WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALS
AROUND SOUTHERN SINDH & SOUTHERN
BALUCHISTAN PROVINCES, ESPECIALLY
KARACHI OF PAKISTAN
Muhammad Shahid
Department of Electronic Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering &
Technology. Karachi (Pakistan)
E–mail: engr_shahid82@yahoo.com
Sabir Ali Kalhoro
Department of Electronics Engineering NED University of Engineering and
Technology. Karachi (Pakistan)
E–mail: sabir13es66@gmail.com
Darakhshan Ara
Department of Humanities, Mathematics and Basic Sciences, Dawood University
of Engineering and Technology. Karachi (Pakistan)
E–mail: ara.chemistry@yahoo.com
Noor Bano
Indus University. Karachi (Pakistan)
E–mail: zarahassan497@gmail.com
Rubina Perween
Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and
Technology. Karachi (Pakistan)
E–mail: rubinaperween@fuuast.edu.pk
Recepción: 05/03/2019 Aceptación: 05/04/2019 Publicación: 17/05/2019
Citación sugerida:
Shahid, M., Kalhoro, S. A., Ara, D., Bano, N. y Perween, R. (2019). Wind and solar energy
potentials around Southern Sindh & Southern Baluchistan provinces, especially Karachi
of Pakistan. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Mayo 2019,
pp. 116–141. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.116–141
Suggested citation:
Shahid, M., Kalhoro, S. A., Ara, D., Bano, N. & Perween, R. (2019). Wind and solar energy
potentials around Southern Sindh & Southern Baluchistan provinces, especially Karachi
of Pakistan. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Special Issue, May 2019,
pp. 116–141. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.116–141
3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143
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ABSTRACT
Electrical energy has a vital place as it amounts to being the basic necessity of
sustainable life and necessitates itself for the development of human capital
leading to the general economic uplift of a nation.
Pakistan has remained in the serious shortage of electric power leading to adverse
eects on the state. Around 70 % of Pakistanis are living without stable electric
supply. Those who are lucky enough to have access to electricity undergo around
12 to 14 hours of load– shedding. Pakistan is always in the lack of sucient
conventional sources of energy. Adding to this it is the fact that Pakistan has
not made any signicant steps to tap renewable energy resources like wind and
solar energy. It seems very natural for Pakistan to employ the natural resources
of energy which are yet to be tapped and are coming into the fullment of the
shortage in the supply of energy.
In this paper, the existing potential of renewable energy resources is studied as a
viable alternative to the current state in the energy supply and demand. Southern
Pakistan is presented to hold key renewable resources such as wind and solar
energy in order to address the energy shortfall.
Southern Pakistan, mainly coastal regions, possesses wind and solar potentials.
The paper chooses selected areas in southern Pakistan containing an adequate
level of wind power. The paper attempts to argue that renewable energy resources
can meet the energy demand of the southern regions mainly coastal ones. The
paper attempts to look at the current and future challenges in the transition to
wind and solar power.
KEYWORDS
Renewable Energy, Energy Potential, Energy Shortfall, Coastal Regions Study.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Comparing with other developing countries, Pakistan is facing serious energy
crisis since the past several decades leading to an ever–increasing energy
demand necessitating making it seriously dependent on import of pricy fossil
fuels. In the villages of Pakistan, there is almost no electricity & cities are facing
bitter load shedding problems (Ashfaq & Ianakiev, 2018). Load shedding is
14–18 hours in villages and 8–12 hours in cities. The customers located in
residential, industrial and commercial sectors are badly aected making it an
immense challenge for the government sector power infrastructure to ensure
sustainable power. If we do not encounter these burning issues of electrical
energy on a priority basis, then in future there will be the worst situations
of electricity in Pakistan. A large number of research attempts is needed to
explore the renewable energy (RE) resources to attend the gap between the
supply and need. However, the renewable energy sector is yet to penetrate
in the present conventional energy infrastructure predominantly located in
northern and central regions (Kamran, 2018).
Pakistan has energy resources, renewable and non–renewable. Renewable energy
is considered environment–friendly while the non–renewable energy is harsh
for the environment. The sources of renewable energy are solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal, biomass, hydro and thermal. Mostly the developed countries of the
world depend on non–renewable energy resources to meet the energy demands.
Also, the developing countries especially Pakistan still rely on the expensive fossil
fuel based energy system which is expected to deplete shortly (Sher, Murtazs,
Addoweesh & Chiaberge, 2015; Tahir & Asim, 2018). The non–conventional
energy resources have been exploited to reduce fossil fuel–based local and
commercial consumption bit by bit. As such, energy has earned the best quantity
of attention globally than ever before. The energy crisis is already aecting the
developing countries like Pakistan. Pakistan has 93.5% electricity rely on the oil,
natural gas, hydropower, nuclear energy, coal and a little bit on the RE. Pakistan
is mostly dependent on expensive fossil fuel. Pakistan utilizes 25.7% of natural
gas, 37.2% of oil, 30.7% of hydropower, and 4.8% of nuclear energy (Index
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Mundi, 2018). 0.1% of coal and only 0.8% of it is based on the RE to full the
energy demand of Pakistan up to 2015 as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Electricity Sources percentage use in Pakistan. Source: Index Mundi.
The past and the present attempts aimed at curtailing the existing energy
crisis rendering the most of the urban areas suering from power outages for
12 hours on a regular basis. According to the International Energy Agency,
Pakistan has a vast proportion of its population which does not have access
to energy. The most population of the country is even not connected to the
national electricity grid. The population with access to on–grid electricity is
enduring load shedding on a daily basis. This illustration is shocking which
requires immediate attention. The policymakers are required to feature such
type of energy resources that overcome the current demand of the country
(Best & Burke, 2018;
Wakeel, Chen & Jahangir, 2016; Asif, 2009; Harijan,
Uqaili, Memon & Mirza, 2009).
The geography of Pakistan is blessed with a lot of solar and wind energy
throughout the year. In normal days Pakistan gets 7.5 hours of sunlight each
day having 6 kWh/m2 average solar radiations along with most of the territory
of the country. In earlier days, Pakistan never utilizes the energy potential
but later 1991 the government acquires an interest in the technologies.
Then dierent departments, boards, companies & corporates are working in
developing technologies.
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Pakistan is highly relying on foreign expensive fuels. It is, therefore, time to
utilize the available rich potential of the renewable energy resources within
Pakistan. The solar, wind and biomass are excessively available in Pakistan.
These renewable energy resources are economical and environmentally
friendly and highly careful regarding sustainability. The renewable energy
resources are very much encouraged able at the position of the expensive
fossil fuel–based resources. The available unchecked renewable resources can
meet the current energy demands that facilitate to conserve the standard of
current resources that are early decreasing. This paper provides a detailed
description of the unchecked areas in Pakistan where there is a high potential
for renewable energy. The proposed research aims to explore the RE
potential. The southern Sindh and southern Baluchistan provinces especially
Karachi have a lot of opportunities in wind & solar energies. In this paper,
these potentials will be explored with the help of real–time analysis of solar &
wind measurements (Halacy, 1980; Kumar, 2017;
Usman, Hussain, Ahmad.
& Javed, 2015; Baloch, Kaloi & Memon, 2016).
There is square measure virtually no grid interconnection of the alternative
energy at the established stage. The dynamic circumstances are signicantly
changing from the conventional power resources to the non–conventional
energy resources. Solar and wind are the best resources to contribute to the
national grid in the current situation. Pakistan government constructs the
three wind farms interconnection network and lots of others in the pipeline.
The federal policy on wind energy system has recently modied for the future
task. The continued schemes of the wind park have gotten slow because of
low maintenance. The planned analysis paper gives detail developments
within the wind energy sectors of the country. Additionally, the suggestions
which will contribute to boosting the penetration of wind energy within the
national sector are highlighted in Pakistan (Shahzada
, Nawaz &Alvi, 2018;
Farooq & Kumar, 2013).
The wind and solar energy are the cost–eective non–conventional sources of
energy. Pakistan has a high potential for renewable energy due to its geographical
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location. Pakistan has unlimited potential of RE, e.g., 2,900,000MW of solar,
346000 MW of wind, 3000MW of biogas, 2000MW of tiny hydropower and
1000MW from waste. Pakistan has high RE potential but still relies on expensive
fossil fuel. Pakistan has so much noted area like southern Sindh and southern
Balochistan where there is the great potential of renewable energy to alleviate
the current increasing demand. Pakistan is still unable to use these noted sites of
the two provinces of the country. The Sindh and Baluchistan have the potential
to full the current demand of the country. The proposed study is based upon
the potentials of wind and solar energy around southern Sindh and southern
Baluchistan Provinces of Pakistan (Mirjat, et al., 2017; Wakeel, et al., 2016; Sadiqa,
et al., 2018; Yuan, et al., 2018). This ly among 250 Km of the southeastern and
800 Km of the southwestern regions of Asian nation. The annual wind speed
information is reported for variable heights of those predictable sites. The wind
energy around these areas that represent to possess an associate degree. The
annual average wind speed of 6.63 m/s and 5.33 m/s correspondingly. The
facility of yearly generation from these noted locations of two provinces is 7.653
GWh, and 5.456 GWh. This study conjointly elaborates the benets and side
eects. The generation of electricity from the wind and solar within the selected
remote zones areas will oer the economical and relatively best implementation
to the national o–grid system. The ndings of this research can facilitate the
government, local and industrial sector. The proposed acceptable research will
attract the investment for the wind and solar energy to eradicate the on–going
electricity crisis within the country (Moretto, Branca & Colla, 2018; Ishaque,
2016; Ashfaq & Ianakiev, 2018).
In the past, there were no such real–time data of solar and wind measurements
in Pakistan. The planner has worked on solar and wind energies in Pakistan.
The real–time measurements of solar and wind energies are highly good
from all orientation. The Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan, has great
potentials of solar and wind energies. Previously, there is no data available
for wind and solar measurements of the megacity. The proposed research
sources are depending on the World Bank (WB) data. In Pakistan, WB has
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started to gather data of solar measurements of dierent cities from April
2015 & wind measurements from September 2016. But in Pakistan, there is
no coordination with these real–time data (Ashfaq & Ianakiev, 2018; Shoaib,
et al., 2017).
2. MODELS
2.1.SOLAR MODELS
The photovoltaic model provides long–term averages of solar radiation such
as global, diuse and direct normal. The given models are signifying solar
eciency. The solar thermal energy technologies, on the other hand, for
example, the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Concentrated Photovoltaic
(CPV) rely on Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI). Terrain elevation determines
the best site and concert for the solar PV as described in Eq.1.
Eq.1
DNI is the relevant photovoltaic concentrating technologies as Eq. 2.
Eq. 2
DHI is the solar irradiation component as given below in Eq. 3.
Eq. 3
GHI is considered as a climate reference as it enables comparing individual sites
or regions as referring to Eq. 4.
Eq.4
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Air temperature is taken at 2 meters above the ground. Air temperature, in
o
C
or
o
F, determines the temperature of PV cells and modules. The air temperature
and also some other meteorological parameters are an important part of each
solar energy project calculation as they dene the functional circumstances and
working prociency of the solar PV as given in Eq.5.
Eq. 5
Photovoltaic, generally, is the most applied and versatile technology. The
Atlas continually indicates the estimation of yearly average values of power
generation for PV systems that enormously use the World Bank parameter for
installation of the solar power plant. The PV electricity simulation program,
based on an algorithm, is combined within the atlas which always provides a
secondary approximation of the potential electrical occurrence energy, which
may be made at any location ruled by the interactive map as given below in Eq. 6.
Eq. 6
2.2. IMPORTANT PARAMETERS
A Apparent extraterrestrial irradiance (W/m
2
)
B Atmospheric attenuation coecient (W/m
2
)
C A dimensionless constant
Cn Cloud cover index DHI (Diuse horizontal irradiance) (W/m
2
)
DHIcs Diuse horizontal irradiance under a clear sky
DNI Direct normal irradiance (W/m
2
)
DNIcs Direct normal irradiance under a clear sky
DNIcs Maximum direct normal radiation under clear sky during the day
(W/m
2
)
DNIcn Maximum direct normal radiation under cloudy sky during the day
(W/m
2
)
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GHI Global horizontal irradiance (W/m
2
)
–z solar zenith angle rain Probability of precipitations
RMSE% Root Mean Square Error
2.3. WIND MODELS
Pakistan is the country in the world where there are great wind energy potentials.
Electricity, in large quantities, can be produced by taking advantage of the
available renewable energies.
Eq. 12
The wind energies of southern Sindh and southern Baluchistan of Pakistan
especially Karachi have been investigated with the help of available World Bank
data.
The wind energies of the selected regions give the commendable
measurement which can be exploited to generate the great amount of
wind energy.
Eq. 13
Eq. 14
The required parameters like turbulence intensity, min. wind speed,
max, wind speed, mean wind speed & wind speed standard deviation
have been studied to extract the wind energy. According to the analysis
of the World Bank data, these parameters are based upon the World
Bank wind calculations. The parameters are used to show the data of the
provinces especially Karachi. The World Bank chooses these parameters
to calculate the wind potential of Pakistan as shown in Eq. 12 to Eq. 14.
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3. RESULTS
3.1. SOLAR RESULTS FOR SOUTHERN SINDH
In solar energy, some parameters like global horizontal irradiance (ghi), DNI
(direct normal irradiance, DHI (diuse horizontal irradiance), air temperature
and relative humidity have been analyzed. According to the analysis, these two
provinces including Karachi have the great solar energy potentials as shown in
Figure 2. The solar panels in large quantities can be installed in these noted areas
to get the maximum amount of electrical energy. Also, the solar potential of the
Hyderabad shown the great potential as refer Figure 3.
Figure 2. Solar Measurements of Karachi, Sindh. Source: The World Bank.
Figure 3. Solar Measurements of Hyderabad, Sindh. Source: The World Bank.
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3.2. SOLAR RESULTS FOR SOUTHERN BALOCHISTAN
In solar energy, some parameters like global horizontal irradiance (GHI), DNI
(direct normal irradiance, DHI (diuse horizontal irradiance), air temperature
and relative humidity have been analyzed. According to the analysis, these
regions including southern Sindh and southern Balochistan have great solar
energy potentials. This is proved to form the result of the World Bank group.
The solar potential of the southern Balochistan is shown in the Figures 4–5. The
solar panels in large quantities can be installed in these noted areas to get the
maximum amount of electrical energies.
Figure 4. Solar Measurements of Khuzdar, Baluchistan. Source: The World Bank.
Figure 5. Solar Measurements of Quetta, Baluchistan. Source: The World Bank.
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3.3. WIND RESULTS FOR SOUTHERN BALOCHISTAN AND
SOUTHERN SINDH
Pakistan is one of the countries in the world where there are great wind energy
potentials. Electricity, in large quantities, can be produced with the help of
these renewable energies.
In this study, the potentials of wind energies of southern Sindh and southern
Baluchistan especially Karachi have been analyzed. The real–time data
measurements of wind energies of the regions have been examined as shown in
Figures 6–9. In wind energy, some parameters like turbulence intensity, min. wind
speed, max, wind speed, mean wind speed, and wind speed standard deviation
have been investigated. According to the analysis, these provinces especially
Karachi have abundant wind potentials. It is proved from the Figures 8–9 that
the wind potential of the southern Sindh provinces is more than the southern
Balochistan. Wind turbines can be installed in these areas to get a lot of electrical
energies. The parameters for the wind installation are the following:
• T
I
= a20_turbulence_intensity
• ws_max = a20_wind_speed_max
• ws_min = a20_wind_speed_min
• ws_mean = a20_wind_speed_mean
• ws_sd = a20_wind_speed_stddev
Figure 6. Wind Measurements of Gawadar, Baluchistan. Source: The World Bank.
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Figure 7. Wind Measurements of Quaidabad, Karachi, Sindh. Source: The World Bank.
Figure 8. Wind Measurements of Umerkot, Sindh. Source: The World Bank.
Figure 9. Wind Measurement of Sanghar, Sindh. Source: The World Bank.
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4. ANALYSIS
4.1. SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSIS
In solar energy, some parameters like global horizontal irradiance (GHI), DNI
(direct normal irradiance, DHI (diuse horizontal irradiance), air temperature
and relative humidity have been studied. The analysis of southern Sindh
and southern Baluchistan provinces has been observed. The selected areas
have great solar energy potentials due to the rich amount of irradiation
observation. The observed ghi for the Karachi is in the range of minimum
652 in December to maximum 979.3 in the month of March. The observed
ghi for the Hyderabad is minimum 670.9 in December to maximum1041
in April. Also, the observation of ghi for the Khuzdar is minimum 712.3
in December to maximum 1056.7 in June. The observation of ghi for the
Quetta is minimum 672.3 in the December to maximum 1084.2 in May.
The observation of the ghi is the best for the installation of the solar panels.
Hence the large quantities of the solar PV can be installed in the noted areas
to get the maximum amount of electrical energies. Similarly, DNI, DHI are
observed in the selected areas. The observed irradiation is highly abundant in
the selected areas of the southern Sindh and southern Balochistan.
The map describes the photovoltaic electricity output (PVOUT) potential in
selected areas. It is clear from the World Bank atlas based map that there are a lot
of PVOUT potentials as shown in the Figure 10.
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Figure 10. Solar Map Resources Expressing the ghi, dni and PVOUT potential. Source: World Bank
Group, Solar Resources Map, Solargis.
The below map as shown in the Figure 11 describes the ghi for the Karachi. It
is clear from the map that there is very good ghi condition in the selected areas
especially Karachi. The map denes the huge amount of irradiation as 1967
KWh/m2 per year which will play a signicant role for the power generation.
Figure 11. Solar Map Resources Expressing the ghi, dni and PVOUT potential for the Karachi. Source:
World Bank Group, Solar Resources Map, Solargis.
This map also refers to the DHI of the selected areas, especially for the Karachi.
The observation of the irradiation is 917 KWh/m2 per year. The DNI of Karachi
is 1564 KWh/m2 per year. The available map is the normal map of the Karachi.
The temperature of Karachi is average 26.8oC as shown in the Figure 12.
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Figure 12. the Solargis Map describes the solar power and temperature of the areas especially Karachi.
Sources: World Bank Group, Solar Resources Map, Solargis.
If work is planned to install the solar power project in these noted areas, then
the country will never be more dependent on the existing expensive fossil fuel.
The southern Sindh and southern Baluchistan have high potential to generate
the abundant economy for the country. It is clear from the Solargis model that
Pakistan is a geographically rich country and it is the need to full the existing
demand by utilizing the proposed study.
4.2. WIND POTENTIAL ANALYSIS
Pakistan is one of the countries in the world where there are great wind energy
potentials. The potentials of wind energies of southern Sindh & southern
Baluchistan of Pakistan especially Karachi have been analyzed with the help
of available World Bank data. The wind energies of the selected regions have
been analyzed. The southern Sindh and southern Balochistan have a respectable
amount of the wind that can be utilized to generate valuable electricity for the
country.
The analysis of proposed study rediscovers the energy potentials of two provinces
especially Karachi of Pakistan. The southern Sindh and southern Balochistan
have great wind energy potentials as shown in the Figure 13. There is a need to
plan to install the wind turbines in these areas to get a lot of electrical energies.
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Figure 13. The Wind Map resources describe the wind potentials+ in the selected areas. Source: World
Bank Group, Wind Resources Map, Wind Measurement.
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The wind speed in the coastal area of southern Sindh and southern Baluchistan
describes the more availability of the wind energy in these areas as shown in the
Figure 13. The below map describes the power density at height 100m for wind
measurements in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Also, the map denes the wind
power density potential in Pakistan. It is clear from World Bank data that there
are a lot of wind energy potentials and overall good wind speed condition in
noted areas of Pakistan as shown in the Figure 14.
Figure 14. The Onshore and Offshore Wind Map resources show the wind potentials of southern Sindh
and southern Baluchistan. Source: World Bank Group, Wind Resources Map, Wind Measurement.
5. CONCLUSION
The solar and wind energy potentials have been observed in southern Baluchistan
and southern Sindh especially in Karachi region of Pakistan. However, southern
Pakistan, mainly coastal region possesses great wind and solar potentials. Also,
it has an adequate level of wind as well as solar power generation due to its
geographical status. The wind resources can meet the energy demand of the
southern regions mainly coastal areas. The southern Sindh and southern
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Baluchistan regions can generate valuable energy by the installation of small and
large renewable power plants. The generated renewable energies can be added
to the main grid stations to overcome the shortage of electrical energies. The
planners need to focus on the proposed areas for renewable energy generations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The eorts of the Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University
of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, are acknowledged for its support for
research eorts. Also, the eorts of the World Bank are acknowledged for making
the data available for Pakistan.
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AUTHORS
Muhammad Shahid
Lecturer, Department of Electronic Engineering, Dawood University
of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Sabir Ali Kalhoro
M.Engg (Industrial Electronics), Department of Electronics
Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi
Pakistan.
Darakhshan Ara
Lecturer, Department of Humanities, Mathematics and Basic
Sciences, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Noor Bano
Lecturer, Department of Sciences and Technologies. Indus University,
Karachi.
Rubina Perween
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University
of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi.
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