AN ECONOMICAL AND RELATIVELY

EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE

REAL–TIME SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

Sabir Ali Kalhoro

Department of Electronics Engineering NED University of

Engineering and Technology, Karachi (Pakistan)

E–mail: sabir13es66@gmail.com

Sayed Hyder Abbas Musvi

Indus University. Karachi (Pakistan)

E–mail: dean@indus.edu.pk

Sikandar Ali

Indus University. Karachi (Pakistan)

E–mail: sikandar.shah@indus.edu.pk

Saadullah Rahoojo

Department of Geography, University of Sindh. Jamshoro (Pakistan)

E–mail: rahoojosaad@gmail.com

Asim Nawaz

Department of Geography University of Karachi. Karachi (Pakistan)

E–mail: asimpmd@gmail.com

Recepción: 05/03/2019 Aceptación: 27/03/2019 Publicación: 17/05/2019

Citación sugerida:

Kalhoro, S. A., Abbas Musvi, S. H., Ali, S., Rahoojo, S. y Nawaz, A. (2019). An

economical and relatively ecient implementation of the Real–Time Solar Tracking

System. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Mayo 2019, pp.

68–99. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.68–99

Suggested citation:

Kalhoro, S. A., Abbas Musvi, S. H., Ali, S., Rahoojo, S. & Nawaz, A. (2019). An

economical and relatively ecient implementation of the Real–Time Solar Tracking

System. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Special Issue, May 2019, pp.

68–99. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.68–99

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ABSTRACT

The bi–facial solar system which is available in the commercial markets having a

variety of advantages and eciency but they are too much costly. Therefore there

is a dire need to design a low price solar system that overcomes the increasing

energy demand. In this research, we have designed a system which reects the

bi–facial model with an economical prize for the developing nations. However,

the eciency of the proposed solar system was checked on a sunny day and

its observation was closely related to the real–time bi–facial solar system. The

prototype has been designed by combining the two equal watts solar penal having

anti–parallel alignment with each other. The rear penal of the design system

is supported by concentrator for strengthening the eciency of the scattered

irradiation. The scattered irradiation generates extra energy due to the design

structure of the proposed system. The voltage of the system is conjoint increases

slightly as the timely increasing irradiation strength. The power of the designed

system increases with the increasing voltage proportional relationship with the

current. The design system veries the voltage, current and power measurement

from all location of the calculation.

KEYWORDS

Renewable Energy, Solar System, Ecient Design System.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays deciency of energy issues has been increasing which causes social

and environmental problems, however, the developing countries urging the

researchers to seek out alternative resources which may balance the demand for

fossil fuel.

The alternative source like solar and wind are highly available to fulll the

increasing demand (Guerrero–Lemus, Vega, Kim, Kimm & Shephard, 2016).

While freely available solar irradiation is a reliable source of solar power

generation and solar energy will be generated easily by harnessing the facility of

the radiation, this energy source is clean and environmental friendly (Jia, Gawlik,

Plentz & Andrä, 2017; Luque, Torres & Escobar, 2018). The energy from the sun

intercepted by the earth is roughly 1.8x1011MW which is several thousand times

larger than the current consumption.

The most drawbacks with solar power are its dilute nature. Even within the

hottest regions on the planet, the irradiation ux available nearly is inadequate for

technological utilization. This drawback may be corrected by many techniques

which ensure the greatest intensity of sun rays striking the surface of the panel

from sunrise to sunset (Kim, Kim & Hwang, 2018; Duan, Zhao, He & Tang,

2018). This drawback can be overcome by the advanced design system, which is

a bifacial solar system, it may generate electricity from either front or rear face, it

will consider as the advanced photovoltaic system. This system is the noticeably

exaggerated physical phenomenon of advance conversion system (Lamers, et al.,

2018). We tend to gift here such type of model which associates in the alternating

deposition technique such as bi–facial solar cells (Liu, Zhao, Duana, He, Zheng

& Tang, 2018). Such type of photovoltaic unit maximizes the output power by

utilizing both sides of the PV cell to capture the maximum irradiation. The bi–

facial solar device yields and maximizes the eciency of available system and this

strategy provides new opportunities for fabricating high performance (Lo, Lim &

Rahman, 2015; Sun, Khan, Deline & Alam, 2018). Bi–facial solar system which

harvests the incident light irradiation from the front face and collects scattering

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light irradiation with the help of concentrator to facilitate the rear surface for the

maximum utilization of light irradiation, therefore, system gain the best power

outputs.

The rear face uses to increase the eciency of the solar system as well as support

the name bi–facial. The traditional aluminum metal is used to collect the scattered

irradiation to get advantage from the useless irradiation and provide support to

the rear pedal. The rear penal adds its power to increase the eciency of the

overall solar system. The scattered irradiation plays a signicant rule for the rear

side of the solar penal. The rear penal gets the advantage from the scattered

irradiation to extract the maximum power from the bi–facial solar system (Pan,

Cardoso, & Reis, 2018). This system has a relatively little bit less photoelectrical

conversion potency of the rear penal as compare to the front penal. The proposed

system provides a signicantly attainable application in the existing solar system.

Generally, the designed system organized in well–observed alignments, thus

partial sunlight is mirrored by the concentrator and throw toward the rear penal,

so that requires energy might convert into thermal energy with the high eciency

by using the advanced bi–facial solar system (Zhu, Wang, Wang, Sun, He & Tang,

2017).

The concentration of scattered irradiation in rear surface increases the overall

eciency of the designed system. All solar panels are in a much–maligned

arrangement in a real application of electrical phenomenon power stations. The

high–eciency solar system expected to gain the scatter irradiation with the

help of concentrator (Rodriguez, et al., 2018). The metallic portion encompasses

a well–made reection to the incident irradiation resulting in comparatively

eective implementation of the system eciency. A major motivation for the

proposed system with a concentrator that is a program by the microcontroller

known as Raspberry Pi for tracking the system to yield the additional energy.

The mono facial panels are not so much reliable due to the light sensitivity as

compare to the bifacial solar system. Most of the panel is using single access

tracking system but we are motivated to design the bi–facial solar tracking system

having two sides for the power extraction sides X at the front and Y for the

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rear penal to collect the scattered irradiation (Wang & Lu, 2013; Patil & Asokan,

2016). The potential of this improved module power output and energy yield

was repeatedly commendable from all measurements through installations in

numerous orientations. However, uncertainties regarding the particular output

of this projected system still deter attainable investors. Even within the solar

community, the important quantitative prot thanks to the bifacial system to suited

technical ideas square measure still below discussion. The bi–facial solar system

will dramatically improve the condition of generation compared to the existing

solar system, so this type of advance model will gain a lot of attention in the future.

This advanced solar model has been investigated intensively and characterized

largely in the eld with completely high gain. The proposed systems will provide

the lump sum output power gain of the front and rear penal measurement. Such

measurements were very reliable, so typically the dierent installation angles and

backgrounds were terribly support to the eective measurement (Khalil, Asif,

Anwar, Haq & Illahi, 2017). Basically, the performance of this bidirectional

solar system originates from the strength and angle of each location, and the

scattered irradiation from the background at the rear penal. The precise nature

of the bidirectional solar system would be more characterize at the well–dened

research laboratory. Signicantly the irradiation intensity level and the angle

dependence area unit are highly important. The strength and angle dependences

are individually investigated; no systematical collaborative investigations are

performed on bidirectional solar system module.

In the old era mono–facial, solar cells were used without any tracking system.

These systems were useful but with respect to time technology continuously

changing by the research and technology by Scientist and demand by the

consumers. They used mono–facial solar cells in combination with single access

tracking system to increase the eciency of the solar tracking system (Khan, et

al., 2017). The rule of a bidirectional module is similar to it of a mono–facial

one. In a mono–facial module, light radiation enters through the front side that

absorbed by the solar PV and reborn into electrons that give electrical power. In

this bidirectional module, an equivalent front side light irradiation assortment

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method happens and, additionally, light radiation is absorbed from the backside

of the module (Rajshree, Jaiswal, Chaudhary & Jayswal, 2016). This rear penal

gets the solar irradiation source from the reected collection of the irradiations

by the concentrator from the ground or a neighboring row of PV modules. The

extra light radiation generates a lot of electrons within the cells that primarily

will increase the module eciency. The voltage of the cell conjointly will increase

slightly as the timely increasing irradiation strength so the power is increased

because of the increasing voltage proportional relationship with the current.

The most typical, bidirectional modules conguration is economical and

viable reliable for the local as well as commercial usage. Bi–facial PV systems

are highly compatible with already existing PV systems and generally achieve a

markedly higher energy yield than mono–facial systems (Brady, Wang, Steenho

& Brolo, 2019). At the same time, bifacial systems are competitive because the

manufacturing costs for the solar cells are slightly lower and the modern cell types

are inherently bifacial and do not involve additional costs. Certied production

technologies for the large–scale manufacture of bifacial cells and modules are

already available on the market. The bifacial systems can be planned in exactly

the same way as mono–facial systems, with a few factors demanding the extra

attention, for example, the properties of the reective ground. This attention will,

however, be rewarded with a higher energy yield. Bifacial modules are opening

up new application possibilities, often arising from the dual use of the installation

area. All in all, bifacial modules can be employed to good advantage for most

applications in terms of energy yield (Ooshaksaraei, Sopian, Zulkii, Alghoul &

Zaidi, 2013). The single access tracking system is to work only one direction with

the help of dierent microcontrollers. The proposed bifacial modules produce

solar power from both sides front and rear side. Whereas the traditional panels

are only designed to convert solar irradiance from one side of the module into dc

power, the bifacial modules are manufactured with clear plates on both the front

and back side of the solar cells. They are designed to convert solar irradiance

from both sides into dc power (Solarworld, in google). Similar to mono–facial

modules, bifacial modules come in a variety of types including framed and

frameless. The reason for this growth in engagement with bifacial technology is

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the capacity to extract maximum power by utilizing the scattered irradiation. It

has been calculated from the experiment that this model is able to increase the

power output compared to the available solar conguration (Sengupta, 2016).

The bi–facial with the tracking system has been made an eort to track the motion

of the sun for collecting maximum energy. The power generation with the help of

a bi–facial solar tracking system is much more as compared to the single axis solar

tracking system. In two several places, the require generation of the electricity is

through the pricy fossil fuels. The user subjected to implies the restriction and

pollutant environment that accompanies by fossil fuels (Renewables 2017 Global

Status Report, 2017). The value intensive system should be placed in the way to

protect the infrastructure and environment pollution. This implies the renewable

energy to fulll the growing demand. Today demand requires an easy plug and

play electricity setup which provides an abundant solution in the way of power

generation and consumption. This system involves in the autonomous frequent

maintenance which will allow the alternative energy generation in an exceeding

system which will be carried out in the form of the solar system (Livingston,

Sivaram, Freeman & Fiege, 2018).

2. MODEL AND METHODS

The bi–facial solar system model provides an eective measurement of power. The

solar radiation such as global, diuse and direct irradiation is fallen on the design

solar system. These models are representing the principal climate phenomena

to attain solar electricity. We analyze the output power of the proposed design

system which is highly depending upon the Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI)

as well as Global Tilted Irradiation (GTI). The power of the system depends

upon solar irradiation received by the surface of photovoltaic modules and the

GHI is the sums of the direct and diuse solar radiation [kWh/m2]. The GHI is

considered as a climate reference as it is an important parameter to check for the

solar PV installation.

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The elevation angle measured relative to the sea level (ELE), also determines the

optimum choice of a site and performance for the solar energy system. Elevation

Angle can be measured by applying Eq. 1

Eq. 1

The zenith angle is the angle between the sun and the vertical. Thus making the

zenith angle = 90° – elevation as under Eq. 2.

Eq. 2

DNI (Direct Normal Irradiation): Solar radiation component that directly reaches

the surface kWh per m square. It is signicant for the proposed system as Eq. 3.

Eq. 3

DIF (Diuse Horizontal Irradiation): Solar radiation component that is scattered

by the atmosphere in kWh/m2 Eq. 4.

Eq. 4

GHI (Global Horizontal Irradiation): The GHI is the Sum of direct and diuse

solar radiation, kWh/m2. It is considered as a climate reference as it is an

important parameter to check for the solar PV installation which can be seen in

Eq. 5.

Eq. 5

Atmospheric temperature, known as the air temperature is another most

important variable determining the ecient performance of solar power systems.

The air temperature degrees or degrees determines the temperature of PV cells

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and modules and has a direct impact on PV energy conversion eciency and

resulting energy losses. Air temperature also some other weather parameters

are the main part of each solar project assessment as they regulate the eective

conditions and operation eciency of the solar power plant (Please refer Eq. 6).

Eq. 6

The solar module is the most widely applied and also the most versatile technology

for the power generation. The solar electricity simulation algorithm, incorporated

in the atlas always provides an approximate estimate of the potential photovoltaic

energy, which can be produced at any location covered by the interactive map, as

shown in Eq. 7.

Eq. 7

Air temperature determines the temperature of PV cells and modules and has

a direct impact on PV energy conversion eciency and resulting energy losses.

The operating conditions and operation eciency of the solar power plant can be

related to the air temperature model is given to nd out the eecting temperature

on the system as Eq. 8.

Eq. 8

The solar radiation model, air temperature model and PV power simulation

model. These models provide location–specic solar radiation and temperature

data. In order to calculate an on–demand utility by assessing the possible PV

system type and conguration, the PV power simulation models are employed.

The air temperature model and another PV power simulation model are given

to nd out the eecting temperature on the system as below Equations Eq. 9–11.

Eq. 9

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Eq. 10

Eq. 11

The long–term yearly solar resource estimates by satellite–based models can be

characterized by calculating the bias (systematic deviation) at the validation sites,

where high-quality solar measurement are available. Also the World Bank choose

the same as Eq.1-11 for solar potential calculation in the in the solar atlas so here

these Eq.1-11 reect the same model in this design system.

The polynomial function expresses the estimated best t of the designed solar

model at the available irradiation for the eciency dierence measurement of

front and rear penal of the proposed solar system on any day of the month line

by general polynomial function model, represented as Eq. 12.

Eq. 12

The voltage measurement of the proposed design solar system for the front and

rear penal is tted for the eciency dierence checking as shown in Figure 7. We

have selected the dates from 08 to 10 of the Feb 2019 by using the polynomial

regression of 6 degrees as, The quality of the best t for the design system with

the measured voltage data is determined by the value of R2 being close by 1. In

the case of voltage data the R² = 0.993 for the front penal and R² = 0.9754 for

the rear panel. With the application, the polynomial of six degrees seems to be

the best t on the available data. The best t in the case of front penal as shown

in the Eq. 13.

y = –0.0002x6 + 0.0102x5 – 0.1795x4 + 1.6129x3 – 7.9224x2 + 21.999x – 15.328

Eq. 13

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And in the case of rear penal shown in the Eq. 14.

y = 0.0003x6 – 0.0135x5 + 0.2317x4 – 1.9128x3 + 7.4858x2 – 9.0814x + 3.4818

Eq. 14

The measurement of current for front and rear solar penal is tted for the

eciency dierence checking of the designed solar system as shown in Figure 10.

We have selected the dates from 08 to 10 of the Feb 2019 with the polynomial

regression of 6 degrees as, The quality of the best t with the irradiation data

is determined by the value of R2 being close by 1. In this case R² = 0.9595 for

the front penal and R² = 0.9509 for the rear penal. With the application of the

polynomial to 6th degree seems to be the best t on the available data. The best

t in the case of front penal as shown in the Eq.15.

y = 6E–05x6 – 0.0029x5 + 0.0508x4 – 0.4443x3 + 1.9444x2 – 3.3536x + 1.8066

Eq. 15

And in the case of rear penal as shown in the Eq. 16.

y = 7E–05x6 – 0.003x5 + 0.0513x4 – 0.4341x3 + 1.849x2 – 3.1683x + 1.7129

Eq. 16

The power measurement of front and rear solar penal is tted for the eciency

dierence checking as shown in Figure 13. We have selected the dates from 08

to 10 of the Feb 2019 with the polynomial regression of 6th degree as, The

quality of the best t for the designed bi–facial solar system with the irradiation

is determined by the value of R2 being close by 1. In this case R² = 0.9677

for the front penal and R² = 0.9676 for the rear penal. With the application

of the polynomial 6th degree seems to be the best t on the available power

measurement data. The best t in the case of front penal as shown in the Eq. 17.

y = 0.0007x6 – 0.0323x5 + 0.5627x4 – 5.0022x3 + 23.254x2 – 43.174x + 24.743

Eq. 17

And for the case of rear penal as shown in the Eq. 18.

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y = 0.0007x6 – 0.0276x5 + 0.4603x4 – 3.9598x3 + 18.306x2 – 34.732x + 20.41

Eq. 18

3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

The proposed design solar system have Light dependent resistors (LDR) that use

the light sensing element. We are using two 12 volts to a gear dc motor. The dc volt

geared the motor so it is used for east–west tracking and other geared dc motor

with a threaded rod for the linear up–down motion for north–south movement.

The LDR’s are sensing the light intensity as shown in Figure 2. The tracking of

sun movement, in that way we can get optimum power of the solar system. The

main object of the design system is to gain maximum power from the sun. The

design system supports the tracking strategy as the annual motion of sun at 23.5o

degree in east–west direction is occurred. In this project, the relay module is used

for converting binary data to electrical output. The design system is controlled by

the microcontroller known as raspberry pi. The raspberry pi is the main control

unit of the design system. The raspberry pi microcontroller gets a signal from the

sensor that decides the direction of the movement of the motors in the required

axis. The python is used to program the raspberry pi for the tracking and control

purpose. The Python is associated with the interpreter, interactive programming

language. It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic writing, and terribly high

level of dynamic knowledge.

3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The basic blocks diagram consisting of Solar PV Panel, light dependent resistor

(LDR), raspberry pi, relay module, analog to digital converter (ADC), power

supply, and battery. The panel gets the irradiation and converts it into electricity

or electrical signal. This generated electricity hold in the battery for upcoming

use. The power will be ow from solar panels to store in the battery. The battery

will be charged fully and get alarms for disconnection within the event of a fault.

The microcontroller is placed in between the solar penal and battery for the

tracking and the system control. The microcontroller has been used to generate

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the control commands from the LDR sensor. The microcontroller oers the

motion to the motor to rotate the parabolic dish. The design system accuracy

depends upon sensor and its accuracy is important for the successful performance

of the algorithm. The last block is load, we are able to use any kind of dc load

here as we have not inserted electrical converter block within the design system.

The ac appliances on solar panels we need to feature electrical converter block

in on top of the diagram in order that it can convert dc power provided by the

solar battery into ac.

Figure 1. Flow Diagram of the Design Solar System.

3.2. EXPERIMENTATION

The potency of a mono–facial solar module is expected to decrease considerably

as compared to the availability of the irradiation thanks to the bi–facial solar

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system to upgrade the eciency of the solar system. The proposed design system

consists of front and rear solar penal with a solar concentrator that gradually

increase the eciency of the reected or scattered solar irradiation tipped on the

rear side of the system. The solar modules square measure mounted beside one

another on a metal frame. Each module is connected to a variable load depending

on the requirement. The circuit includes a two–way relay switch that is tailored

to the circuit to energize the motor to set the direction of the solar penal module

at a time for measurement its output I–V characteristics.

Figure 2. Experimental Setup of Design System.

3.3. MEASUREMENT SETUP

Digital Clamp Meter and Solar Power Meter are used for the measurement. The

Digital Clamp Meter measures voltage, current, and power for each selected days

and the solar power meter used to measure the solar irradiation.

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Figure 3. Digital Clamp Meter and Solar Power Meter.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The specic period of result duration 08 to 10 of the Feb 2019, as of Friday,

Saturday and Sunday are chosen for the resulting survey, we have to use the

clamp meter for the voltage and the current measurement and solar power meter

for the solar irradiation calculation as shown in the Figure 3. The measurement

of the entire process proves that the proposed design system is feasible for the all

advanced solar power system.

5. SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT

The solar irradiation for each of the selected day is observed as shown in the

Figures 4–5. Irradiation and air Temperature measurement analysis for the

design solar PV system is shown in Figure 6.

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Figure 4. Irradiation and air Temperature measurement for the solar PV (Panel X1 and Y1) for the 1st–day

experiment.

Figure 5. Irradiation and air Temperature measurement for the design solar PV system for 1st, 2nd, and

3rd–day experiment.

Figure 6. Irradiation and air Temperature measurement analysis for the design solar PV system for 1st,

2nd, and 3rd–day experiment.

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6. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

The voltage measurement of the design system is observed for the selected days

Friday, Saturday and Sunday under the time frame of 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM. The

X and Y show the front and rear side of the designed solar system. The X1, X2,

and X3 show the selected 1st, 2nd and 3rd day of the front side measurement

similarly Y1, Y2, and Y3 for the rear side measurement. It is observed that the

voltage is maximum during 1:00 PM and a minimum at the 6:00 AM and 7:00

PM as shown in Figure 7. The voltage measurement of front and rear solar PV for

the three days experiment is observed as shown in Figure 8. From the experiment,

it is clearly observed that there is a little bit of output voltage discrimination

between the front and rear solar penal. The voltage dierence between the front

and rear solar penal is due to the direct and scattered fall of solar irradiation.

The direct fall of solar irradiation at the front penal and indirect or scattered

irradiation fall on the rear solar penal make the dierence in the observed voltage

output as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 7. Voltage measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X1 and Y1) for the 1st–day experiment.

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Figure 8. Voltage measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X and Y) for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd–day

experiment.

Figure 9. Voltage measurement difference between the front and rear solar PV (Panel X and Y) for 1st,

2nd, and 3rd–day experiment.

7. CURRENT MEASUREMENT

The current measurement of the design system is observed for the selected days

Friday, Saturday and Sunday under the time frame of 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM. The

X and Y show the front and rear penal of the designed solar system. The X1, X2

and X3 show the selected 1st, 2nd and 3rd days of the front side measurement

similarly Y1, Y2, and Y3 for the rear side measurement. It is observed that the

current is maximum during 12:00 AM to 1:00 PM and a minimum at 6:00 AM

and 7:00 PM as shown in Figure 10. The current measurement of front and

rear solar PV (front panel X and rear penal Y) for the three days experiment

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is observed as shown in Figure 11. From the experiment, it is clearly observed

that there is a little bit of output current discrimination between the front and

rear solar penal. The current dierence between the front and rear solar penal

is due to the direct and scattered fall of solar irradiation. The direct fall of solar

irradiation at the front penal and indirect or scattered irradiation fall on the rear

solar penal make the dierence in observed current output as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 10. The current measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X1 and Y1) for the 1st–day

experiment.

Figure 11. The current measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X and Y) for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd–day

experiment.

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Figure 12. Current measurement difference between the front and rear solar PV (Panel X and Y) for 1st,

2nd, and 3rd–day experiment.

8. POWER MEASUREMENT

The power measurement of the design system is observed for the selected days

Friday, Saturday and Sunday under the time frame of 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM. The

X and Y show the front and rear side of the designed solar system. The X1, X2

and X3 show the selected 1st, 2nd and 3rd days of the front side measurement

similarly Y1, Y2, and Y3 for the rear side measurement. It is observed that the

power is maximum during 1:00 PM and minimum at the 6:00 AM and 7:00 PM

as shown in Figure 13. The Power measurement of front and rear solar PV (front

panel X and rear penal Y) for the three days experiment are observed as shown

in Figure 14. From the experiment, it is clearly observed that there is a little bit of

output power discrimination between the front and rear solar penal. The power

dierence between the front and rear solar penal is due to the direct and scattered

fall of irradiation. The direct irradiation fall at the front penal and indirect or

scattered irradiation fall on the rear penal make the dierence in observed output

power values as shown in Figure 15.

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Figure 13. Power measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X1 and Y1) for the 1st–day experiment.

Figure 14. Power measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X and Y) for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd–day

experiment.

Figure 15. Power measurement difference between the front and rear solar PV (Panel X and Y) for 1st,

2nd, and 3rd–day experiment.

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The total three days voltage, current, and the power measurement is observed

for the selected days as shown in Figure 16. The total values observation is based

upon the addition of the front and rear penal voltage, current and power values.

Figure 16. Total voltage, total current and total power measurement of front and rear solar PV (Panel X

and Y) for 1st, 2nd and 3rd–day experiment.

9. DISCUSSION

Bifacial solar tracking system performed well while taking results. The power

capabilities of the proposed design system had been experimentally tested with

two 40W solar panels at dierent rotations of the time frame under standard test

conditions. Hence total 80W solar panel was connected with the dierent loads

and checked one by one in series and in parallel. The tracker was connected in

parallel to the voltmeter (0–100 V). The 12 V battery keep in closed circuit voltage

at a constant level throughout the experiment. The current and voltages have been

measured at various time frames throughout the day as the sun moved. To keep

the system simple for experimental purpose, the designed system can be rotated

manually with the help of proper gearing and motor, but we can actually rotate

the panel with external power supply or from the power generated by itself. The

required voltage level to maintain the system is 10V and the standard alignment

of the tracker was kept at 45°. Then the tracker was moved with the help of dc

gear motors in the direction of incident solar radiation. So the designed system

can extract the maximum amount of solar power from the available radiation

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throughout the day as the sun kept moving from east to west. To analyze the

performance of the tracker, the measurements take place at dierent selected

days after every hour from 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM. The voltage level was very

good while taking the reading in series connection. On the other hand, the while

connected in parallel the maximum current was 4.39 amperes and the total power

was 82.61 watts that were too good for our experiment and had a good result.

Only very minor discrimination was found between the readings of direct facing

panels and reected or back side connected panel. The rear penal of design solar

system is supported by the concentrator for amplifying the strength of reected

irradiation. We took the readings of 3 days and got the results which were very

successful in our study of this project design to provide the optimal require value.

10. ANALYSIS

The advance bi–facial system is designated for the tracking strategy which enables

high collectible energy surplus at medium tracking accuracy which is new and

low–cost tracking system with the soft ridge concentrator together. The bi–facial

PV panels can double photovoltaic energy harvest in comparison with xed

panels and substantially reduce the price of PV energy which is fundamental

aspects of the energy production. The system is designed by combining the two

equal watts solar penal having anti–parallel alignment with each other. The rear

penal of the design system is supported by concentrator for strengthening the

eciency of the scattered irradiation. The scattered irradiation generates a lot of

extra energy due to the design structure of the proposed system. The rear penal

of the system primarily increases the eciency of the module. The voltage of the

system is conjoint increases slightly as the timely increasing irradiation strength.

The design system illustrates the little bit dierent in the observed values of front

and rear penal of the voltage, current, and power as shown in the Figures 9,12

and 15. The most typically, the designed module’s conguration is economical

and viable reliable for the local as well as commercial usage.

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The measurement of voltage, current, and power for front and rear solar penal is

tted for the eciency dierence checking of the designed solar system as shown

in Figures 7, 10, and 13. We have surveyed the proposed system in the dates

as 08 to 10 of the Feb 2019 with the polynomial regression of 6 degrees. The

quality of the best t with the irradiation data is determined by the value of R2

being close to 1 in the case of front and rear penal. The below table explores the

design system in the way of eciency enhancement. The front and rear penal

show the little bit dierent in the value of R2 as shown in the Table 1. Hence

from the whole observation it is proved that rear penal gives the relatively little

bit less value of voltage, current, and power as compared to the front penal. So

by adding the values both sides the system expresses the feasible eciency which

is comparatively best then the foreign–based expensive available bi–facial model.

Design Module Front Penal R

Rear Penal R

Voltage 0.993 0.9754

Current 0.9595 0.9509

Power 0.9677 0.9676

Table 1. The 6th degree polynomial R2 values.

The output power for a proposed setup is ecient and reliable. This system

provides wide–range usage in developing countries. Our goal is to develop an

economical and relatively best combination of hardware and software to enable

the manufacturers globally to make and improve the design strategy.

11. CONCLUSION

The designed bifacial solar system is more ecient than all other old methods of

getting solar power from the sun. The proposed bifacial system is useful for all

the o–grid and on–grid areas. The design system is a low–cost solar system that

is compatible and reliable. The users are aordable in order to use this system

domestically as well as commercially to get great eciency. The design system is

highly ecient and economical reliable in terms of the electrical energy output

as compared to the other system.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.68-99

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The eorts of the Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of

Engineering &Technology and Indus University, Karachi, are acknowledged for

its support.

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AUTHORS

Sabir Ali Kalhoro

M.Engg (Industrial Electronics) Student from Department of

Electronics Engineering NED University of Engineering and

Technology Karachi Pakistan.

Prof. Dr. Engr. Sayed Hyder Abbas Musvi

Senior Member of IEEE

Dean at Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology Indus

University, Karachi, Pakistan.

Sikandar Ali

MS (RS & GIS) From Department of Geography University of

Karachi Pakistan, Currently working as lecturer at Faculty of

Engineering, Science & Technology Indus University Pakistan.

Saadullah Rahoojo

Lecturer at Department of Geography, University of Sindh Jamshoro,

Pakistan.

Asim Nawaz

MS (RS & GIS) Student Department of Geography University of

Karachi.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.68-99