Medicine and Health – 3Ciencias

Enfermería del trabajo: estudio sobre el ruido en el ámbito laboral

3ciencias — Fri, 08 Nov 2019 07:48:25 +0000

Prolonged exposure to high levels of continuous noise causes progressive hearing injuries that can lead to deafness. The perception of the risk of hearing loss and hearing protection is a psychosocial factor of great importance in our current society. This study attempts to determine whether in companies with exposure to noise and where the preventive measures established by RD 286/2006 are applied, exposed workers have suffered hearing loss.

Noise is probably one of the most widespread and least considered occupational hazards. It is estimated that 30% of the working population is exposed to noise exceeding 85 db (A). After 35 years of exposure to 85 dB (A), at least 9% of workers will present professional deafness, while for an exposure to 90 dB (A) in the same exposure period it increases to 20%. Therefore, the legal limit established by RD 1316/1989 did not guarantee the health of workers, (RD 286/2006, of March 10) (Carrera Modrego, 2006; Labor, Environment and Health Trade Union Institute, 2007). In addition to causing hearing loss, noise hinders communication, increases the likelihood of errors and thus the probability of accidents, generates stress and can contribute to the appearance of circulatory, digestive and nervous problems.

It is estimated that 20% of the Spanish population, more than 9 million people, live with noise levels that exceed the levels considered adequate for human health. And almost 20 million could be subject to lower rates, but they can also cause discomfort in our health if we are exposed for long periods of time (De la Osa, 2015).

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Bases morfofisiopatológicas del aparato digestivo

3ciencias — Mon, 12 Aug 2019 07:42:22 +0000

The digestive system occupies part of the face where it originates, descends through the neck, crosses the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity and opens to the outside, somewhat below and in front of the coccyx. In this path, the digestive system comprises six segments: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine. To the above description must be added the attached glands to the digestive system: the salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas. The digestive system contributes to homeostasis by degrading food so that the body’s cells can absorb and use them. It also absorbs water, vitamins, minerals and eliminates waste. The foods we eat contain a wide variety of nutrients, which are used to form new tissues and repair damaged ones. Food is also essential for life because it constitutes the only source of chemical energy. However, most of the foods we eat are made up of molecules that are too large to be used by cells. Therefore, they must be reduced to molecules small enough to enter cells, a process known as digestion. The organs involved in the degradation of food form the digestive system.
Two groups of organs make up the digestive system:
• Gastrointestinal tract.
• Accessory digestive organs.
The gastrointestinal tract, or digestive tract, is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. Among the accessory digestive organs are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The teeth collaborate in the physical division of food, and the tongue participates in chewing and swallowing. The other accessory digestive organs never come into direct contact with food, but instead produce and store substances that pass into the digestive tract through ducts; These secretions contribute to the chemical degradation of food.

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Impacto del trabajo a turnos en la salud y la conciliación laboral/familiar del personal de enfermería en el Hospital General San Jorge de Huesca

3ciencias — Mon, 15 Jul 2019 10:00:59 +0000

The great technological advances and the changes in the production models of the last decades have given rise to the introduction of shift work systems in order to be able to guarantee continuous services during the 24 hours. These work shifts are part of working conditions and have a direct impact on health. The health population and in particular the nursing professionals, are one of the groups most affected by this system of work, aspect that has an impact on their physical, psychological, family and social health, without forgetting the negative repercussions that it has on the safety and the quality of care of patients. The objective is to analyze the impact of shift rotation and nocturnal health on the nursing staff of the San Jorge General Hospital in Huesca. An observational, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on a sample of 120 nursing professionals from the San Jorge General Hospital of Huesca, who carry out their activity in hospitalization units, special services and outpatient consultations, with a minimum stay of two years in a fixed shift or rotating shift. The data collection was carried out using the ISTAS 21 (CoPsoQ) questionnaire, medium version, adapted and validated to the Spanish of the Copenhagen questionnaire. The data was processed with the statistical program SPSS V.22.0. As a result, 120 completed questionnaires were collected. The response rate was 100%. In the distribution by sex, women predominated (87.9%). The professionals of the rotating morning / afternoon / night (MTN) presented the worst scores for all the dimensions studied compared to those of the morning shift (M) that obtained the most favorable. Except in the dimensions of insecurity, emotional demands, influence and possibility of development, the rest of the dimensions studied indicate statistically significant associations with the MTN rotating shift. The role clarity dimension was the worst valued where the three groups studied scored unfavorably. Therefore, we conclude that nursing professionals with rotating shifts are exposed to working conditions that have more negative effects on their health. The rotating shift, especially the one that includes nocturnality, has a negative influence on health, work / family conciliation and the perception of psychosocial risks.

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Psicología de la educación física y el deporte escolar

3ciencias — Mon, 08 Jul 2019 08:08:50 +0000

The practice of School Sports involves, in its essence, the game in all its manifestations as an unbeatable medium for the development of skill and motor skills, as well as interaction with others, achieving levels of integration that almost no other activity can achieve in the integral development of the individual in its physical motor, intellectual cognitive and socio affective manifestations, besides the game is implicit in the construction of the individual as a social being since the game is the best tool for recreation. In the game there are no colors, races, creeds or strata, and in general, students and athletes are instilled with respect for differences between people. On the other hand, the Psychology of Sport is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary science that takes elements of psychology, physiology, kinesiology, sociology and biomechanics and whose object is the study of how psychological factors affect athletic performance and how the Participation in sports and exercise influences the psychological development and physical state of the individual who develops the practice of a particular sport. However, defining the concept of sports psychology is not an easy task since it is a relatively new area of application, its history is not very long and there are still different approaches and perspectives within the specialty. This book contains all the experience of more than a decade in the School Sports and therefore gathers the experiences more importance of the handling of techniques and psychological skills that allow both the athlete and the coach to control the thinking, emotion and execution of the sports technique in the process of sports initiation as the goal of achieving optimal performance in the improvement stage. This book is also a very important guide for teachers coaches because through a variety of psychological techniques applied to school sports and in general in some other stages can apply, however emphasis is placed on the stages of psychomotor maturation with the purpose of measuring the potential of the action and motor response, development of the personality; as well as the follow-up to the systems of regulation of the motor actions considered basic patterns for sports development.

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Evaluación y mejora de la calidad en relación a los tiempos de espera de los pacientes en el servicio de urgencias

3ciencias — Mon, 03 Jun 2019 11:22:16 +0000

Patient satisfaction is a good indicator of quality, since it provides information on possible safety defects, one of the main reasons for dissatisfaction are the waiting times that patients suffer in an emergency service, from arrival to completion of the assistance process. These times can be reduced by applying the appropriate measures through good quality management practices in the Emergency Department. The main objective of the study was to evaluate and try to improve the waiting times of patients who come to the Emergency Service of the Virgen del Castillo Hospital (Yecla), from their arrival to admission until the end of their care process. Before-after evaluation through an improvement cycle, ¨Improving the waiting times of the HVC Emergency Service¨. The selected problem was the waiting time from the admission of the patient in the service to the first interview by the health personnel, after the identification of improvement opportunities and the prioritization of the same, the analysis of the causes was elaborated 9 valid criteria and reliable. After 5 months, a reassessment was performed on another 30 clinical histories using the same criteria. In a first evaluation, the total number of non-compliances was 28. After implementing some improvement interventions, the number of non-compliances was 26. The highest percentage of non-compliance is found in indicator 1: The patient / user will be assessed with a first interview in less than 10 minutes from arrival to admission, regardless of the time slot. An improvement was observed in indicator 3: The time from admission of the patient to hospital admission or transfer of the patient will be less than 12 hours. The rest of the indicators continue to be fulfilled in their entirety from the beginning. The criteria that account for 80% of the quality defects are:
• Criterion 1: The patient / user will be assessed with a first interview in less than 10 minutes from arrival to admission, regardless of the time slot.
• Criterion 3: The time from admission of the patient to hospital admission or transfer of the patient will be less than 12 hours.
The interventions implemented from the defects observed in the first evaluation were effective to improve the quality in the waiting time of the patients from the admission of them until their hospital admission or transfer of the patient, having to maintain the actions that have been put underway and design a monitoring plan in order to maintain the improvement. On the contrary, the waiting time from admission to its assessment with a first interview by health personnel, have not been sufficient, so we will have to continue studying and analyzing the possible causes.

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Experiencia de los cuidadores familiares de pacientes con trastorno límite de la personalidad

3ciencias — Wed, 29 May 2019 07:13:50 +0000

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental illness that is characterized by presenting a general pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, in the image of oneself and in affectivity, and a remarkable impulsiveness affecting a person 1 -2% of the population. Its etiological factors compress a series of biological, psychological and social agents. After the psychiatric reform in Spain, what has been called shared care of the patient appears, and these patients have come to live together and be cared for in the community, in the family nucleus. Caregivers face an extremely arduous and damaging activity, which affects them in all spheres of their lives to a greater degree than that observed in caregivers of other serious mental disorders. The caregivers experience a great overload in their role, affliction and impacts on their psychological well-being, an affectation of their relationships, especially family relationships. The caregiver feels isolated from the community, without counting on supports or resources that sustain him and abandon him for a health system that does not recognize him.

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Experiencia de los cuidadores familiares de pacientes con trastorno límite de la personalidad

3ciencias — Wed, 29 May 2019 06:47:39 +0000

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Tratamiento cognitivo-conductual del trastorno psicótico agudo. Estudio de caso

3ciencias — Mon, 27 May 2019 07:13:17 +0000

Cognitive-behavioral therapy in psychotic patients requires several cognitive strategies that may be affected by cognitive dullness, sedation and drowsiness that may appear as side effects to the medication. In addition, cognitive symptoms per se are a symptomatic conglomerate of great importance in schizophrenia and may also affect the course of therapy. The adherence to the treatment is largely derived from the side effects of the drugs, there is a lack of adherence to the pharmacological treatment. This aspect should be addressed in therapy sessions. It is important to make the patient understand the need for medical treatment, educate him about its side effects (explain that many of them can be controlled by adjusting the doses or with a coadjuvant medication). Pharmacological treatment often becomes the subject of discussion during therapy, the aim is twofold:

• Normalize side effects as much as possible and try to minimize their negative effects on psychological treatment.
• Explain to the patient the need to continue medical treatment despite experiencing an improvement for at least one year to prevent relapse.

The family plays a very important role in monitoring medication and ensuring adherence, as well as in identifying prodromal symptoms and warnings of possible relapse.

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Enfermedad cardiovascular y factores de riesgo psicosociales. Papel de la psicología clínica en la salud cardiovascular

3ciencias — Fri, 08 Mar 2019 13:21:03 +0000

Nowadays, chronic diseases have become a challenge for the health system. Long-term conditions, usually of slow progression, with a high prevalence and that are not curable, are called chronic diseases. In general, they include cardiovascular diseases (such as ischemic heart disease, heart failure or cerebrovascular disease, mainly); Neoplastic diseases without curative treatment; chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma); disabling osteoarticular diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and severe osteoarthritis), diabetes mellitus, and many others.

There is no consensus about the period after which a disease becomes chronic, but on average any disease that lasts more than six months can be considered chronic. These types of diseases are not distributed randomly, but are observed more frequently
in certain people, families and communities, as a consequence of diverse environmental and psychosocial factors that interact with a vulnerable genetic profile.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2008), chronic diseases represent the greatest challenge of modern healthcare systems, given that comprehensive care for chronic patients is one of the greatest challenges of the millennium. It is estimated that 80% of consultations in primary care and 60% of hospital admissions are due to chronic diseases, generating up to 70% of health expenditure. Of the consultations made in PC, it is estimated that 40% is performed by elderly people, consumers of continued care and more social resources (Department of Health, 2005).

At present, the psychosocial risk factors associated with chronic diseases are being given great importance.

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Dietas bajas en hidratos de carbono y rendimiento deportivo

3ciencias — Thu, 14 Feb 2019 11:47:09 +0000

There is no consensus regarding the exact definition of a diet low in carbohydrates, with data reported in studies ranging from 150 to 20 grams of carbohydrates per day. On the other hand, the intake of hydrates has been tried to quantify also by the percentage of daily kilocalories of intake, percentages that have varied between 15% and 5% in various studies.

The science behind low carbohydrate diets states that reducing the intake of hydrates will reduce the frequency and intensity of hyperglycemia, thus controlling the secretion of insulin and thus preventing the storage of fat in the body.

It has been established that a reduced consumption of carbohydrates has a positive impact on insulin spikes and the quantification of triglycerides when compared with standard dietary interventions.

Some of the other substantial advantages of this type of diet are the ease of adherence given its “ad libitum” character, that is, with no intake limit, which greatly facilitates adherence given the possibility of eating the quantities that the subject wishes without worrying about the caloric count. On the other hand, the character of the food consumed, with a high satiating power, allows to regulate the quantity in the intake in an automated way.

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