Engineering and Technology – 3Ciencias

Nutrición vegetal: exportación y eficiencia del uso de nutrientes en plátano

3ciencias — Wed, 11 Mar 2020 08:24:26 +0000

An experiment was carried out in two provinces of Ecuador, at the Equinoctial Technological University (UTE, Campus Santo Domingo; Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas) and the Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí University (ULEAM, Extension in El Carmen, Manabí), to evaluate the export and efficiency in the use of nutrients in ‘Barraganete’ (Musa paradisiaca L.) plantain.

Four levels of fertilization with N and K2O were used (0-200, 80-200, 120-200, 160-200, 120-0, 120-150 and 120-250 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O, respectively) , over 2,500 plants · ha-1 (spacing 2 mx 2 m). The variables evaluated were nutrient concentration (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), nutrient export (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), agronomic efficiency (EA), partial productivity factor (FPP), partial balance of nutrients (BPN) of N and K. The export of nutrients for all the elements was generally higher with the doses of 120-150 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O, except for the export of P that was higher with the dose 120-200 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O; the UTE was the locality that presented the highest nutrient exports.

The EAN and EAK were higher with the doses of 120-200 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O in the UTE (42.88 and 10.69 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O, respectively), while in ULEAM the highest EAN was observed with the dose 120-250 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O (43.65 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O) and that of the EAK was presented with the dose 120-150 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O (16.22 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O), the K2O doses applied showed a positive influence on the EAN, being higher than the EAK in the two study locations, the ULEAM had a higher EAN and EAK. In relation to the FPP in the two study locations, the behavior was inverse between the FPPN and the FPPK; As the applied N doses increased and the K2O dose remained fixed, there was a decrease in the FPPN (307.03 to 168.26 and 258.23 to 140.76 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N- K2O, respectively for the UTE and ULEAM); on the contrary, when the N dose was fixed and the applied K2O dose was increased, an increase in the FPPN was observed in both the UTE and the ULEAM (221.06 to 233.33 and 162.67 to 190, 52 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O, respectively).

In the case of the FPPK the effect was contrary to that presented in the FPPN, that is, as the dose of N applied increased and the dose of K2O remained fixed, there was an increase in FPPK (117.60 to 143.33 and 88 , 13 to 112.94 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O, respectively for the UTE and ULEAM); with the exception of the dose 160-200 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O that in both locations generated a decrease in FPPK (134.60 and 112.60 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O for the TEU and ULEAM, respectively); on the contrary, when the dose of N was fixed and the dose of K2O applied was increased, a decrease in FPPK was observed in both the UTE and the ULEAM (180.83 to 112 and 146.36 to 91.45 kg of fruit · kg · ha-1 of N-K2O, respectively). The BPNN and the BPNK had a similar trend to the FPPN and the FPPK, only that in the FPPN with the dose 120-250 kg · ha-1 of N-K2O there was a decrease of the BPNN in both locations, the N influenced the export of the K through the fruit, with a higher BPNK at a higher dose of N. The nutrients with the highest export for fruits in both the UTE and the ULEAM were K, Ca and N. The EAN, the FPPN and BPNN were higher in both localities that the same indexes related to K.

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The authors

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Analysis of European context in Demolition Audits

3ciencias — Fri, 17 Jan 2020 07:44:04 +0000

This work was carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València in the framework of CONDEREFF project (Ref. PGI05560-CONDEREFF). The authors deeply thank the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia and all people, and the organizations involved in this project for their support and, especially, to the European Commission for their funding provision.

Editors: Javier Cárcel Carrasco (Project Manager); Elisa Peñalvo López (Universitat Politècnica de València).

This document examines the state of the art of demolition audits and some practices of construction and demolition waste management in several European Union countries: Austria, France, Spain, Italy and Czech Republic. The context that allows this cooperation among these different countries comes from the project “Construction & Demolition Waste Management Policies for Improved Resource Efficiency”, from now on CONDEREFF. This project is supported by the program Interreg Europe.

This project started from the need of aligning the regional policy instruments of these countries with the new guidelines set out by European Union Protocol on Construction and Demolition Waste Management in order to adapt circular economy and environmentally friendly trends to the CDW sector.

The next pages present comprehensive information for the aims and the structure of the project and then provides information more focused on each region related to the demolition audits and CDW management practices which was shown in an international workshop of the project.

Regarding Styria region in Austria, it is presented its Legal Framework and Practical experience in is Pre-Demolition Audits. A university research of Pardubice region in Czech Republic about the reuse of secondary material in Transport Structures, roads and geotechnics is presented. With regard to Italy, on one hand it is explained the Pre-Demolition audits as a tool for an Eco effective management of CDW and on the other hand, are described methods used to demolish the damaged building after the earthquake basing on their management of rubble after the earthquake of Amatrice e Accumuli. Concerning Rhône-Alpes in France, the state of art of the pre-demolition audits is exposed and finally, about Valencia region in Spain, the environmental requirements for maintenance work and waste management service procurement are identified.

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The authors

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I International Workshop on CDW Demolition Audits Supervision and Documentation

3ciencias — Thu, 19 Dec 2019 08:22:08 +0000

This work was carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València in the framework of CONDEREFF project (Ref. PGI05560-CONDEREFF). The authors deeply thank the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia and all people and the organizations involved in this project for their support and, especially, to the European Commission for their funding provision.

Editors: Javier Cárcel Carrasco (Project Manager); Elisa Peñalvo López (Universitat Politècnica de València).

CONDEREFF project is framed in the field of the European projects and its objectives are focused on the European problematics. The aim of this project is to promote the sustained growth through a better management of the construction and demolition waste based on the recycling, reuse and the improvement or creation of policies that make it possible.
The project will involve different organizations from Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, France and finally, as coordinator of the project, Spain with the Polytechnic University of Valencia. It is focused on the exchange of experiences and practices in order to learn about the existing procedures in the waste management field, and then be able to adopt the best techniques and procedures which will be contained in seven action plans for the improvement of regional policy instruments. In addition, one of the main lessons learned from this type of project is the strong collaboration with the different participating regions, from which strong links and synergies emerge. In this aspect, in order to promote the exchange of experiences and the management of the project, there is stated the organization of two annual interregional meetings in which all the partners should participate.
Aligning with these interregional meetings, the Polytechnic University of Valencia organized the first international workshop on pre-demolition audits, demolition activities supervision and documentation. The event took place on 2nd and 3rd of April 2019 at the Polytechnical University of Valencia facilities and it was attended by public authorities like the Councilor of Environment of Valencia and the Autonomous Secretary of housing, public works and coordination of the territory; the legal representative of an important non-profit association of selection and recycling of residues of the Construction and the Industry companies; several construction and recycling private companies; some experts from the colleges of architects or engineers, freelancers and students of the sector, among others. The topics covered during the meeting were aligned with the identification of the main requirements established by the waste management regulation for new constructions and buildings demolition, the state of art of pre-demolition audits in several countries of Europe, the current problems as well as good practices and potential solutions. In short, to establish general mechanisms to solve technical and environmental issues as well as legal and documentary requirements.

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The authors

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Principios de tribología aplicados en la ingeniería mecánica

3ciencias — Wed, 18 Dec 2019 08:34:49 +0000

The term Tribology was first used in England in a report prepared by P. Jost in 1966, this neologism comes from the Greek words “tribes”, which means friction, and “logos”, which means study; being used to designate the science of the frictional surfaces, that is, of the surfaces in contact with relative movement between them.
The Tribology covers the processes of friction, wear and lubrication of the bodies in contact, phenomena that in engineering practice were analyzed separately, the union of these branches in a single scientific-technical discipline has contributed considerably in recent times to the development of mechanical systems.
The projection, construction and operation of machines and equipment without taking into account this disciplinary interaction leads to the obtaining of mechanical systems characterized by:
• considerable losses of energy,
• large unproductive time periods,
• high consumption of materials and spare parts,
• expensive repair and maintenance work.
This results in machines and equipment of low efficiency, productivity, durability and reliability.

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The authors

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“SWIRL”, metodología para el diseño y desarrollo de aplicaciones web

3ciencias — Wed, 11 Sep 2019 11:45:59 +0000

The development of web applications is an area which has increased in recent years, the need for companies to increase sales, manage records in an orderly manner, and above all overcome market competitiveness, has caused them to migrate from the systems of traditional information, such as desktop applications, to web-based information systems, commonly using web pages or applications. When implementing a web application, the programmer or development team usually has certain doubts, how do I design the website? Will the process I am doing generate a quality application? Will the application made meet the expectations of the client ?, How many is the development time and cost appropriate for this application? Several of these questions are common in teams with and without experience.
In order to solve some of the questions, project managers make use of development methodologies, which must cover from the analysis stages to the closing stage of the software development process.
Before reading the phases of the SWIRL methodology, it is essential to have a clear concept about the definition of web development methodologies, which “is a standardized development process that defines a set of activities, methods, recommendations, assessments and automated tools that developers and directors must follow to continuously develop and improve information systems ”(Alarcón, 2006, p. 44). That is, a methodology is nothing more than the set of methods and techniques to achieve a good development and obtain the desired product.
The use of methodologies during the development of a software project has been implemented since several years ago, beginning with traditional methodologies and over time evolving towards hybrid methodologies. Over the years, traditional methodologies became obsolete, because they did not consider all aspects of the software that could harm the normal development of the project. Subsequently, with the emergence of agile methodologies, the user was more included, providing the ease of integrating sudden changes to the software (Dominguez-Mayo, Escalona, Mejías, Ross, and Staples, 2012). Finally, due to the increase in the use and development of web pages, hybrid methodologies were created, which are the mixture of various techniques and methodologies, to achieve an ideal and improved process.

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The authors

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Determinación mediante microabrasión del espesor y tasa de desgaste de recubrimientos delgados depositados sobre materiales metálicos

3ciencias — Tue, 30 Jul 2019 08:15:36 +0000

Microabrasion is a promising relatively new technique to characterize
coatings and surfaces of engineering components. The procedure is based on the principles of abrasive wear by third body. The technique allows estimating the wear resistance of the tested surface, but also reveals other very relevant data such as thickness or number of layers, in the case of the existence of coating. In addition, it can be applied to hard coatings of thin layer, where other test techniques are not effective. This process is very attractive due to its simplicity of application. It does not require very sophisticated equipment and the test procedure is very simple. Although all the parameters that characterize the test must be carefully controlled to maintain a high reproducibility index in the results.
Every day it is about extending the useful life and performance of the mechanical systems that are at the service of man, increasing its efficiency and improving its performance. In this search to improve these conditions, the technology of surface treatments and thin layer coatings is very important today, and this has led to the recognition of the value of the study of surfaces and the understanding of the mechanisms that are generated there, since that most of the failures that occur due to wear, corrosion, etc. derive from these. Given the above, it is essential to characterize the coatings mechanically and tribologically in order to improve their properties and consequently their performance in operation. To optimize certain properties of the coatings, it is necessary to properly design the deposit process by selecting indicated parameters and to carry out this task effectively it is necessary to characterize the properties of the coatings obtained.

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The authors

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Validación de una ecuación analítica para determinar la distribución de presiones de contacto en un conjunto anillo – pistón

3ciencias — Fri, 26 Jul 2019 11:06:57 +0000

Pistons are one of the basic elements of the internal combustion engine. It is a plunger that fits inside the cylinder walls using flexible rings called segments or rings. It performs an alternative movement, forcing the fluid that occupies the cylinder to modify its pressure and volume or transforming the change in pressure and volume of the fluid into motion. A piston ring is an opening ring that fits into the grooves of the outer diameter of the piston. Most pistons have three rings: two for compression sealing and one for oil sealing. Its primary function is to form a seal between the piston and the cylinder walls, thus preventing large amounts of combustion pressure from slipping into the piston. Additionally, they stabilize the piston in their daily movement, help cool the piston by transferring heat to the engine block and scrape oil from the cylinder walls. The rings can be round, square, flat, inclined, sharp, but more importantly, they must be tailored to the piston. The design and material of the piston ring will vary for different engines and power levels. When creating a piston ring, oil control, RPM, power and compression should be considered. Studies in the ring-piston assembly have shown that the excessive temperature prevailing in the combustion chamber causes a large proportion of the energy available in the fuel to be lost through the contours of the cylinder. This is why, in order to model the transmission of thermal energy produced from the ring to the jacket by contact resistance, it is necessary to determine the contact pressure between the surfaces under study.

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The authors

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Avances en el área de materiales y sus procesos 2018

3ciencias — Wed, 05 Jun 2019 08:02:14 +0000

El libro está compuesto por los siguientes capítulos:

Estudio de la acústica de paneles sostenibles
J.E. Crespo, J. Fontoba-Ferrándiz, F. Parres-García
Efecto de la presencia de derivados del ácido Poliláctico en las propiedades mecánicas del PET recuperado
D. Garcia-Garcia, F. Peinado, M. Aldas, M.D. Samper
Estudio de elementos clave en el diseño de un envase de un juguete educativo mediante biometría de neuromarketing
D. Juárez, V. Tur-Viñes, A. Mengual, M.A. Peydró
Comparativa de resultados de Google Analytics frente a biometría de neuromarketing (eye tracking). Caso de estudio: web ropa infantil
C. Moreno, J.M. Amiguet, M. Puchalt, D. Juárez
Análisis de la influencia del uso de tipografías Serif y Sans (lectura y enlace entre letras) mediante biometría de neuromarketing
L. Hernández, I. Ferrando, D. Juárez, A. Mengual
Aplicación de biometría de neurociencia para el análisis de los niveles emocionales de marcas digitales versus tradicionales en consumidores millennials. Caso marcas de gafas de sol
J. Tarazona, J.M. Amiguet, M. Puchalt, D. Juárez
Análisis de usabilidad web mediante biometría de neuromarketing (eye tracking). Caso televisión a la carta de À Punt
R. Sánchez, J.M. Amiguet, M. Puchalt, D. Juárez
Análisis de eficiencia de campañas de e-mail marketing mediante biometría de neurociencia. Caso sector moda España
L. Fernandes, J.M. Amiguet, M. Puchalt, D. Juárez
La responsabilidad social corporativa como parte de estrategia de marketing
O. Mykhaylyuk

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La ingeniería de proyectos. ¿Cómo se forma la tecnosfera de una sociedad responsable?

3ciencias — Wed, 28 Nov 2018 09:03:12 +0000

This book is the product of a set of conferences held during the year 2018 at the Higher Polytechnic School, as an activity to disseminate research. These dissemination activities include contributions from the research group on engineering and project management, sustainability and industrial product design.

All lectures have been given by the authors, covering topics of engineering and project management from the complexity sciences; the project and its management from the engineering and systems dynamics; the metabolic fracture, the circular economy, the autopoietic project; the trialic articulation of scientific, technical and social knowledge in engineering and project management; the perspective of science, technology and society; the technologies of project creation from the Euclidean tools to the open BIM and Industria 4.0.; the project as an instructional methodology from Vygotsky’s theory for complex affective thinking.

The role of project engineering is often understood as the link between project management and the technical disciplines involved in it. Therefore, you must have sufficient knowledge of the various disciplines, it is also usual that it is the main point of technical contact for the consumer. Currently the industry is immersed in a process of change, called the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0, characterized by digital, intelligent, networked and largely self-managing production; achieved through the union of production techniques, information technology (IT) and the Internet. This new phase of industrialization and automation can be understood as a great opportunity for new opportunities, at the same time that there are considerable challenges.

With these boundary conditions, throughout this book different approaches to sustainable technical systems are explored, the importance of the inclusion of the concept of sustainability and circular economy in the industry and the development of theoretical frameworks that take into account the complexity of reality.

Authors:

Francisco Aguayo González
María Jesús Ávila Gutiérrez
Antonio Córdoba Roldán
Ana De las Heras García de Vinuesa
Juan Ramón Lama Ruiz
Amalia Luque Sendra

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Introducción a la seguridad informática y el análisis de vulnerabilidades

3ciencias — Tue, 16 Oct 2018 10:32:00 +0000

FOREWORD

Currently the computer and especially information is one of the main assets of organizations and companies, there are different types of threats that threaten the proper functioning of these entities, such as viruses, malware, cybercriminals, spyware and a number of threats existing, daily different equipment is used, especially mobile phones that are connected to the internet, the biggest source of security threats.

This book has as main objective to know the different concepts of computer security, the preventive, corrective and detective mechanisms of the threats that may arise will be studied. This research work is aimed at computer students, security professionals and teachers who venture into the world of computer security, since the tools described are used in several areas of security knowledge. The content of the work in its different chapters provides knowledge on the basics of cybersecurity, concepts about risks, threats and the different vulnerabilities that can be found in the infrastructure of an organization and the possible solutions to mitigate these threats.

This paper also analyzes the different methodologies for the analysis of vulnerabilities, detection, different types of scans and especially the remediation of vulnerabilities, also emphasizes the different tools for the analysis of both proprietary and free vulnerabilities and finally the final chapter details an example of a security audit to detect the different vulnerabilities in a data network and finally the final chapter deals with methods of in-depth defense in the systems and the awareness of users towards the problems which represent the failure to follow the company’s security policies.

Authors:

Martha Irene Romero Castro
Grace Liliana Figueroa Morán
Denisse Soraya Vera Navarrete
José Efraín Álava Cruzatty
Galo Roberto Parrales Anzúles
Christian José Álava Mero
Ángel Leonardo Murillo Quimiz
Miriam Adriana Castillo Merino

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