTRODUCTION
“Driving to save lives, time, and money in spite of the conditions around you and the actions of others”
- one of the quotes for protective Driving.
Accidents are happening due to improper driving. The main causes for accidents are the
drowsiness of the driver or unaware of surroundings. Driver drowsiness is found as a very
important fact in the automobile accidents. It was observed that 20% of vehicle accidents
occurs due to the increased drowsiness. We know that life that lost can’t be re-winded.
Accidents due to this reason can be avoided with the help of advanced electronic technology
to an extent (Fisher & Talwar, 2013).
Studies shows that drowsiness is one of the important reason for accidents and it can impair
the brain of a human being as much as an alcohol can. In a survey it was found that, twenty
three percentage of people have fallen asleep during driving. According to Department
of Transportation, United States, the tendency for fallen asleep during driving for male
is twice as much as female drivers. As claimed by the National Highway Trac Safety
Administration, drowsiness is the only factor in more than 100,000 accidents, causing 1,550
deaths and 40,000 bruise annually in USA.
The chances of accidents can be reduced by the eective use of advanced electronics
technology. If all the vehicles are implanted with an automated security system such that the
system provides good security to driver along with an alarm, we can decrease the chances of
accidents. The percentage of accidents is increasing every day since the amount of vehicles
is also increasing. The main reason for the accident is due to the delay caused by the driver
to hit the brake. In order to stop this type of accidents, a system with automatic braking can
be implemented. (Niehaus & Stengel, 1991) The proposed system gives an automatic driver
alert and braking mechanism by which the rate of accidents can be reduced. The important
part of the system is a brain wave sensor. The sensor detects the drowsiness of the human
being by sensing the brain waves. These waves are processed, and an alarm is operated if
needed. The system also provides an additional facility of automatic braking if there is a
delay in applying the brake by the driver. This system measures brainwave strength using
brainwave sensor and give waking alert if the driver falls asleep. The system also gives
automatic braking assistance using ultrasonic sensor.
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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Transmitter
(Ultrasonic wave)
Obstacle detected
Reflected wave
Ultrasonic receiver
Arduino UNO
Brainwave Sensor
Buzzer Alarm
Car Brake
Figure 1. Overall block diagram.
The brainwaves are measured using the brainwave sensor and is analysed by the Arduino
program. When the certain waves (mainly gamma) falls under a threshold value we can say
the driver is going to fall asleep. When the threshold level is reached, we will give a buzzer
alarm to wake the driver. The smart system consists of a sender and receiver which sends
the ultrasonic waves and also receives. (Wang, Zeng, & Yang, 2006) The ultrasonic signal
emitter is xed at the front of the automobile, which emits ultrasonic waves in a preset
distance at the front of the automobile. Ultrasonic signal collector is also xed in front
of the car, which receives the ultrasonic wave which is reected from the obstacle. The
distance between the car and the barrier is measured by analyzing the received ultrasonic
signal. Using the program which is programmed for automatic braking will control the
braking system according to this distance. Brake is applied automatically to avoid forward
collision.
HARDWARE REQUIRMENT
Arduino UNO, Mind-ex Brainwave sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, LEDs, Battery Operated
motors, Buzzer, Bread board, Dot board, connecting wire
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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
Arduino programming(c++), Fritzing.
WORKING OF CIRCUIT
The important part of the smart system is a sender and receiver which sends the ultrasonic
waves and also receives. The ultrasonic signal emitter is xed at the front of the vehicle,
which emits ultrasonic waves in a preset distance at the front of the vehicle. Ultrasonic signal
collector is also xed at the front of the car, which receives the ultrasonic signal reected
from the obstacle. The car and the barrier separation are measured by analyzing the
obtained ultrasonic signal. The reected wave is measured so that the separation between
the automobile and the obstacle is obtained. This distance is analysed using the Arduino
program and based on this signals are given to motor shield. According to these signals
motor is controlled. Here we take 30cm as alerting point, in which led will turned on and
we take 20 cm as braking point in which automatically brake is applied. The brainwaves are
measured using the Mindex brainwave sensor and is analysed by the Arduino program.
When the certain waves (mainly gamma) falls under a threshold value we can say the driver
is going to fall asleep. When the threshold level is reached, we will give a buzzer alarm to
wake the driver.
SMART DRIVING
The main idea is to merge the above two ideas and produce a smart driving system for
driving especially at night. Because the chances of falling asleep and chances of collision
with obstacles are very high compared to day. The block diagram indicating the same.
Figure 2. Circuit diagram.
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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
ARDUINO UNO
The sensing of the obstacle is done using Arduino. It is an open source companies that
develops microcontroller kits which can senses/detect objects in the real world for dierent
applications.
Figure 3. ARDUINO UNO.
It is possible to design Arduino boards by using dierent types of processors and controllers
based on the application. It has many digital input and digital output pins by which the kit
must be interfaced to other boards and electronic circuits. Some kits provide Universal Serial
Bus (USB) connectors through which we can load programs from the personal computers.
The integrated chip is generally programmed using C or C++.
This work makes use of the Arduino board to interface all the components and they are run
by a program compiled by Arduino software. The microcontroller used in Arduino Uno is
ATmega 328P. Arduino Uno is the commonly used kit of the Arduino family. Arduino Uno
has fourteen digital I/O pins, six analog input pins, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a power jack
and a USB connection.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR - HC-SR04
The ultrasonic sensor used in the proposed system is HC-SR04. This sensor gives up to
400cm of measurement with 3mm ranging accuracy. The dierent modules included are
an ultrasonic receiver, transmitter and a control circuitry.
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Figure 4. Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04.
By analyzing the time delay between transmitted and received signal ofthe sensor, the range
can be calculated.
Figure 5. System Overview.
BRAINWAVE SENSOR
A sensor which can detect Brainwaves is known as a brainwave sensor. It will transform
these brainwaves into electrical signals which can be used for the analysis. The gure shows
a ‘Mindex’ brainwave sensor which can detect brainwaves. This sensor can detect delta,
theta, alpha, beta and Gamma waves of the brain. An electrode in the sensor have direct
contact with the forehead of the person using the sensor which can detect brainwaves.
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Figure 6. Brainwave sensor.
BUZZER
The signaling device used in this project is a buzzer. A signaling device has many applications
like in automobiles, household appliances etc. A buzzer includes switches or sensors, which
are controlled by a control unit that checks if and which button was pushed or a present
time has lapsed, and blinks light on the appropriate button or control panel and sounds a
warning in the form of beeping sound.
Figure 7. Arduino Motor Shield.
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MOTOR SHEILD
For controlling the DC motors we are using an Arduino Motor Shield which is developed
to control relays, DC motors, solenoids, and stepping motors. By using the Arduino board
control of two DC motor is possible. Here WE are using AB 5407 Motor shield for Arduino.
BRAINWAVES
Brain wave sensor is placed on the scalp, which senses the brain waves. According to the
condition of our mind the frequencies of the brain waves will be varied. A low frequency
signal indicates tiredness. For hyper alert condition the brain waves will have high frequency.
Brain waves are divided into dierent types based on the frequency (Mostafa, Mustapha,
Hazeem, Khaleefah, & Mohammed, 2018).
Dierent types of brainwaves:
INFRA-LOW WAVES
Infra-Low brainwaves are thought to be the basic cortical rhythms that underlie our
higher brain functions. Very little is known about infra-low brainwaves. They come under
frequency less than 0.5Hz. They appear to take a major role in brain timing and network
function.
DELTA WAVES
Frequency of the delta waves ranges from 0.5 Hz - 3Hz. They are slow brainwaves with low
frequency and highly penetrating in nature. Delta waves are produced during meditation
or dreamless sleep.
THETA WAVES
Theta waves come under the frequency range 3 to 8 Hz. Theta waves are generated during
sleep. Theta waves generally gives information about learning and memory.
ALPHA WAVES
The frequency of alpha waves ranges from 8 to 12 Hz. Alpha brainwaves are generated
during quietly owing thoughts. Alpha is the resting state for the brain. Alpha brainwaves
aim overall mental coordination, learning, calmness, mind/body integration and alertness.
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BETA WAVES
The frequency range of Beta waves is from 12 to 38Hz. Beta waves are generated when we
are alert and attentive.
GAMMA WAVES
Brain waves which comes under the frequency range 38 to 42Hz is called gamma waves.
Gamma brainwaves are the fastest of brain waves. It is speculated that Gamma rhythms
modulate perception and consciousness, and that a greater presence of Gamma relates to
expanded consciousness and spiritual emergence.
ARDUINO SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
In this work the platform used is an Arduino integrated development environment also
known as IDE, in which the programming is written in Java. IDE provides dierent
features like text cutting, searching, pasting, replacing text, automatic indenting, and syntax
highlighting. The programs are compiled and uploaded to the Arduino kit using a very
simple one click mechanism. The other important highlights of IDE include a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons etc.
The audio programs written for IDE are known as sketch. This sketches are saved as text
les in the development computer with the extension as .ino. The languages supported by
Arduino IDE are C and C++ using special rules of code structuring.
3. CONCLUSION
A practical system (Automatic waking alert) which could detect whether the driver is going
to fall asleep or the concentration level of the driver is too low is produced, it also gives alarm
when the above situations occurs. An automatic braking system which could automatically
apply brake if the driver takes too much time to manually apply the brake is also produced
as part of this work.
We believe this system will reduce the chances of road accidents and ensure safe driving.
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