SOLAR ENERGY STATUS AND
POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT ACROSS
KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Sabir Ali Kalhoro
Department of Electronics Engineering NED
University of Engineering and Technology
Karachi Pakistan.
E-mail: sabir13es66@gmail.com
Muhammad Shahid
Dawood University of Engineering &
Technology,
Karachi, Pakistan.
E-mail: engr_shahid82@yahoo.com
Rizwan Ali Lashari
Department of Electronics Engineering NED
University of Engineering and Technology
Karachi Pakistan.
E-mail: rizwan.lashari71@yhoo.com
Muhammad Waleed
Indus University Karachi Pakistan.
E-mail: waleedyousuf12te91@gmail.com
Engr. Tufail Ahmed
Department of Electronics Engineering
Mehran
University of Engineering and
Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan.
E-mail: tufail.waseer@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Darakhshan Ara
Dawood University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
E-mail: ara.chemistry@yahoo.com
Recepción: 02/08/2019 Aceptación: 25/09/2019 Publicación: 06/11/2019
Citación sugerida:
Ali Kalhoro, S., Shahid, M., Ali Lashari, R., Waleed, M., Ahmed, T. y Ara, D. (2019).
Solar Energy Status and Potential Assessment across Karachi, Pakistan. 3C Tecnología.
Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Noviembre 2019, 307-327. doi: http://
dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
Suggested citation:
Ali Kalhoro, S., Shahid, M., Ali Lashari, R., Waleed, M., Ahmed, T. & Ara, D. (2019).
Solar Energy Status and Potential Assessment across Karachi, Pakistan. 3C Tecnología.
Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Speciaal Issue, November 2019, 307-327. doi: http://
dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
308
309
ABSTRACT
Renewable energy production in terms of solar irradiation comes is highly valuable
for power generation. The World Bank Group (WB) investigated the quantity of
intermittent renewable energy usage in regard to explore the existing solar power
availability in Pakistan. The WB group put a strong eort to explore the renewable
resources in the number of countries including Pakistan. The WB get the data
available for all the observed countries. So the data obtained from WB sites located
across Karachi. The solar data was studied by the WB group for the data sets in 2015-
2017. In this paper, we have observed the solar irradiation trend and the uctuation as
for as the sunny day is concerned for the hourly, daily, monthly and yearly durations.
The solar irradiations to be able to eciently employ these renewable energy sources
to meet the current and future power needs of Karachi of Pakistan. The Solar
irradiation is available in the form of energy only need to explore it. We must use the
python software for the solar irradiation trend observation for the Karachi.
KEYWORDS
Renewable energy, Solar energy, Solar irradiation, World bank observation.
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
308
309
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy plays a biting role in socio-economic development by raising the level of
the existing condition. The energy crisis is presently the foremost burning issue
that is being faced by the whole world. Nowadays, Pakistan is facing an emerging
energy crisis (Ashfaq & Ianakiev, 2018; Kamran, 2018). Throughout the past
decade, Pakistan’s economy had shown positive growth and consequently, there
was an increase in demand for energy however sadly no worthy steps are taken to
put in new capability for generation of the desired energy sources. Currently, the
demand exceeds the oer, by leading “load-shedding” that has become a standard
development being round by the country (Sher, Murtaza, Addoweesh & Chiaberge,
2015; Tahir & Asim, 2018). The existing circumstances measure the results of lack
of management. The faulty present energy management system, failure of forecast
and future arrangement, put generating capability to transmit the load necessity. The
grid stations and connected instrumentality unable to hold the load requirement and
substantial distribution system of power provide the shortage (Best & Burke, 2018;
Wakeel, Chen & Jahangir, 2016; Asif, 2009; K, 2009; Halacy, 1980; Ishaque, 2017 )
Pakistan incorporates a high potential for energy generation via a variety of native
energy resource. Pakistan is the sixth richest nation due to coal manufacture.
Additionally, the country is capable of manufacturing electricity by the atomic
programs that were started by the Government in 1954. Despite the actual fact,
Pakistan is gifted with the high potential of electricity generation from its available
reserves. There are heavy reserves of fossil fuel principally within the southern and
west part of Pakistan however because of the increase in usage, the country is facing
a signicant shortage of fossil fuel compromise. Pakistan has a good capability of
power generation utilizing each commercially exploitable Hydel and geothermal
resources. Although severe energy crisis, on the other hand, there’s still hope that the
country often strengthens the circumstance from the supplementary resources. The
supplementary resources will satisfy the energy needs to adopt the varied short term
and long run procedures. There is a variety of potential in Pakistan which is waiting
for the green signal for the implementation to overcoming the increasing energy
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
310
311
crisis (Ouria, 2019; Jung, Han & Kim, 2019; Kabir et al., 2018; Prăvălie, Patriche &
Bandoc, 2019; Rauf, Wang, Yuan & Tan, 2015; Zhang et al., 2019).
Fossil fuels remain the dominant energy supply within the international market.
However, if consumption continues at its current rate, resources are going to be short
among many decades attributable to their restricted provide. The fossil fuels based
energy shows the emission of greenhouse gases and dierent other pollutants eect.
To avoid the fast increase of greenhouse gases, the key lies within the improvement
of energy potency on the buyer into renewable energy resources. Renewable energy
is one of the foremost signicant sources. This viable alternative source will exchange
fossil fuels into vast pollution-free energy supply. Additionally, the environmental
noticeable returns on the aspects will oer investment cherish by fossil fuels and
might meet the stress of world energy consumption (Kamran, Fazal & Mudassar,
2020; Ullah, Imran, Maqsood & Butt, 2019; Lin & Raza, 2019).
Over the past decade, Pakistan has been facing a shortage of between 3000 MW
and 6000 MW within the supply and generation, resulting in many hours of load-
shedding. The fundamental percentage of electricity generation is based on fossil
fuels, resulting in price susceptibility. Where the geographical location and climate of
the country tend to supply high alternative energy. The alternative resources signify
the requirement for solar resource assessment for the look of alternative energy comes.
The solar energy resource is highly supported by Pakistan due to the localization and
topographical information carried out by the researchers. Numerous researchers have
developed solar energy potential maps for the country’s energy sector empowerment
(Shah, Solangi & Ikram, 2019; Wahab et al., 2019; Jung et al., 2019).
The solar irradiation is the most feasible source for the assessment of solar energy
supply. The typical incident irradiance is needed to estimate the solar potential
regionally. The solar irradiation works as freelance to upgrade the solar outcomes.
Solar power produces the energy that gives the electricity and safe environment. The
various hybrid, micro, nanogrid, urban block signies the impact of solar electricity
generation and potency. In addition, the economic prot in the reduction of utility
values and environmental implication as CO2 emissions highlights the fundamental
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
310
311
role of the solar system. So this alternative energy potential consequently lls the
increasing demand-supply gap (Jung et al., 2019; Sadiqa, Gulagi & Breyer, 2018;).
The solar system is capable to replace the fossil fuels at the location where high
solar irradiation is available. The estimation of accessible solar power is the key to
increasing energy generation as a result of sites with high available irradiation.
The solar resources give nice chances for energy production and use, thereby
minimizing the loss by supply clean energy. Solar energy is one in every of the
renewable energy resources with the best potential and will be the world’s largest
supplier of electricity by 2050. The speedy increase within the use of solar energy in
recent years highlights its nice development potential, and additional future energy
source (Mirjat et al., 2017; Raque & Rehman, 2017; Dutta, 2019).
Solar energy has terribly obvious prot, particularly that the situation of the energy
supply is usually constant because of the location of the energy use. The solar energy
is applicable to build green energy capture through the “irradiation into electricity”.
The basis of solar power is the sun irradiation supply which gives the limitless free
energy all the time. Currently, new technologies are being used to get electricity by
harvest solar energy. In Pakistan, the solar supply yield adequate power to exhibits
the best potential to fulll the growing gap of the demand and supply.
The solar energy is one in every of the most popular renewable resources that gives
abundant energy in the replacement of minute investment. However, there is a lot
of long gap in term of solar technology and solar power markets. The World Bank
investigates the challenges for solar energy in Pakistan to identify the region-wise
potential of solar energy. Pakistan opens the barriers to examine the solar power
spectrum, policy problems, institutional roles and responsibilities to promote the
solar power future (George et al., 2019; Badakhshan, Hajibandeh, Shae-khan &
Catalão, 2019;).
The solar irradiation information measured by the Pakistan Meteorological
Department (PMD) and the World Bank Group through the maps reported checking
the solar availability within the region. The PMD compared the semi-permanent
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
312
313
information from the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC), and each information
shows the valuable potential of solar energy.
The solar irradiation through the performance indicators of the World Bank provides
insight as a location for establishing a solar system. The methodology and technical
workow as developed can support reliable and economical feasibleness studies,
particularly within the early stage of discipline design.
Solar energy could be a key renewable supply for the decarbonization and therefore
the future viable growth of social society. However, the success of the worldwide
solar implementation depends on the in-depth information of irradiation distribution
and intensity, which could upgrade the solar energy at the global perspective. This
study primarily aims to analyze the solar supply and strength nationwide. The global
horizontal irradiation (GHI) and direct irradiation (DNI) are the key resources to
gives the solar strength. The solar irradiation spatial information by the World Bank
represents the reliable resolution for the solar power on the site of the selected region.
The World Bank group helps to choose the site that needed by many specialists to
avoid subjective biases, usually wishing on rough estimations wherever the topography
wasn’t absolutely. Therefore, this study proposes a procedure methodology that
estimates the potential of solar energy for prioritizing and choosing sites for power
production from the PV system exploitation in public oered digital numerical maps
(Reyes et al., 2019; Shahid, Kalhoro, Ara, Bano & Perween, 2019; Kalhoro et al.,
2019;).
2. MODEL
The Solar model is being responsible for the means of solar irradiation such as global
irradiation, diuse and direct normal solar irradiations established on the data of
the World Bank assignment for Pakistan. The global horizontal irradiation (GHI)
is the sum of diuse and direct solar irradiation. It is best for the site chosen as
the state in Eq.1. The diuse horizontal irradiation (DHI) is dispersed by the sky
as assumed by the World Bank in Eq.2. The direct normal irradiation (DNI) is the
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
312
313
irradiation module of the solar that openly sticks the surface of the solar PV as
presented in Eq.3. The zenith angle is dened as the angle vertical to the sun. The
zenith angle is nighty degree with the elevation angle as given away in Eq.4. The
elevation measured as the optimum selection for the site routine for the irradiation
based solar power as described in Eq.5. The meteorological parameters are relative
to the air temperature for solar irradiation power in the design system by the World
Bank project. The meteorological parameters used to nd the operating conditions
and eciency of the solar irradiation based project as specied in Eq.6. The Solar
Atlas of the World Bank shows each parameter related to the generation of the solar
power that evaluates the power generation from solar modules. The weather-related
parameters verify the operation and performance of a solar energy project as dened
in Eq.7. The air temperature determines the performance of the solar irradiation
in the solar power system. Air temperature is used to determine the temperature
of solar modules and uninterrupted impact on solar conversion eciency in power
damages. The World Bank gets the meteorological parameters for the solar project
installation of the solar system. The solar electricity model algorithm incorporates
the atlas which invariably provides an approximate for the electrical power that made
at any site ruled by the interactive map as known in Eq. 8 to Eq. 11.
Eq. 1
Eq. 2
Eq. 3
Eq. 4
Eq. 5
Eq. 6
Eq. 7
Eq. 8
Eq. 9
Eq. 10
Eq. 11
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
314
315
3. EXPERIMENTATION
The World Bank has stabled a solar irradiation based project in order to evaluate
the solar power in Pakistan. World Bank has set up solar sta through the number
of countries including Pakistan. Pakistan has got so many number stations across the
dierent coastal and non-coastal cities as a part of a global eort. The Karachi is the
coastal city of the Pakistan and World Bank choose this city for the experimentation
set up and site selection behind the data reported in this paper.
The meteorological station CSPS.MT.14.218 has been tted on the rooftop of the
Department of Industrial Management building of NED UET Karachi having the
following direction (24.9334°N, 67.1116°E) on April 22, 2015, as Figure 1.
Figure 1. The Experimental setup for solar Station. Source: World Bank Site.
The World Bank set the solar station for the solar potential measurement in the
whole scenario. The data of the dierent parameter is acquired in a period of every
ten minutes. This data is continuously getting from 2015 to 2017 for solar power
observation.
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
314
315
4. RESULTS
The main results as regards the global horizontal irradiation (GHI) direct normal
irradiation (DNI), direct horizontal irradiation (DHI), air temperature and the relative
humidity are obtained by the active and passive solar systems. The solar irradiation
result based on the conversion of the solar irradiation into the electric power in the
hourly, daily, monthly and the yearly trend in the whole system as presented and
discussed.
The Python indices the access information in a very essential Pandas measurement
tools. Python information generally relates, and Pandas oers many supplementary
detailed operations. As a result of Pandas was developed mostly in an exceedingly
perspective, tools for monetary information. The related Pandas data packages are
aware of the way to import monetary information from a variety of obtainable
sources, together as “Yahoo” and “Google” Finance. In this way, Google’s is used for
the Program operation.
Pandas will make a date-time index which will be accustomed index information
in an exceedingly series. The Pandas tools to repeat the demonstration from higher
adaptably congured date and use codes to Process output. To make the formation
of standard function for the sequences of convenient, Pandas oers some roles for
this purpose.
Figure 2. The weather parameter of solar irradiation for Karachi in each category of the solar data
trendline is observed.
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
316
317
The weather parameter of solar irradiation such as GHI, DNI, DHI, air temperature
and relative humidity for Karachi in each category of the solar data trendline is
observed. The python gain occurred by scheming the information. The software
will gain a lot of comprehension by resampling the information to a rougher grid
as shown in Figure 2. So we will resample it by the weekly, month and yearly trend.
Figure 3. Solar Parameter for the Karachi are observed in a weekly count. The weekly count for the solar
irradiation is examined for the period of Jan 2015 to April 2017.
The weekly count is done by the python in the very eective way now the python is
ready for the monthly and the yearly trend as you may expect. The seasonal trend
of the solar irradiation can be built to perform within the midsummer than within
the winter, so among the selected seasonal uctuation in a regression model. The all
solar Parameter is again observed in a weekly count. The weekly count for the solar
irradiation is examined for the period of 2015-2017. Wherever the python tends to
explore further in a very minute period of time to gives the output as shown in Figure
3.
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
316
317
Figure 4. The periodic trend of solar parameter for the mean hourly count is experimented. The mean
hourly count is investigated from Jan 2015 to April 2017.
The solar parameter trend for the mean hourly count is investigated. The mean
hourly count has investigated the roughness in the results obtained by the arduous
cuto of the window in the yearly period is shown in Figure 4. The subsequent
program requires a dimension of the window (selected fty days) therefore the
dimension of the Gaussian inside the frame.
The hourly trend of the bimodal distribution irradiation is given from the peaks
around 00:00 to 24:00 within the morning and evening. This trend is often probably
proof of a powerful part of crossing bridge for the solar irradiation in the system.
The hourly trend of the model shows the limited variations between each hour of
the observation. The irradiation generates the peaks power within the morning,
and inadequately within the evening due to the irradiation strength. In this way, the
python shows the trend of modication of the day of the week as consider Figure 5.
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
318
319
Figure 5. The hourly solar irradiation observation throughout the day. The different parameters are
studied for the period of 25th April 2017.
While these information views measure the help to induce a plan of the overall
irradiation trend within the information. Python gives a lot of fascinating structure
for the solar irradiation based model in the selected way for the instance. The daily
trend of solar irradiation is obtained for the time of day. The GHI and DNI show the
trend of the day in the graph. The obtained victimization of the python is mentioned
in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The daily observation of the solar irradiation with the consistent variations visible throughout
the day.
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
318
319
The weekday and the weekend trend of the irradiation are obtained to show the
robust distinction between the output of the weekday and weekend totals. The day
selection for the weekday and the weekend is Friday and Sunday. In the weekday and
weekend, the hourly solar irradiation observation happens throughout the day. The
dierent parameters are studied for the period of 25th April 2017. The irradiation
for the appearance in the timely manner as presented in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The hourly observation of the solar parameter that shows trend between the two days. The
assessment shows the weekly basis Measurement for the Karachi.
The obtained result terribly interesting to see an irradiation modal commute pattern
throughout the hourly, daily, monthly and yearly. The gained information gives the
additional feature, that eect of weather parameter and dierent patterns which
gives the best trend in the hourly, daily monthly and yearly result.
5. ANALYSIS
The World Bank aims to check the renewable energy potential across the dierent
countries by tted a project. The project will also be installed in Pakistan to evaluate
the RE potential. The RE data is collected by the World Bank group in every 10
minutes from 2015-17. In this research, the World Bank data is being used to check
solar availability in Pakistan. The available data is observed by daily, monthly and
yearly trend to check solar irradiation for the solar power in Pakistan. The research
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
320
321
points the consistent trend in weekly, daily, monthly and yearly data which gives the
same trend for future use. Hence the research based on World Bank data proves
the commendable solar accessibility that generates a huge amount of renewable
energy in Pakistan. This data is observed by the Python software to check the solar
irradiation obtainability as shown in Figure 2-7.
It is observed that the data for the daily trend from 22rd till 30th April show the highest
trend in the irradiation also 23 April 2015, 23 April 2016 and 24 April of 2017 gives
a similar trend. The days of 27 April 2015, 24 April 2016 and 23 April 2017 gives
the lowest trend as refer Figure 2. The observed data have the irradiation availability
in the April-May-June months from 2015 to 2017 and the lowest irradiation strength
in the month of December-January 2015 to 2017 as shown in Figure 3-4.
The solar irradiation for the single day represents a high availability in the noon
and the minimum from 8 am to 5 pm from 2015 to 2017 as presented in Figure 5.
The hourly observation of the solar parameter that shows the trend between the
two days. The assessment shows the weekly basis measurement for the Karachi as in
Figure 7. The irradiation is observed for a whole month of the year 2015-17 for the
Karachi of Pakistan. The same resemblance of the result is observed all the time as
solar radiations presence is highest in the months holding sunny days. Reliable with
the summer, the solar irradiations are higher corresponding due to the solar angle.
The whole analysis can be view by the solar atlas. In this atlas, the solar irradiation
as GHI, DNI, and photovoltaic power potential prove the whole data analysis that is
based on the World Bank calculation is shown in Figure 8.
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
320
321
Figure 8. Global Horizontal irradiation, Direct Normal Irradiation, and photovoltaic power potential
observation through Solar Atlas. Source: Solar Atlas World Bank Group.
6. DISCUSSION
The paper is based upon the solar energy potential oers by the World Bank in
Pakistan. The World Bank group put a strong eort to explore the renewable resources
in the number of countries including Pakistan. The World Bank group get the data
available for all the observed countries. So the data obtained from World Bank sites
located across Karachi. The solar data was studied by the World Bank Group for the
data sets in 2015-2017. In this paper, we have observed the solar irradiation trend
and the uctuation as for as the sunny day is concerned for the hourly, daily, monthly
and yearly durations. We must use the python software for the solar irradiation trend
observation for the Karachi.
The Pandas, a package called in Python Software is employed for handling a large
set of Python representing the dates, times, months, and timespans. The python
was implemented as a framework of economic forming reasonably information.
Time and day information arises in a very few senses, that are converse now for the
irradiation based solar model. The reference explicit moments into the time intervals
and periods of reference time between a specic starting and nish. The daily,
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
322
323
monthly and yearly trend will be obtained by the typical reference of a special case in
the time intervals in which uniform overlap between the time and value is obtained.
7. CONCLUSION
This paper is based upon the solar energy potential oers by the World Bank in
Pakistan. The World Bank group put a strong eort to explore the renewable resources
in the number of countries including Pakistan. The World Bank group get the data
available for all the observed countries. So the data obtained from World Bank sites
located across Karachi. The solar data was studied by the World Bank Group for the
data sets in 2015-2017. In this paper, we have observed the solar irradiation trend
and the uctuation as for as the sunny day is concerned for the hourly, daily, monthly
and yearly durations. We must use the python software for the solar irradiation trend
observation for the Karachi.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks World Bank for making the solar data available for Pakistan.
REFERENCES
Ashfaq, A., & Ianakiev, A. (2018). Features of fully integrated renewable energy
atlas for Pakistan; wind, solar and cooling. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
97, 14-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.011
Asif, M. (2009). Sustainable energy options for Pakistan. Renewable Sustainable Energy
Review,13, 903-909. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.04.001
Badakhshan, S., Hajibandeh, N., Shae-khan, M., & Catalão, J.P.S. (2019).
Impact of solar energy on the integrated operation of electricity-gas grids. Energy,
183, 844-853. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.107
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
322
323
Best, R., & Burke, P. J. (2018). Adoption of solar and wind energy: The roles
of carbon pricing and aggregate policy support. Energy Policy, 118, 404-417. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.050
Dutta, A. (2019). Impact of silver price uncertainty on solar energy rms.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 225, 1044-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2019.04.040
George, A., Boxiong, S., Arowo, M., Ndolo, P., Chebet, C., & Shimmon,
J. (2019). Review of solar energy development in Kenya: Opportunities and
challenges. Renewable Energy Focus, 29, 123-140. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ref.2019.03.007
Halacy, J. D. S. (1980). Solar energy and the biosphere. Solar Energy Technology
Handbook, Part A: Engineering Fundamentals, ed. W. C. and PN. Marcel. New
York, 1-8.
Harijan, K., Uqaili, M.A., Memon, M., & Mirza, U.K. (2009). Assessment of
centralized grid connected wind power cost in coastal area of Pakistan. Renewable
Energy, 34(2), 369-373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.001
Ishaque, H. (2017). Is it wise to compromise renewable energy future for the sake of
expediency? An analysis of Pakistan’s long-term electricity generation pathways.
Energy Strategy Reviews, 17, 6-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.05.002
Jung, J., Han, S.U., & Kim, B. (2019). Digital numerical map-oriented estimation
of solar energy potential for site selection of photovoltaic solar panels on national
highway slopes. Applied Energy, 242, 57-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2019.03.101
Kabir, E., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., Adelodun, A.A., & Kim, K. H. (2018). Solar
energy: Potential and future prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
82(1), 894-900. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.094
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
324
325
Kalhoro, S.A., Musvi, S.H.A., Ali, S., Rahoojo, S., & Nawaz, A. (2019). An
economical and relatively ecient implementation of the Real-Time Solar Tracking
System. 3C Tecnología, 68-99. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.
specialissue2.68-99
Kamran, M. (2018). Current status and future success of renewable energy in
Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(1), 609-617. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.049
Kamran, M., Fazal, M. R., & Mudassar, M. (2020). Towards empowerment
of the renewable energy sector in Pakistan for sustainable energy evolution:
SWOT analysis. Renewable Energy, 146, 543-558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
renene.2019.06.165
Lin, B., & Raza, M. Y. (2019). Analysis of energy related CO2 emissions in Pakistan.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 981-993. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2019.02.112
Mirjat, N.H., Uqaili, M.A., Harijan, K., Valasai, G.D., Shaikh, F., &
Waris, M. (2017). A review of energy and power planning and policies of
Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 110-127. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.040
Raque, M.M., & Rehman, S. (2017). National energy scenario of Pakistan-
Current status, future alternatives, and institutional infrastructure: An
overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 156-167. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.057
Ouria, M. (2019). Solar energy potential according to climatic and geometrical
parameters of cities and buildings: A case-study from Tabriz City- Iran. Urban
Climate, 28, 100469. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100469
Prăvălie, R., Patriche, C., & Bandoc, G. (2019). Spatial assessment of solar
energy potential at global scale. A geographical approach. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 209, 692-721. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.239
Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2019
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.307-327
324
325
Rauf, O., Wang, S., Yuan, P., & Tan, J. (2015). An overview of energy status and
development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 892-931. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.012
Reyes, A., Pailahueque, N., Henríquez-Vargas, L., Vásquez, J., & Sepúlveda,
F. (2019). Analysis of a multistage solar thermal energy accumulator. Renewable
Energy, 136, 621-631. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.103
Sadiqa, A., Gulagi, A., & Breyer, C. (2018) Energy transition roadmap towards
100% renewable energy and role of storage technologies for Pakistan by 2050.
Energy, 147, 518-533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.027
Shah, S. A. A., Solangi, Y. A., & Ikram, M. (2019). Analysis of barriers to the
adoption of cleaner energy technologies in Pakistan using Modied Delphi and
Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 235, 1037-1050.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.020
Shahid, M., Kalhoro, S.A., Ara, D., Bano, N., & Perween, R. (2019). Wind
and solar energy Potentials around Southern Sindh & Southern Baluchistan
provinces, especially Karachi of Pakistan. 3C Tecnología, 116-141. doi: https://
doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.116-141
Sher, H. A., Murtaza, A. F., Addoweesh, K. E., & Chiaberge, M. (2015).
Pakistan’s progress in solar PV based energy generation. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 47, 213-217. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.017
Tahir, Z. R., & Asim, M. (2018). Surface measured solar radiation data and solar
energy resource assessment of Pakistan: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 81(2), 2839-2861. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.090
Ullah, A., Imran, H., Maqsood, Z., & Butt, N. Z. (2019). Investigation of optimal
tilt angles and eects of soiling on PV energy production in Pakistan. Renewable
Energy, 139, 830-843. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.114
Wahab, A., Hassan, A., Arslan, M., Ali, H.M., Babar, H., & Sajid, M. U.
(2019) Solar energy systems-Potential of nanouids. Journal of Molecular Liquids,
289, 111049. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111049
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
326
327
Wakeel, M., Chen, B., & Jahangir, S. (2016). Overview of Energy Portfolio
in Pakistan. Energy Procedia, 88, 71-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
egypro.2016.06.024
Zhang, J., Xu, L., Shabunko, V., Rong Tay, S.E., Sun, H., Yu Lau, S.S., &
Reindl, T. (2019). Impact of urban block typology on building solar potential
and energy use eciency in tropical high-density city. Applied Energy, 240, 513-
533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.033
