Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

MAKING SELF-HELP VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY

ACCESSIBLE: HARDWARE AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Muhammad Tahir

Department of Computer Engineering

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)

E-mail:tahirfattani@gmail.com

Rabia Noor Enam

Department of Computer Engineering

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)

E-mail: afaq_rabia@yahoo.com

Najma Ismat

Department of Computer Engineering

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)

E-mail: najma_ismat@yahoo.com

Syeda Fizza

Department of Computer Engineering

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)

E-mail: fizzy.syeda@gmail.com

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

ABSTRACT

Virtual Reality Exposure therapy has proven to be as effective as cognitive

behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure [1]. Since it is an efficacious and cost

effective alternative to in vivo exposure therapy, it can be offered to the clients via

software packages containing educational material and self- report questionnaires

considering the present state of Virtual Reality technology. This paper aims to

identify design considerations and constraints, knowledge of which is highly useful

in developing the applications that are accessible user-friendly, require minimal or

no therapeutic contact and provide self-help solution to the inaccessibility of anxiety

treatment which leads to a massive number of patients being left untreated.

KEYWORDS

Anxiety, Phobia, Virtual Reality, Exposure Therapy, Vivo Exposure.

1. INTRODUCTION

Anxiety disorder is the most prevalent mental disorder. But the stigma attached to

mental disorders in addition to the unavailability of proper and affordable

treatment leads to it being left untreated. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy is being

studied for a long period of time and can be considered an effective alternative to

cognitive behavioral therapy [2]. The major barrier in receiving any kind of

treatment is the lack of its accessibility and affordability. According to a psychiatry

journal, people generally seek treatment after 6 to 8 years of suffering from mood

disorders and 9 to 23 years of suffering from anxiety disorders [3]. With the rapid

growth of interest in VR technology, the future of VRET is promising.

As VRET becomes convenient, it will be easier to develop standalone VRET

experiences but it requires consideration of design and hardware. Developing such

virtual environments not only requires understanding of human side of VR but also

the understanding of the specific phobias and disorders the environment is being

designed. This will make VRET applications efficacious, affordable and accessible

which will lead to patients seeking help leading to less delay in initial contact for

treatment and delay in treatment of the disorder.

2. VRET AND ACCESSIBILITY

The common question asked regarding VRET is that why VRET is considered if

the option in vivo exposure therapy is available. In vivo exposure therapy with or

without relaxation is just as effective but VRET is a good alternative if not better for

the following reasons:

• VRET allows the user to have more control over the situation [4]. The

application that is designed a way in which the exposure is increased by using

various levels and after taking subjective units of discomfort (SUDs) in

account will less reluctance from patient.

• In vivo exposure can be expensive when it comes to exposing patient to

environments that are usually out of reach. For instance, if patient had flight

phobia, in vivo exposure will be costly [5]. There is a high chance of fear

coming back after just one session. This virtually generated environment will

be an aid is this situation or in a similar one.

• Refusal to initiate a treatment is a major issue when it comes to in vivo

exposure. According to a survey regarding the acceptability of virtual reality

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

(VR) exposure, the refusal rate of initiating treatment with in vivo exposure

was greater than VR exposure. Thus it can be concluded that VRET results

in more people seeking therapy [6].

• Another major hindrance in seeking help is confidentiality. People like to

keep the information regarding their treatment confidential. According to

an article published in Journal of Health Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2017

[7], "An ethical advantage of VRET is that you can do “in-vivo”-like

exposures without leaving the office."

3. DESIGNING VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THERAPY

For designing virtual environments, many considerations are to be made. Few of

them are listed thoroughly below:

3.1. Hardware

i. Terminology

• Head Mounted Display (HMD): A head-mounted display is worn over

head. For VR, stereo binocular HMDs are used which means that two

separate images are rendered, one for each eye. In short it us the

combination of two monocular displays.

• Virtual Environment: Virtual environment is anything that is visible

to the user when he puts on head mounted display. Virtual

environment stimulates mind by presenting it visuals and sometimes

makes use of other senses.

Figure 1. Mean and standard error of E

I scores [8].

• Simulator Sickness: Motion sickness that maybe induced by exposure

to virtual environments due to badly designed experience, too much

movement or prolonged use.

• Immersion: Immersion is the measure of presence user feels in the

virtual environment.

• Degree of Freedom (DOF): Degree of freedom is the level of

dependency the hardware allows for translation and rotation in the

virtual environment.

• Field of View (FOV): It is the space that is visible to user at any given

time in virtual reality. A research verified the relation between

engagement, enjoyment and immersion graph and the field of view

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

[8]. The results are illustrated in the graph which is shown in figure

[1]:

ii. Past Limitations of Hardware

VRET proved to be efficacious in the past but there were many hardware

limitations present. It is important to specify those limitations to assist in

finding the appropriate HMD for own design.

These limitations are listed below:

• Low computational Power: In the past, head mounted displayed had

low computational power which has improved drastically with the

advancement of VR technology.

• Low Frame Rates: Maintaining frame rate of over 75 frames per

second is very important for a good virtual reality experience. With

new HMDS, it is now possible to maintain that frame rate. Low frame

rate also cause nausea, bad user experience and distortion of view

which results in breaking of immersion. The inconsistencies in the

motion of simulator and the user cause simulator sickness [9].

• Low Resolution: Since in VR, images are not viewed on one single flat

panel screen, instead they are blown up. Low resolution results in

making experience less immersive.

• Low Refresh Rate: Refresh rate is another factor that can potentially

contribute to simulator sickness. It is the rate at which the content on

the screen are updated. It is measured in Hertz. It is important to

have a refresh rate of 90 Hz in VR. It is possible to have a refresh rate

of 120 Hz with some of the current HMDs which was difficult to

achieve in the past.

• Inaccessibility: HMDs are now available easily at different prices in

the market. This was not the case in the past. It was difficult to find a

VR system and set it up for proper use.

• Installation: Installation and setup of VR devices required a lot of

expertise. Now it can all be done with few clicks.

These limitations were stated above in order to describe the parameters

that should be considered when choosing hardware for VRET and they

can be summarized as in Table 1:

Table 1. Summarized Specifications.

Frame Rate Per Second (FPS)

>60 fps

Refresh Rate

At least 60 Hz

Resolution

Varies with HMDs

Field of View

Varies with HMDs

iii. Other Considerations

Another important question to ask is whether the platform is a mobile platform or

stationary VR. With 3 DOFs, head rotation is tracked by HMDs which is called

orientation tracking and with 6 DOFs, head rotation with translation and movement

in spaced is tracked which is called positional tracking. The hardware should be

chosen considering all these parameters. This choice depends on the target

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

application and environment design. There are few limitations of mobile VR, for

instance, computational power is low, and fewer head-tracking and user input

options are available. Stationary VR systems cost more and allows user to share the

experience. This advantage may help the therapist to get involved in the experience

with the user.

Table 2. A Comparison of VR Platforms for VRET.

Platforms

Stationary

Mobile

Cost

High Cost

Low Cost

Monitoring of User Activity

by Therapist

Easy

Only through verbal

communication

Controlling Environment by

Therapist

Possible

Computational Power

High

Low

Appropriateness for Self-Help

VRET Applications

Moderately suitable

Highly Suitable

User Input Options

More options available then

mobile VR

Limited

3.2. Personal Presence and Movement

Personal presence is the degree to which a user feels immersed in the virtual

environment where as environmental presence is defined as the extent to which the

environment reacts to the user’s presence. Complex visuals improve the personal

presence is VRET. A research done with regards to public speaking proved that

user reacts more to animated public than to static public [10]. Thus a moving and

interactive object or stimuli will immerse the user more than a static object.

Movements require more computational sources but in the long run it make the

experience more effective. It is also discussed in a research that a realistically moving

but graphically poor object is stimulates a user more than a realistically textured

static object. High end graphics are not requires as long as anxiety provoking factor

of motion is present [11]. Some textures in VR can also be computationally

expensive. Thus, computational resources should be utilized carefully considering

these results.

There is no research present that proves any effect of user movement in the virtual

environments towards the stimuli. But if a virtual environments demands

movement, it should be kept minimal as it may cause motion sickness.

3.3. Sound

Similar to the reality we live in, it is important in VR that sounds come from a proper

source. This does not only help with interactivity but also helps in making sure that

immersion never breaks at any point. It keeps the real world distractions away from

the users. Few design decisions that you have to make regarding sound are:

• 2D or 3D Audio: 2D sounds are usually used for 2D screens and

applications. If a VR experience has different sound sources, then 3D

audio should be preferred.

• Mono or Stereo: Stereo makes a user feel that he is located in a three

dimensional sound source. Mono sounds save disk space but they are

better suited for 2D designs.

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

• Binaural Sounds: 3D sounds can be used to draw a user's attentions. It

is particularly important in a VR experience because user can look in

any direction and the source of sound must make sense to the user.

Sounds in VRET are to be carefully picked. It is proven that stereo sounds are

appropriate for VR experiences. According to a research, people can differentiate

between stereo and mono sounds. This result had a great effect on the developed

environment [12].

Another question that arises is if 3D audio has any relation with the presence in the

environment. The results presented by research state that "significant difference in

spatial perception was found between 3Daudio and stereo or Dolby sound, although

the median score indicated a trend in favor of 3D audio" [12].

For VRET, a good design decision is to avoid using sounds that are not relevant to

the environment and only to use sound that may enhance the experience. If a voice

assistant is to be included, it is better to make sure that it's not adding to anxiety of

the patient which may lead to patient dropping out of therapy.

Good sound decisions enhance the user’s experience during VRET in following

ways:

• For VRET, the exposure intensity is predominantly a measure of visuals

cues but sound plays an important role in creating the illusion. For

therapy to be effective, it is important to match audio with the visuals.

• If the stimulus is not chiefly visual, appropriate sound setup will increase

efficacy.

• Voice assistance is an added advantage for blind and partially sighted

patients [13].

• It helps in drawing attention of user to different spots within the scene.

For instance, you may want the user to look down from a glass elevator

for arachnophobia, thus to draw user’s attention to the ground, an

appropriate sound can be used.

• If mind-relaxation or other calming sounds are needed at some point in

therapy, they should be played at the right moment for the right amount

of time to avoid the mismatch of simulation and sound.

• Attaching 3D sounds to object is a technique that can be used through

rendering engines which leads to all the sound coming from the right

distance from the correct object. As the users distance from the object

increased, the effect of sound decreases [14].

3.4. Degree of Interactivity

Interactivity plays a big role in increasing the presence hence improving the efficacy

of VRET. The extent to which an environment can be made interactive is

dependent on different variables. Some of them were elaborated in a research [15]

and are listed below:

• Number of inputs that environment responds to.

• The extent to which the environment can be modified by the user.

• The extent to which environment alters during the experience.

• Ability to realistically interact with objects in virtual environment, for

instance, the ability to hold and throw object with hands rather than click

of a button.

• The responsiveness speed when user interacts with the environment.

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

Increasing the number of inputs will not have any positive effect but interactivity

should be added where it is required.

3.5. User Interface

Designing UI for a VR experience is a rather challenging task. There are all kinds

of options available which will be stated for assistance. But it entirely depends on

how the environment is setup. Design of user interface depends on many factors. A

research summarized the guidelines and preference for therapist led sessions. These

are summarized as [16]:

• Therapists should be provided an automated environment.

• Provide therapists with the input from the user including SUD scores,

their comments, options they choose and their current status.

• Design for error prevention by not allowing therapists to trigger

inappropriate simulation events.

• Provide therapists with predefined comment flags to record events in the

session.

• In a VRET environment where the position of the patient is fixed in the

VR world, therapists do not need an external viewpoint of the VR world

with a projection.

For self-help applications or minimal therapist contact VRET these design

considerations may still be helpful. In a VR environment, user should be able to

interact easily; user should be able to control the stimuli while being encouraged to

continue the therapy. Another alternative is to use Subjective Units of Distress

(SUDs) to choose the level of exposure which is shown in table [3]. SUDs can be self-

reported and recorded through user input.

Table 3. Subjective Units of Distress Scale.

Score

Intensity of Disturbance

Close to a nervous breakdown

Losing Control

Alienation

Maintaining control with difficulty

Moderately Uncomfortable

Somewhat Uncomfortable

Mildly Upset

Feeling Unpleasant

Bit Bothered

No or Minor Distress

Total Relief

4. DESIGNING COMPONENTS

4.1. Progression through Levels

In therapist-led applications, therapist is given a scene-control which they can adjust

as they communicate verbally with patients. Some of the controls that patients and

therapist possess are:

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

Table 4. Scenario Controls.

Therapist’s Control

Patient’s Control

Check for SUD’s

Input SUDs

Ask for SUD’s Input

Ask therapist for help when feeling

uncomfortable

Ask patient to explain fear

Suggest or go to easier scenario

Ask patient to explain scenario

Suggest or go to harder scenario

Help patient through the experience

through different techniques

Use other software options e.g. volume etc.

Suggest patient to make progress

Quit

The main purpose of these controls is to make progress and gather the courage to

progress to next level which is shown in table [4]. This feature can be implemented

in VR through utilizing the level progression by use of SUDs. Voice assistance or

other techniques can be used to encourage the user to deal with the phobia.

4.2. Rewards and Scores

Serious gaming with scores and rewards can motivate the user to make progress

during VRET. Games are engaging and help user learn naturally. The feature of

gamification should be added keeping the purpose of the therapy in mind.

Gamifications should not create a barrier for the therapeutic effect of the system.

The effectiveness of serious games in the treatment of mental illness was researched

and proven [15]. VR makes it easier to develop serious games for phobia and anxiety

by adding rewards and score to each level. The use of game engines available make

easy translation of ideas possible.

There arises a question of increasing anxiety levels with anxiousness to make

progress but a study has shown that casual games can be developed to reduce stress

and improving mood [17]. Significant changes in anger, mood, confusion and

fatigue were seen by playing the games designed for the study.

Thus gamification is a tool in the VRET development toolbox that should be utilized

for making the experience as effective for patient as possible.

4.3. Psychoeducation

Anxiety and depression are most prevalent disorders thus there are many

approaches to help patient receive the treatment that they are looking for. Psycho-

education intervention during CBT is one of the approaches. Psycho-education

intervention over time can help in reduction of symptoms over time which proves

it efficacy [18].

In VRET, these interventions can be provided to the patient as a separate package

or as assistance during the therapy. Separate learning environment can be

developed for the sake of educating the user. Psychoeducation is not limited to

being aware of the illness or phobia but also includes the self-care solutions,

information regarding stimuli and studies regarding the illness.

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

5. CHALLENGES

The self-help applications available in the commercial market are of questionable

quality as they are not subjected to any evaluation. There is no criteria available to

rate those application or their ability to help patients reduce their symptoms. No

user tests or reviews are available to prove their efficacy. It is challenge to determine

what works for self-help VRET and what doesn’t. There are no tests made

considering those applications that could totally assess the working of them. No

subtle standards are being declared that could analyze the quality and efficiency of

these applications and regarding the commercial market it cannot be determined

that to what extent these applications work and there is no quantitative analysis to

figure the percentage of reduction of the symptoms.

Even though with the advancement of technology and abundance of smart-phones,

these applications can be made readily available but in the end, the question of

whether they fulfill the purpose cannot be answered for each and every application.

To develop state of the art next generation self-help VRET application test and trial

method is not enough; all the design considerations few of which were listed in this

paper should be kept in mind before development to get a perfect application that

serves the objectives.

The availability of VR tools is still rare in developing countries like Pakistan, many

people don’t have access to it considering the economical conditions of the people

and the high cost of the tools , According to a research carried out only 17.8% of

the population uses internet, while addressing the factor that VR tools are rather

very costly and are considered a thing only for the rich people it would be very

hard to say if it would gain popularity among countries where the ratio of access

to the internet is quite low because it is supposed to target those people who couldn’t

bear the cost going to a psychiatrist for their anxiety issues and consider it as a taboo

doing that

A highly professional team is required for the designing and development of this

sort of applications. Someone having a proper insight and first degree could come

up with a perfect development strategy that meets all the requirement of the design

and is beneficial in every way for the patients to treat their problems while

remaining in a virtual environment. Anyone developing this type of application

need to perfectly understand all the design constraints and then do a provision of

the most perfect solution to it. The developer is needed to develop such an

environment which is extremely user friendly because as long as the user is

concerned he or she must be totally comfortable with the environment in order to

outmaneuver the obstacles of the anxiety problems.

Coming up with a product that is in every aspect helpful to the user is not useful

that addresses this type of scenario. A number of meaningful meetings are required

between the psychiatrists and the developers so they could ensure the delivery of

the product that surely reduces the symptoms of the issue lingering within the user

.Developers and psychiatrists are needed to indulge themselves in the meaningful

conversations to come up with the required results that serves all the objectives.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Research has proven that VRET is as effective as CBT and the acceptance rate of

VRET is higher in some cases than CBT. Use of these applications should not be

limited therapist’s office and should be made available to the public whenever it is

possible.

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

These applications will be very beneficial in a long run if designed with keeping all

the design constraints in mind. Although many design solutions are applicable but

there is a subtle need of coming up with those scenarios that would help the users

to overcome their anxiety challenges completely. They will be useful for the people

who couldn’t afford a therapist; they will be useful for the people who don’t prefer

going to a therapist and many other more benefits.

The main idea is to make them approachable to the laymen, and the provision of

the scenarios that could serve as an all-time solution to the mental problems like

phobias and anxiety without having one to put a diligent work on it. There is still a

need to subject these applications to evaluation to make sure that they are fulfilling

their purpose.

7. REFERENCES

[1] Krijn, M, et al. “Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A

Review.” Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 24, no. 3, 2004, pp. 259–281.,

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.001.

[2] Meyerbroker, Katharina. “Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy.” The Wiley

Handbook of Anxiety Disorders, Apr. 2014, pp. 1310–1324.,

doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch63.

[3] Anand, Amit, Yu Li, Yang Wang, Jingwei Wu, Sujuan Gao, Lubna Bukhari,

Vincent P. Mathews, Andrew Kalnin, and Mark J. Lowe. "Activity and

connectivity of brain mood regulating circuit in depression: a functional

magnetic resonance study." Biological psychiatry 57, no. 10 (2005): 1079-1088.

[4] Garcia-Palacios, A, et al. “Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Spider Phobia: a

Controlled Study.”Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 40, no. 9, 2002, pp.

983–993., doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7.

[5] Banos, R.m., et al. “Virtual Reality Treatment of Flying Phobia.” IEEE

Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 6, no. 3, 2002,

pp. 206–212., doi:10.1109/titb.2002.802380.

[6] Garcia-Palacios, A., et al. “Comparing Acceptance and Refusal Rates of Virtual

Reality Exposure vs. In Vivo Exposure by Patients with Specific Phobias.”

Cyber Psychology & Behavior, vol. 10, no. 5, 2007, pp. 722–724.,

doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9962.

[7] Lindner, Philip, Alexander Miloff, William Hamilton, Lena Reuterskiöld,

Gerhard Andersson, Mark B. Powers, and Per Carlbring. "Creating state of

the art, next-generation Virtual Reality exposure therapies for anxiety

disorders using consumer hardware platforms: design considerations and

future directions." Cognitive behaviour therapy 46, no. 5 (2017): 404-420.

[8] Lin, JJ-W., Henry Been-Lirn Duh, Donald E. Parker, Habib Abi-Rached, and

Thomas A. Furness. "Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory,

and simulator sickness in a virtual environment." In Virtual Reality, 2002.

Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 164-171. IEEE, 2002.

[9] Brinkman, Willem-Paul, et al. “Therapist User Interface of a Virtual Reality

Exposure Therapy System in the Treatment of Fear of Flying | Interacting

with Computers | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University

Press, 27 Mar. 2010, academic.oup.com/iwc/article-abstract/22/4/299/935741/

The-therapist-user-interface-of-a-virtual-reality.

[10] Garner, Tom A. Echoes of Other Worlds: Sound in Virtual Reality, Past,

Present and Future. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

[11] J. Schuemie, Martijn. (1999). Presence: Interacting in VR?

[12] Hoekstra, A. R. D. "3D audio for virtual reality exposure therapy." (2013).

[13] Lalwani, Mona. “For VR to Be Truly Immersive, It Needs Convincing Sound

to Match.” Engadget, 14 July 2016, www.engadget.com/2016/01/22/vr-needs-

3d-audio/.

[14] Graham C.L. Davey (1991) Characteristics of individuals with fear of spiders,

Anxiety Research, 4:4, 299-314, DOI: 10.1080/08917779208248798

[15] Lau, Ho Ming, et al. “Serious Games for Mental Health: Are They Accessible,

Feasible, and Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in

Psychiatry, vol. 7, 2017, doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00209.

[16] Brinkman, Willem-Paul, Charles Van der Mast, Guntur Sandino, Lucy T.

Gunawan, and Paul MG Emmelkamp. "The therapist user interface of a virtual

reality exposure therapy system in the treatment of fear of flying." Interacting

with computers 22, no. 4 (2010): 299-310.

[17] J., Parks. “A Randomized Controlled Study Measuring the Effectiveness of

Casual Video Games in Reducing Stress and Increasing Mood.” Frontiers in

Neuroengineering, vol. 2, 2009, doi:10.3389/conf.neuro.14.2009.06.091.

[18] Houghton, Simon, and Dave Saxon. “An Evaluation of Large Group CBT

Psycho-Education for Anxiety Disorders Delivered in Routine Practice.”

Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 68, no. 1, 2007, pp. 107–110.,

doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.05.010.

Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02

AUTHORS

Dr. Muhammad Tahir received the BS degree in computer

engineering from Sir Syed University, M.E. degree in Computer

System from NED University and PhD in Information Science

from University of Roma Tor Vergata. He is cur rently Associate

Professor in Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology,

Karachi. His research interests include IP Switches/Routing,

IPv4 Protocol, Firewall, IoT, Security Cryptography and

Wireless Networks.

Dr. Rabia N. Enam received her PhD and Masters in Computer

Engineering from Sir Syed University of Engineering and

Technology (SSUET) Pakistan. She did Bachelors in Computer

Engineering from N.E.D. University, Pakistan. Rabia also did

Bachelors and Masters in Applied Mathematics from Karachi

University. She is an Associate Professor at the Department of

Computer Engineering at SSUET. Her research interests

include the conceptual frameworks and algorithms used in

Wireless Sensor Networks

Najma Ismat is a PhD scholar at Sir Syed University of

Engineering and Technology (SSUET) Pakistan. She has

received a Masters and BS in Computer Engineering from Sir

Syed University of Engineering and Technology (SSUET)

Pakistan in 2002 and 1998 respectively. She is Assistant

Professor in Department of Computer Engineering in SSUET.

Her research interests are mobility and reliability in ad hoc

wireless sensor networks