OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY

IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR

PAKISTANI CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN

SINDH PROVINCE

Maryam Khokhar

School of Economics and Management

Yanshan, University, China.

E-mail: maryamkhokhar@stumail.ysu.edu.cn

Yumei Hou

School of Economics and Management

Yanshan, University, China.

E-mail: hym@ysu.edu

Inayatullah Sethar

School of Economics and Management

Yanshan, University, China.

E-mail: inayat90@stumail.ysu.edu.cn

Waqas Amin

School of Economics and Management

Yanshan, University, China.

E-mail: waqasamin@stumail.ysu.edu.cn

Mohammad Shakib

School of Economics and Management

Yanshan, University, China.

E-mail: shakibbd@gmail.com

Recepción: 02/08/2019 Aceptación: 24/09/2019 Publicación: 06/11/2019

Citación sugerida:

Khokhar, M., Hou, Y., Inayatullah, Amin, W. y Shakib, M. (2019). Occupational Health &

Safety implementation framework for Pakistani construction industry in Sindh Province.

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Noviembre 2019, 253-

285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.253-285

Suggested citation:

Maryam Khokhar, M., Hou, Y., Inayatullah, Amin, W. & Shakib, M. (2019). Occupational

Health & Safety implementation framework for Pakistani construction industry in Sindh

Province. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Speciaal Issue, November

2019, 253-285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.253-285

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ABSTRACT

Construction companies’ workers are facing higher injury rates as compared to other

industries. The principal objective of this research is to investigate occupational

health and safety (OH&S) training to be delivered eectively to the workers of the

construction companies. The awareness level of employees’ about OH&S and how

to facilitate the employees for OH&S training to consequently have been studied.

Both quantitative and qualitative method of study is implied collected by using

construction self-administered questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. Statistical

tools like frequency distribution and chi-square test has been used. Data obtained

then examined by applying SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)

software. Three hundred respondents participated in the researcher’s study to make

the research valuable. It has been observed that levels of OH&S knowledge vary

from workers of various construction companies. It has also been investigated that

varies how the construction workers been trained in OH&S.

KEYWORDS

Construction Company, Occupational health and safety (OH&S), Construction

workers, Survey, Pakistan.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Construction companies are treated as the backbone of any organization, playing

a vigorous role in the economies of the country. This zone addresses immense

people, and it deals with a varied range of audiences in terms of the workplace. The

construction companies are like business access for the varietal change of people

because governmental institutions, as well as private organizations, are stakeholders

of these types of businesses and the boundaries of these companies are so broad

that they ultimately get some diculties along too. Construction industries are

one of the most hazardous and risky among all industries (Imriyas, Pheng, & Teo,

2007). Right at the beginning of these are concerns about OH&S. Many analyses

have conrmed that accidental occupational injuries and work-related diseases are

under-compensated (Liao & Chiang, 2015). According to them the workers must

be educated in the OH&S related concerns and on these issues several rules should

be developed. Occupational coincidences not only scar employees’ life and, loss the

employers’ human capital, but also increase the social cost of the country (Sámano-

ríos et al., 2019).

The majority of the workers in Pakistan are uneducated and not trained in the OH&S.

Moreover, OH&S does not include in any curricula in Pakistan. The number of

qualied workers in OH&S is far less associated with the total labor force in Pakistan.

It means that OH&S training programs are not well-known in the country (Pasha,

Liesivuori & Finland, 2003). The arrival of the new Labor Policy 2002 (First after

1972), it was hoped that Pakistan would focus on the dignity of labor. The change in

the existing labor legislation (as proposed in Labor Policy 2002) will help to solve the

long-awaited questions. There is a great need for companies to surge the status of

the OH&S in Pakistan to compete in the international market and to encounter the

developing tasks of globalization.

According to International Labour Organization (ILO) it was evaluated that

at least 60,000 serious accidents happen annually on construction companies

throughout the world (Cheng, Leu, Cheng, Wu, & Lin, 2012) representing, one

serious accident each and every 10 minutes and ILO also estimated that the total

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cost of work-related illness and injury are 4% of the gross national product of a

given country (Shin, Oh, & Yi, 2011)countries vary greatly with respect to how they

organize workers’ compensation systems. In this paper, we focus on three aspects

of workers’ compensation insurance in Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD . The construction companies are the most hazardous

in the world because of fast industrialization and economic development. Inside the

construction companies, the risk of a signicant injury is 2.5 times higher, while the

risk of fatality is ve times higher than in manufacturing. There is a large number

of unacceptable risks to all workers who are working in the variable nature of

working conditions like dealing with construction projects, including workers, project

managers, engineers, and so on (Zalk et al., 2011; Bust, Gibb and Pink, 2008). Inside

the construction companies, occupational injuries and fatalities have been related

with important nancial costs too. Estimated that such kind of hazardous injuries

cost above 10 billion USD annually (Riaño-Casallas & Tompa, 2018).

For approximating the cost of injuries and accidents, the worker’s compensation is

a vital origin (Friend & Kohn, n.d.; Huang & Hinze, 2006). It has been evaluated

that the worker’s compensation data from the United States were four times higher

in direct the workers’ compensation costs (medical treatment and indemnity) as

compared to another company on average in construction companies (Marcum,

Foley, Adams, & Bonauto, 2018). In the construction companies, the fatal accident

rate tends to be higher than that of other companies (Sørensen, Hasle, & Bach,

2007). To reduce the ruins of occupational accidents, most of the countries have

proposed laws for the prevention of occupational accidents and work-related injuries

at the workplace. Predictably, these types of dierent means may have signicant

implications for system performance, including the employers and workers incentives

to improve workplace safety and hence impact the actual occurrence rate of

occupational injuries and diseases (Jain, Leka, & Zwetsloot, 2018). Furthermore,

Principles of OH&S training of workers and ordinance provided that complete data

about training has been issued.

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In the past few years, due to the focus on quality, time, cost, and the OH&S issues

are progressively being highlighted as a pointer for construction companies’ success.

For improving the construction sites providing the training to the workers as well as

CCTV cameras would be helpful to recognize the approaching safety hazards in a

sector (Seo, Han, Lee, & Kim, 2015). Thibaut, Chi, Zhou, and Piramuthu, 2018

has recommended the wireless communication technology to overview the health

and safety management related issues. In short, the mentioned experience intimates

the desire or need to increase the training eciency of workers who are working

in construction companies. The specic training programs of workers improve the

health and safety training of construction workers. These types of applications should

be mainly concerned with accurate elucidations, unusually real time responsibilities.

Training should be assembled on the model construction of the situation, approaches

with reciprocal teaching methods, imaging techniques, containing databases and

cataloged of frequently used solutions for the OH&S.

The OH&S has been measured as a main issue in the construction industry,

especially in South Asian countries (Mohamed, Ali, & Tam, 2009) where, OH&S

issues are signicant anxiety because of the lack of Safety Acts (Zaid, Jaaron, & Talib

Bon, 2018). The lack of legislative regulations to keep construction workers, low

standards in governance and corporate systems, high labor concentrated character

and insucient structure are other signicant inuences that combine to work in

contradiction of safe conditions in south Asian countries, especially in Pakistan.

Pakistan, a developing country, is presently facing a denite progress in construction

activities. For this cause, the construction industry in Pakistan seriously funds to

the gross domestic product and works about 8% of the total labor force (Zaid et

al., 2018). Unfortunately, current general OH&S rules do not directly apply to the

industry. The lack of such a set of OH&S rules poorly disturbs the implementation

of a safe environment, thus resultant in more susceptible situations on the worker’s

performance. Current site examination facilities are not satisfactory enough to know

or assess occupational injuries at the workplace. Accidents and injuries recording

and reporting systems are dysfunctional. Both labors and administrators are not too

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worried about OH&S since they are not educated about the statistics of injuries

regarding dierent conditions.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

During the last decades, there has been a growing awareness about OH&S risk issues,

and by administrative supervision in the construction industries. Moreover, despite

the considerable developments succeeded, the rate of injuries is still signicantly

advanced than in other sectors (Sousa, Almeida, & Dias, 2015). In the construction

industry, the OH&S has been measured as a signicant issue, with construction

actuality, one of the most hazardous industries. It is mainly so in south Asian

countries (Coble & Haupt, 1999; Ofori, 2000) where, the OH&S is a central unease

because of the lack of health and safety regarding Acts (Larcher & Sohail, 1999).

So many countries can play the leading role in the OH&S training programs of the

employees because OH&S hazards are the universal content even though cultural

dierences. Therefore, the education-concentrated system, the working condition of

the companies in various countries, the worker’s proles should be taken into notice.

When talking about research studies related to OH&S training in Pakistan, only few

studies found in literature. Construction workers’ approach to health and safety is

subjective to awareness of safety at the workplace, guidelines and risk management

issues regarding safety and health. South Asian counters are now facing a resilient

development in its construction sides. Unluckily, the implementation of safety rules in

Pakistan is not well-known. Denitely, some applicable principles are both outmoded

and inappropriate to daily construction activities (Mohamed, Ali, & Tam, 2009)

Within a certain period of time, labor productivity is simply dened as the amount

of work done by craft workers Kazaz and Acıkara (2015),Mahamid (2013) and Arditi

and Mochtar (2000).

According to Jarullah, Abed, Ahmed, and Mujtaba (2019) both employers and

employees lacked educational training of OH&S rules/regulations, and no practices

of this nature are passed at these construction operations. So, whenever work-related

accidents happen, there are not given outstanding responsiveness and no ocial

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accident-report system. In the construction industries lack of OH&S trainings occurs

at an incredible human cost. Physical factors make joints and bonds less exible

and many lead young people to handle equipment more awkwardly, or their smaller

size may place them at a higher risk of injury while handling operating instrument

machines.

2.1. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

Health and Safety can be dened as the “ailment of being safe as of injury or

damage, and consequently, live in a safe state. It is energetic that every participant/

worker/operative member of the civic is in a secure form, for both physical and

mental well‐being. Secure systems of labor tolerate compact opportunity of any

worker, tools or organization being hurt or injured, and therefore decreasing the

menaces of a worker losing incomes collected with improved construction budgets

and intervals to a development. Hazardous work comprehends conditions such as

individual abandon about messy work areas and non-reporting of possible health and

safety issues. It is easy for contractors to change labors who are not performing well

at a satisfactory level because of high unemployment rates. That’s why employees

commonly take risks which incline to raise the level of fatalities and accidents at the

workplace. Employees will lean to hazardous accidents at the workplace because

of their negligence and accept that working in construction sides is a hazardous

occupation. Usually, regulations/ rules to defend employees are not severely imposed,

and workers are not profoundly involved with economic advantage payments to

incapacitated labors (Health, Safety & Environment Aspects in Civil works, 2013).

These following general rules should be observed at the construction area like;

1) Only approved/authorized workers must check-in and checkout and they

should report to site manager/security guard/supervisor

2) Under special conditions, visitors may visit and stay with authorized protectors

during the project visit, and the escort must be familiar with the project site

ultimately.

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3) All persons, including workers as well as visitors, must wear a hard cap, and the

escort should make an availability of hard cape on construction sites.

4) All the workers should wear leader shoes while in the construction area.

5) Keep a safe distance from the construction site unless permitted by an authorized

person.

6) Do not walk under the suspended material.

7) Obey all the signs and warnings marked as “no smoking” “warning” etc.

8) Waste dumping in the construction area is rigorously verboten.

9) Earplug must be worn while working on machinery.

10) Watch your every step and be aware of possible hazards.

11) All the time remain under the instruction of the emergency team supervisor at

the time of an accident.

The construction sector has the highest injury accident rates in the workplace as

compared to other industries result in extra avoidable labor-costs (Raheem & Issa,

2016). All of these costs could be qualied to accepted complications of construction

companies and the casual working environment at the workplace (Khan, Ali, De Felice,

& Petrillo, 2019)Occupational Health and Safety (OHS. This has through health and

safety a signicant subject for the construction operation, especially for south Asian

countries because such countries are relatively meager at emerging and employing

safety rules/regulations (Awwad, El Souki, & Jabbour, 2016). Besides management,

other issues such as low standards, inadequate infrastructure, and the labor force

are the signicant reasons of safety issues in these countries (Weissbrodt & Giauque,

2017) and all of these issues mentioned above make the construction company one of

the most dangerous companies (Mazlina Zaira & Hadikusumo, 2017)the importance

of safety intervention for changing unsafe to safe worker behaviour is known. For this

reason, an integrated safety intervention model aecting workers’ safety behaviour

was developed and tested. This study was conducted by distributing a questionnaire

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survey to construction companies. The survey was randomly distributed, with a total

of 198 responses received. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA.

Singh (1979) stated in their research that in the meanness of technical developments,

construction side in south Asian countries, including Pakistan, sincerely trusts upon

labor-intensive and conventional techniques of construction work. Such practices then

give increase to OH&S issues related to construction industry experts, end operators

and the appropriate location is susceptible. South Asian countries’ utmost need to

investigate the situation, ‘health and safety in Pakistan Construction Company’ has

acknowledged very less consideration from the academe and industrial researchers

as well.

According to Hussain et al. (2013), working project executives at construction

companies in Pakistan study the labor productivity of construction workers. Mohd

Kamar, Lop, Mat Salleh, Mamter and Suhaimi (2014) have found out the awareness

of the health and safety of construction workers. Injuries and accident rates in

construction industries add to distract living values and manufacture nancial and

commercial diculties for employees (By, Mushtaq, & Khalid, 2015). Injuries are the

leading cause of the global burden of disability and death for all working-age groups

(WHO, 2012). As reported by the Australian industrial Commission (AIC), for every

$1 of the direct cost of injury estimates, $3 to $5 of indirect damages is also incurred

(Bi et al., 2015). Globally Pakistan was ranked the 9th populated country in 2017,

with the total labor force of 54.9 million (Government of Pakistan, 2018). Every year,

an occupational injury/ incidences, 41 workers out of 1000 received an injury in the

construction companies of Pakistan (Wu, Luo, Wang, Wang, & Sapkota, 2018).

2.2. OBJECT OF THE STUDY

The main object of this research is to investigate the worker’s awareness about in

construction sites in Pakistan, to determine the way of training to be given, to analyze

the reasons that caused occupational injury, possible injury rate by socio-economic,

regional variables and nd out OH&S hazards. With similar companies’ climate.

These ndings can potentially applicable with other developing countries or can be

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considered as prior research. The percent study aim is to understand the signicance

of OH&S training to the construction workers in Pakistan construction industries.

The present study will explore the eect of Socio-demographic characteristics of the

workers who are working in Pakistan construction companies.

3. METHODOLOGY

Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed. The questionnaire

tool as the quantitative method was used to determine the workers’ prole and their

knowledge OH&S about containing 21 questions. The researcher studied previous

literature and developed the questionnaire keenly. The survey was shown to experts

and got their advice for the content of the review and its validity. Pilot testing was

conducted to remove the possible faults in the survey so that organized and systematic

results can be drawn eciently. For this purpose, 28 workers were chosen to work on

various construction sites. After testing the study, unnoticed spelling mistakes were

removed, and some statements were made clear that were dicult to understand.

It is insured workers listed under the construction industry have been selected to

determine the target population. A total of 284 respondents was selected with 5%

error margin and a 95% condence level by utilizing the equilibrium provided in the

following equation (Sanders, 1990).

n =

z2Npq

ND2+z2pq

In this survey, 300 participants have an essential role, and all of 300 reviews were

analyzed by using statistical tools as the questionnaires were a little more than

sampling numbers. This study is carried out 35 various big projects in Sindh

especially, Karachi and Sukkar, as cities are considering the economic hub in Pakistan,

especially in Sindh province. The respondents working on construction sites lled the

questionnaire. The interviews were also organized at the workplace from November

to December 2018.

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The obtained data of the worker’s demographic knowledge, their level of education,

and their concepts regarding OH&S were analyzed by applying the SPSS. To nd the

frequency distribution of the data descriptive statistical tool was employed. For this

purpose, pie charts and frequency tables have been used to unfolding the frequency

distribution. To get comprehensive evidence of the data, the researcher analyzed

the frequency and its distribution across the data. As well as chi-square test and

cross-tabulations were also used to nd out the relationship between the variables.

The signicant correlation between the variables is calculated by the chi-square test.

The data were analyzed by the regulation/rule implemented in Pakistan. That’s why,

Dock Labourers Act 1934, Factories Act 1934, Mines Act 1923 is used to compare

the action and obtained data.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

The frequency analysis and distribution tools were used to obtain comprehensive

evidence of the participating worker’s data acquired from the survey. For that purpose,

the answers related to sample study were obtained as frequency distributions and pie

charts.

Figure 1. Division of workers’ according to their work performed in the construction industry.

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Figure 1 described the worker’s participation in the construction companies are

distributed according to the base of their working eld, respectively, the two elds

acquired the highest percentage, the carpenter with 20.0%, molder with 14.0% and

ironsmith with13.0%. The eld of study with a minimum percentage is a plasterer,

painter and isolationist with 5.0% and the electrician with 9.0%. It was observed

that the high percentage of the workers were to be working in the comfortable zone.

Figure 3 illustrated the working period of workers in the workplace. Based on data,

12.0% of employees have less than a year working experience, 35.0% 1-10 years,

29.7% 11-20 years, 18.0% 21-30 years and 5.3% work for more than 30 years.

Figure 3. Illustrated working period of workers in the workplace.

Table 2 shown weekly and daily working hours in the form of a cross-tabulation. The

Mines Act, 1923 (Section 22-B, C), Factories Act, 1934 (Section-34), 1969 (Section

8), Road Transport Ordinance, 1961(Section-4) and Shops Establishment Ordinance

are used to dene working hours and break time at dierent workplaces. Section 34

of the Factories Act described the weekly and daily working hours as follows; from

the broad opinion, maximum 48 hours per week is enough. Regular working hours

per week with the agreements of the parties is 56 hours, but if the work is seasonal

50 hours per week working time. According to the law no labor is allowed to work

more than 9 hours per day (in case of the season; 10 hours). According to table 2, the

majority of the labor involved more than 48 hour’s limitations of the Factories Act.

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Table 2. Weekly and daily working schedule of employees.

Days/

per week

The average number of hours/per day

6 h 7 h 8 h 9 h 10 h 11 h 12 h

5 days 0 0 16 0 0 0 0

6 days 11 48 65 32 16 15 0

7days 0 0 17 49 15 0 16

Figure 5 illustrates the job satisfaction level of the sta involved in the survey. As

shown in, 10.7% are unsatised with their professions, 21.3% are neutral, and 68.0%

of the employees are satised with their works.

Figure 5 Distribution of workers according to their job satisfaction level.

Figure 6 calculation shows the data of construction workers that they have work

experience to another company before joining the construction side. Accordingly,

37.0% of the workers have knowledge working in a dierent business sector while

the 63.0% majority of the worker did not have working experience before working

in the construction company. Few of the companies have programmed as shing,

beekeeping, the barbers, shoemaking, municipal workers, picking tea leaves,

shepherding, café house/tea shop management, and warehouse workforces, etc.

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Figure 6. Dispersal of the workers have works experience of different sectors before joining the

construction side.

Figure 7 illustrates whether construction workers read books that are involved in the

survey. As shown in the results, it observed that 66.0% of the construction sta not

habitual of reading books, although 34.0% used to. It has been examining that 102

workers are readers, 43.3% read religious books, 17.7% read historic books, 33.0%

read stories, and 6.0% read all categories of books. Also; this frequency distribution

shows that the majority of workers who are working in construction companies are

uneducated; that way, they are not interested in reading books.

Figure 7. Distribution of workers according to whether they involve in reading books.

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Figure 8. Disruption of construction workers about reading newspapers.

Figure 8 distribution shown that the construction workers read the newspaper or not.

As obtained data described that 76.7% of the sta habitual of reading the newspaper,

while 23.3% of some sta do not like to read the newspaper. It has been declared

that the majority of the respondents regular reading the newspaper, 21.3% read

headlines, 22.7% read all the parts of the newspaper, 6.0% read magazine portion,

12.0% read columns, and 38.0% read the sports news.

Figure 9 described that whether the construction workers watch television.

Accordingly, it has been seen that 84.3% of construction workers like to watch TV,

while 15.7% of construction workers do not like it. It has been declared that the

majority of the workers watching TV, 11.7% watch spiritual, 10.7% movies, 33.0%

all kind of program, and 33.0% watch news and 11.6% watch comedy program.

Figure 9. Description of construction workers about watching television.

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Figure 10 shown the data about construction workers who are part of the survey

whether they use the internet or not. Accordingly, it has been analyses that 21.7%

of the construction workers use the internet, whereas 78.3% do not use it. It is

also observed that 6.0% of sta use the internet for shopping purposes, 11.7% for

religious work, 16.0% use for the current fair, 11.3% for the sake of research, 20.7%

for watching movies, playing games and 34.3% use the internet for Facebook, twitter,

Instagram.

Figure 10. Construction workers according to their use of the internet.

Figure 11. Distribution of workers according to their work method.

Figure 11 described construction workers whether they follow the industrial changes

related to the innovations at the construction site (materials, construction tools, and

so on). Accordingly, 39.0% seek the progresses related to the improvements at the

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construction site; perhaps 61.0% construction workers do not follow the innovations

developments. Consequently, 117 workers that fallow the innovations developments,

11.7% follow the current events over magazines, 10.7% from goods export

construction rms, 44.0% from the internet, 11.7 from the engineer coworkers and

22.0% from the construction rms.

Dissemination of the construction workers have knowledgeable any work-related

coincidence has been shown in Figure 12. According to this, it has been observed

that 16.7% of the workers suering from occupational accidents while 83.3% other

workers had never been experienced. 49.3% experienced work-related accidents

once, 22.7% experienced occupational accidents twice, 10.7% experienced the

occupational accident three times, 5.7% experienced occupational accidents four

times, and 11.6% experienced occupational accidents ve times.

Figure 12. Distribution of whether workers have had occupational accidents.

Dissemination of the work related to OH&S for the construction workers at the

initial stages. As respects the Work-related OH&S, following law exists in Pakistan:

Factories Act 1934. The OH&S laws in Pakistan generally cover the ocial zone

construction companies. The Factories Act, 1934, the main law covering OH&S

supplies is appropriate to industrial initiatives paying 10 or more labors. Additionally,

the Mines Act of 1932 covers the mining zones. Another region is either not

enclosed under the OH&S or the attention is very inadequate, while in Provincial

Factories Rules (Sindh Factories Rule 1975) prepared the rules and regulation to the

employment law which is practically related to each other. They provide detailed

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rules for the company’s inspections, employer certication, and employer’s training,

working hours, notication and investigation of OH&S exposures, coincidences, and

salaried holidays and so on. In this for the OH&S training of construction workers,

there is the following expression; “the employer must provide the OH&S training

for the construction workers. Practically trained the workers, before starting work,

when the job workplace changes, in case of new technology implementation or work

equipment changes. Hence, it has been analyzed that 67.0% of the construction

workers receive training on OH&S, whereas 33.0% did not. The percentage of

untrained construction workers and those who have not yet been trained in OH&S is

notable. All 201 trained construction workers listed that they were trained by OH&S

experts.

Figure 13. Construction workers training on OH&S.

Figure 14 has been shown the most recent training on the OH&S. When the most

recent training on OH&S are examined, results described that 201 trainers, 32.7%

received training on the OH&S in less than one month, 21.3% in 1-2 months,

17.7% in 3-4 months, 10.7% in 4-5 months, 11.7% in 5-6 months and 6.0% since

one year. In Factories Act 1934 and Dock Labourers Act 1934 by-law of workers

about the Principles and Processes of OH&S Training, the following expression

for this; “the training on OH&S should be given to the employees working in very

hazardous construction companies by the employer at least once a year.” According

to the survey research, it is observed that 6.0% of the construction workers were

trained on OH&S more than 14 months and it is analyzed that regulation is not

practiced according to the specic schedule.

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Figure 14. Distribution of workers according to most recent training on OH&S they receive.

Figure 15 has been shown how the construction workers received the OH&S related

training have assessed the latest training. According to the survey obtained data, of

the 201 trainers of OH&S training, 16.7% assessed the training as very good, 38.8%

assessed the training is good, 27.3% assessed the training is intermediate, 12.0%

assessed the training is poor and 6.0% assessed the training is very poor.

Figure 15. Illustrated the trainer assessment against the OH&S related training.

Dissemination of whether the workers’ idea about how the most recent training

on OH&S training should has been shown in Figure 16. According to the survey

obtained data, 66.7% of the workers request to receive OH&S training practically,

10.7% OH&S training should be audio base and 22.7% OH&S training should be

pictorial. Workers statements about the ideas of training content that, while surveys

were being done are as follows; “must be taught the occupational hazards types and

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causes of these”, “post-accident pictures of those who have a work accident should

be exhibited”, “must be given the regular and continuous training to the workers on

the occupational health and safety”, “the training on the occupational health and

safety should be explained by shooting short lm”.

Figure 16. Construction workers’ ideas about how OH&S training.

Distribution of whether the consciousness of employees’ tasks for the OH&S has been

shown in Figure 17. According to the survey obtained data, 16.7% of the workers

demanded to be aware of their responsibilities for the OH&S, while 33.3% have

chosen somewhat aware, and 50.0% unaware possibilities. Of the 196 participants

demanding to have a moral and reasonable level of information, 10.0% stated they

learned their responsibilities from their friends, 45.2% learned their responsibilities

from their OH&S training, 16.6% learned their responsibilities from the internet,

and 28.2% learned their responsibilities from their experiences.

Figure 17. Level of consciousness of construction workers’ responsibilities for OH&S.

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To dene the connection between the binary variables from the survey, resultant

the data Chi-square and Cross-tabulations were used and the important association

between two variables is resolute. The obtained data given below that cannot be

useful to the Chi-square tests are deduced only in the form of cross tables, while

the appropriate chi-square data is presumed by execution Chi-square tests and cross

tabulation.

Table 4 shows the association between the construction worker’s age group and

their satisfaction level. The Chi-square test results with respect to the age group

of sta and the level of work gratication have not exposed an important relation

(p= 0.313˃0.05). It has been analyzing that most of the workers in age groups are

dissatised with job. The worker’s ages go from 30-34 to the age group of over 50 are

those who are un-satised. While the age group of 18-24 to 25-29, are those who are

satised with their work. Nevertheless, the quantity of sta who are contented with

their jobs, decreases related to the earlier group.

Table 4. The association between the age groups of the construction workers and their satisfaction level.

Satisfaction level

Age Satised Neutral Dissatised

18-24 66.250 18.750 15.000

25-29 60.000 18.824 21.176

30-34 58.974 30.769 10.256

35-39 70.000 25.000 5.000

40-44 66.667 33.333 0.000

45-49 63.636 9.091 27.273

Over 50 58.824 23.529 17.647

Total 204 64 32

The relation between the construction worker’s awareness level and the age group

about OH&S responsibility has shown in Table 6. The Chi-square test results in

age groups of workers and the awareness level about OH&S responsibility have not

comprised a substantial relation (p = 0.622 ˃ 0.05).

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Table 6. Level of responsibilities for OH&S?

Age group Below average Average Above average

18-24 54.000 32.000 14.000

25-29 41.333 36.000 22.667

30-34 56.410 30.769 12.821

35-39 47.500 37.500 15.000

40-44 66.667 16.667 16.667

45-49 27.273 45.455 27.273

Over 50 52.941 35.294 11.765

Total 150 100 50

Table 7 has shown the relation between adoptions and the construction worker’s age

groups. The Chi-square test outcomes to the age group of workers and their approvals

of following the technological development/innovations (materials, construction

machinery, civil technology etc.) have not comprised a substantial relation (p = 0.152

˃ 0.05).

Table 7. The relation between adoptions and construction worker’s age group.

Age group Yes No

18-24 38.000 62.000

25-29 33.333 66.667

30-34 41.026 58.974

35-39 50.000 50.000

40-44 55.556 44.444

45-49 9.091 90.909

Over 50 41.176 58.824

Total 117 183

Table 8 has shown the relationship between construction workers age groups and

their books reading habit. The Chi-square test results with respect to construction

workers age groups and their, books reading habit has not comprised a substantial

relation (p = 0.817˃ 0.05).

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Table 8. The relation between the construction workers age groups and their books reading habit.

Books reading?

Age group Yes No

18-24 35.000 65.000

25-29 38.667 61.333

30-34 35.897 64.103

35-39 27.500 72.500

40-44 22.222 77.778

45-49 27.273 72.727

Over 50 35.294 64.706

Total 102 198

Table 9 has shown the relation between construction workers age groups and their

newspapers reading habit. The Chi-square test results with respect to the construction

workers age groups and their newspapers reading habit has not comprised a

substantial relation (p = 0.767˃ 0.05).

Table 9. The relationship of construction workers between age groups and their newspapers reading

habit.

Newspapers reading?

Age group Yes No

18-24 78.000 22.000

25-29 70.667 29.333

30-34 79.487 20.513

35-39 77.500 22.500

40-44 88.889 11.111

45-49 81.818 18.182

Over 50 70.588 29.412

Total 230 70

Table 10 has shown the relation between the educational ability of the workers and

their books reading habit. The Chi-square test results with respect to the construction

workers level of education and their, books reading habit has not comprised a

substantial relation (p = 0.384˃ 0.05).

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Table 10. The relation between the educational ability of the workers and their books reading habit.

Books reading?

Level of Education Yes No

Grad 5 35.878 64.122

Grad 8 34.211 65.789

Grad 10 38.889 61.111

Diploma 23.810 76.190

Bachelor’s Degree 16.667 83.333

Total 102 198

Table 14 has shown the relation between the educational ability of the workers and

work-related accident rate. The Chi-square test results with respect to the level of

education and work-related accident rate have not comprised a substantial relation (p

= 0.940˃ 0.05). Moreover, according to the percentage given in the tables, the highest

rate of having a work-related accident belongs to the Grad 5 school graduate with

24, while the lowest rate is those with a bachelor’s degree with 2.

Table 14. The relation between the educational ability of the workers and occupational accident rate of

the workers.

Level of Education

Have you ever had an occupational accident?

Yes No

Grad 5 18.321 81.679

Grad 8 15.789 84.211

Grad 10 16.667 83.333

Diploma 14.286 85.714

Bachelor’s Degree 11.111 88.889

Total 50 250

Table 15 has shown the relation between the status of work-related accidents and the

awareness level of responsibilities for the OH&S. The Chi-square test results with

respect to the level of awareness of workers duties for the OH&S and the status of

work-related accidents has comprised a substantial relation. (p = 0.001˂ 0.05).

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Table 15. The relation between the awareness level of workers responsibilities for work-related health

and safety.

The level

responsibilities for

OH&S?

Have you ever had occupational accidents?

Yes No

Above average 0.000 100.000

Average 15.000 85.000

Below average 23.333 76.667

Total 50 250

Table 16 has shown the relation between the awareness ability of the workers and

their working hours in the construction sector about OH&S responsibilities. The

Chi-square test results with respect to the awareness ability of the workers and

their working hours in the construction sector about OH&S responsibilities has not

comprised a substantial relation. (p = 0.887˃ 0.05).

Table 16. The relation between the construction workers awareness level about OH&S responsibilities

and their working duration in the construction sector.

Level of responsibilities for OH&S?

Duration Above average Average Below average

Less than a year 8.333 38.889 52.778

1-10 years 16.190 30.476 53.333

11-20 years 20.225 32.584 47.191

21-30 years 16.667 37.037 46.296

Over 30 years 18.750 31.250 50.000

Total 50 100 150

4. DISCUSSIONS

The comparison of the data found in a survey according to the Law in Pakistan.

The current OH&S training programs for the construction companies are not

appropriately practices in Pakistan. Most of the recent research addressed only on

safety issues irrespective of present health risks in the construction companies (Yiu,

Sze, & Chan, 2018).

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It was analyzed that 20.0% of the employees in the construction industry are not

entitled to the relevant skilled certicate. The Technical Education Commission

focus and National Vocational to grow work-related, skills values, programs, and

employment testing certicate system for all sectors in which technical education

and vocational training are conveyed. These trainings facilitate the professional

education and vocational training to meet national and international demand for

skilled workforce (Arthur-Mensah & Alagaraja, 2018). Workers do not possess the

relevant qualied certicate would not be able to work in the construction industry.

Additionally, the workers do not have the prociency certicate will not allow

attaining any training and comprehensive particulars of his work.

Conferring to the survey information, 32.3% of the personnel were labor seven days.

A large proportion of workers indicated that they work without any taking a day o

and they absent from their duty only for specic reasons like sickness, heavy rain

or to attend the funeral of close relatives. Hence, they are deprived of their rights

provided by the Factories Act, 1934 (Section-34). Also, most of the workers (81%)

have been observed to work more than the maximum 56 hours limitations in the

Shops and Establishments Ordinance 1969 and Mines Act 1923. The employee’s

health is aected, they are seen tedious, tired, an unmotivated, by the result of the

workload and irregular sleep schedule. As an outcome of this circumstance emotional

disturbances such as the inability to concentrate, training disparate attitudes that

may happen through work become a threat to OH&S of the employees.

According to the survey obtained data, it is perceived that 61.0% of the employees

intricate the research are not attentive to bring the industrial development/

innovations related to the construction industry, 66.0% cannot read books; similarly

23.3% are not usually read newspapers, and 78.3% do not browse the internet. The

factors above directed that training must be given to the employees under the Dock

Labourers, Factories Act 1934. Those workers are essential for the industries which

have habits of reading books or newspapers and take research into sympathy.

Furthermore, 84.3% of the employees engaged in the research survey that they

watch television. It is examined that use the TV would be playing a signicant role

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in determining the importance of OH&S issues. Additionally, public opinion can be

raised by xing the advertisement billboard on ‘’Public Spot’’.

16.7% of the workers are reported to have occupational accidents, while 83.3% are

not. It has been noted that among the primary school graduates with 43.7%, the

proportion of crashes amongst workers is considerably high.

33.0% of the employees concerned with the survey quantied that they have

not received training on OH&S. Partially the employers have not satised their

responsibilities to deliver workers training, stated in Provincial Factories Rules.

It is examined that 35.0% of the employees were accomplished the OH&S training

past year, which shows that they get an education of OH&S at least once a year, so

the directive on actions and codes of OH&S training programs, has been desecrated.

The study has also been observed the rate of internet usage among dierent age

groups and found inverse proportional between them. Likewise, the reading rate

of the employees increases as the education level of the employee’s increases. On

the other hand, it has been examined that the price of internet use increases as the

education level of the employees increases too.

Irrespectively the level of education of the employees and their age distribution,

the overwhelming immense number of workers desire eective OH&S training

practices. Hence, according to the age and educational background of the workers,

this demand did not dier.

According to the survey obtained data, 38.44% of the construction workers related

to the study stated that they are under conscious of their duties connected to the

OH&S. According to the National Action Plan for Health Promotion in Pakistan;

the worker’s training program can be measured as a leading practice by which the

present state of the construction company concerning the OH&S standpoint, the

construction companies can be categorized as precarious companies. Therefore,

it is essential to approve a regular monitoring program to develop its condition in

terms of OH&S considerations. There must be workers are to be educated about the

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features of the OH&S. The data of this survey claried that OH&S scheme had not

been implemented according to its standard as per law.

5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Ensure that for doing OH&S education training that is compulsory to employees

bestowing to Control and Health Promotion, the National Action Plan for

Prevention in Pakistan, more pacists; it is compulsory to have exact workers prole

information who will receive OH&S training. In this research, one-to-one interviews

and questionnaires were directed with employees to nd out the general opinion

of workers and their general views on OH&S in Pakistan. To nd out the result for

frequency analysis, cross-tabulation and Chi-square tests have been applied.

• According to Control and Health Promotion, the National Action Plan for

Prevention in Pakistan, the planned signicant change in OH&S has not been

wholly recognized in Pakistan.

• The worker’s training which is the utmost essential foundation of info on

OH&S has not been accompanied eciently and appropriately.

The data obtained from this research are benecial following the recommendations

are assumed to make the OH&S training more accurate and useful. Whereas the

worker’s experience, education level, and their ages are quite diverse, it’s compulsory

when a group of workers was trained, and the education level is being formed must

be these factors under consideration.

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